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Assebe LF, Erena AK, Fikadu L, Alemu B, Baruda YS, Jiao B. Cost-effectiveness of TB diagnostic technologies in Ethiopia: a modelling study. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2024; 22:43. [PMID: 38773636 PMCID: PMC11106958 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-024-00544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to public health, particularly in countries where the disease is highly prevalent, such as Ethiopia. Early diagnosis and treatment are the main components of TB prevention and control. Although the national TB guideline recommends the primary use of rapid TB diagnostics whenever feasible, there is limited evidence available that assess the efficiency of deploying various diagnostic tools in the country. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rapid TB/MDR-TB diagnostic tools in Ethiopia. METHODS A hybrid Markov model for a hypothetical adult cohort of presumptive TB cases was constructed. The following TB diagnostic tools were evaluated: X-pert MTB/RIF, Truenat, chest X-ray screening followed by an X-pert MTB/RIF, TB-LAMP, and smear microscopy. Cost-effectiveness was determined based on incremental costs ($) per Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALY) averted, using a threshold of one times Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita ($856). Data on starting and transition probabilities, costs, and health state utilities were derived from secondary sources. The analysis is conducted from the health system perspective, and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis is performed. RESULT The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for X-pert MTB/RIF, compared to the next best alternative, is $276 per DALY averted, making it a highly cost-effective diagnostic tool. Additionally, chest X-ray screening followed an X-pert MTB/RIF test is less cost-effective, with an ICER of $1666 per DALY averted. Introducing X-pert MTB/RIF testing would enhance TB detection and prevent 9600 DALYs in a cohort of 10,000 TB patients, with a total cost of $3,816,000. CONCLUSION The X-pert MTB/RIF test is the most cost-effective diagnostic tool compared to other alternatives. The use of this diagnostic tool improves the early detection and treatment of TB cases. Increased funding for this diagnostic tool will enhance access, reduce the TB detection gaps, and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelisa Fekadu Assebe
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Lemmessa Fikadu
- Health system strengthening through Performance Based Financing Project, Cordaid, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuneh Alemu
- Department of Health Promotion and disease prevention, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yirgalem Shibiru Baruda
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Boshen Jiao
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Gopalaswamy R, Kumar N, Vashistha H, Rajendran P, Kayesth J, Peravali CJ, Kashyap S, Ghosh S, Yumo H, Moore M, Anand S, Ramachandran R, Alavadi U, Saini S, Shanmugam S. Comprehensive assessment of invalid and indeterminate results in Truenat MTB-RIF testing across sites under the national TB elimination program of India. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1255756. [PMID: 37886056 PMCID: PMC10598606 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1255756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Truenat MTB-RIF assay (Truenat), a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) chip-based assay that can detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and rifampicin (RIF) drug resistance using portable, battery-operated devices. The National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) in India introduced this novel tool at the district and subdistrict level in 2020. This study aimed to assess the level and causes of inconclusive results (invalid results, errors, and indeterminate results) in MTB and RIF testing at NTEP sites and the root causes of these in the programmatic setting. Methods Truenat testing data from 1,690 functional Truenat sites under the NTEP from April to June 2021 were analyzed to assess the rates of errors, invalid MTB results, and indeterminate RIF results. Following this analysis, 12 Truenat sites were selected based on site performance in Truenat testing, diversity of climatic conditions, and geographical terrain. These sites were visited to assess the root causes of their high and low rates of inconclusive results using a structured checklist. Results A total of 327,649 Truenat tests performed for MTB and RIF testing were analyzed. The rate of invalid MTB results was 5.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.11-5.26; n = 16,998] and the rate of errors was 2.5% (95% CI: 2.46-2.57; n = 8,240) in Truenat MTB chip testing. For Mtb-positive samples tested using the Truenat RIF chip for detection of RIF resistance (n = 40,926), the rate of indeterminate results was 15.3% (95% CI: 14.97-15.67; n = 6,267) and the rate of errors was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.53-1.78; n = 675). There was a 40.1% retesting gap for Mtb testing and a 78.2% gap for inconclusive RR results. Among the inconclusive results retested, 27.9% (95% CI: 27.23-28.66; n = 4,222) were Mtb-positive, and 9.2% (95% CI: 7.84-10.76; n = 139) were detected as RR. Conclusion The main causes affecting Truenat testing performance include suboptimal adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs), inadequate training, improper storage of testing kits, inadequate sputum quality, lack of quality control, and delays in the rectification of machine issues. Root cause analysis identified that strengthening of training, external quality control, and supervision could improve the rate of inconclusive results. Ensuring hands-on training of technicians for Truenat testing and retesting of samples with inconclusive results are major recommendations while planning for Truenat scale-up. The recommendations from the study were consolidated into technical guidance documents and videos and disseminated to laboratory staff working at the tiered network of TB laboratories under the NTEP in order to improve Truenat MTB-RIF testing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopalaswamy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Vashistha
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Priya Rajendran
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Jyoti Kayesth
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Carel Joseph Peravali
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Satabdi Kashyap
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Shreeparna Ghosh
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Habakkuk Yumo
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Moe Moore
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Umesh Alavadi
- United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Saini
- USAID’s Infectious Diseases Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) Project Awarded to Inner City Fund (ICF), Virginia, VA, United States
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Bălan AM, Bodolea C, Nemes A, Crăciun R, Hagău N. Rapid Point-of-Care PCR Testing of Drug-Resistant Strains on Endotracheal Aspirate Samples: A Repurposed Effective Tool in the Stepwise Approach of Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia-A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13393. [PMID: 37686203 PMCID: PMC10487584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is a common nosocomial infection with high morbidity and mortality. Culture-based detection of the etiologic agent and drug susceptibility is time-consuming, potentially leading to the inadequate use of broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic regimens. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of rapid point-of-care multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays from the endotracheal aspirate of critically ill patients with HCAP. A consecutive series of 29 intensive care unit (ICU) patients with HCAP and a control group of 28 patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were enrolled in the study. The results of the PCR assays were compared to the culture-based gold standard. The overall accuracy of the PCR assays was 95.12%, with a sensitivity of 92.31% and a specificity of 97.67%. The median time was 90 min for the rapid PCR tests (p < 0.001), while for the first preliminary results of the cultures, it was 48 h (46-72). The overall accuracy for rapid PCR testing in suggesting an adequate antibiotic adjustment was 82.98% (95% CI 69.19-92.35%), with a specificity of 90% (95% CI 55.50-99.75%), a positive predictive value of 96.77% (95% CI 83.30-99.92%), and a negative predictive value of 56.25 (95% CII 29.88-80.25%). This method of rapid point-of-care PCR could effectively guide antimicrobial stewardship in patients with healthcare-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei-Mihai Bălan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.B.); (C.B.); (N.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Municipal Clinical Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Constantin Bodolea
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.B.); (C.B.); (N.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Municipal Clinical Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Nemes
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.B.); (C.B.); (N.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Municipal Clinical Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rareș Crăciun
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Gastroenterology Clinic, ”Prof. Dr. O. Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Natalia Hagău
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.B.); (C.B.); (N.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, ”Regina Maria” Hospital, 400221 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Zeng J, Zhao GL, Yi JC, Liu DD, Jiang YQ, Lu X, Liu YB, Xue F, Dong J. Clinical diagnosis, treatment, and medical identification of specific pulmonary infection in naval pilots: Four case reports. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:5487-5494. [PMID: 35812691 PMCID: PMC9210901 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i16.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific pulmonary infection could seriously threaten the health of pilots and their companions. The consequences are serious. We investigated the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and medical identification of specific pulmonary infections in naval pilots.
CASE SUMMARY We analyzed the medical waiver and clinical data of four pilots with specific pulmonary infections, who had accepted treatment at the Naval Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army between January 2020 and November 2021, including three cases of tuberculosis and one of cryptococcal pneumonia. All cases underwent a series of comprehensive treatment courses. Three cases successfully obtained medical waiver for flight after being cured, while one was grounded after reaching the maximum flight life after being cured.
CONCLUSION Chest computed tomography scanning should be used instead of chest radiography in pilots’ physical examination. Most pilots with specific pulmonary infection can be cured and return to flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Guo-Li Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Yi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Yan-Qing Jiang
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Yan-Bing Liu
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Aviation Disease, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200081, China
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Du F, Xing A, Li Z, Pan L, Jia H, Du B, Sun Q, Wei R, Liu Z, Zhang Z. Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Pleural Fluid Using Resuscitation-Promoting Factor-Based Thin Layer Agar Culture Method. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:803521. [PMID: 35250926 PMCID: PMC8888910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.803521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pleural tuberculous is difficult to diagnose. Culture is still considered the gold standard, especially in resource-limited settings where quick, cheap, and easy techniques are needed. The aim of the study was to evaluate resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs)-based thin layer agar (TLA) culture method for quick detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid. Methods Patients with suspected pleural TB were enrolled prospectively in our hospital, pleural fluid of all patients were collected, stained with Ziehl–Neelsen for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), cultured on Rpfs-TLA, TLA, and Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) medium, and identified according to recommended procedures. Results A total of 137 suspected pleural TB were enrolled and categorized, including 103 pleural TB (49 confirmed and 54 probable pleural TB) and 34 non-TBP patients. The sensitivity of Rpfs-TLA for total pleural TB was 43.7% (34.5∼53.3%), higher than that of TLA 29.1% (21.2∼38.5%) and LJ 26.2% (18.7∼35.5%) (p < 0.01), and all specificity was 100% in the diagnosis of pleural TB. Median time to detection of a positive culture was 11.8 days (95% CI 10.4∼13.4) for Rpfs-TLA, 21.0 days (95% CI 19.1∼22.9) for TLA, and 30.5 days (95% CI 28.5∼32.5) for LJ (p < 0.001). Conclusion Rpfs-TLA is an accurate, rapid, cheap, and easy culture method, which makes it promising for use in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiying Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boping Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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