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Kukułowicz A, Steinka I, Gardocka M. Enterococcus spp. in fish: Analysis of the presence and resistance in samples from Tri-City, Poland. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306826. [PMID: 38980872 PMCID: PMC11232986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing concern over antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens necessitates comprehensive assessments of its prevalence and associated risks in various food products. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in samples of fish purchased at various points of sale in the Tricity region. The selection of products (n = 74) was based on their availability and included both fish caught in the Baltic region and products imported from, Vietnam, China, Norway, and European Union (EU) countries. For bacterial isolation, samples were inoculated into selective broth, and the growth of enterococci was assessed based on turbidity. Positive cultures were confirmed by a change in color in bromocresol purple broth and were isolated on Slanetz-Bartley agar. Bacteria were present in all tested samples regardless of the degree of raw material processing as follows: frozen (F)- 55%, fresh/raw (FS)- 70.6%, thawed (DF)- 30%, smoked (S)- 50%, and the packaging methods, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)- 34.4%, unit packaging (UP)- 75%, and sold in bulk (SB)- 76.9%, with an overall frequency of occurrence of 58.1%. The number of bacteria ranged from not detected to 4.28-log cfu/g, with the lowest mean values for thawed fish and those packed in MAP. Tests conducted on 24 strains isolated from samples showed their varied sensitivity to tetracyclines. Single cases of multidrug resistance of the tested strains were also observed. The conducted statistical analysis did not show statistically significant differences in the count of enterococci based on the origin, degree of processing, or packaging (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences in strain sensitivity to ampicillin were observed. Detected cases of resistance, especially to tetracycline, require careful monitoring and action to limit the health risks associated with resistant bacterial strains in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kukułowicz
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Izabela Steinka
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Maria Gardocka
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
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2
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Mrenoshki D, Lucente MS, Corrente M, Grassi A, Laura DS, Parisi A, Elia G, Zarea AAK, Tempesta M, Greco G. Antimicrobial susceptibility rates in gram-positive catalase-negative cocci from sheep and goat genital microbiota. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107305. [PMID: 38944406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Gram-positive catalase-negative cocci (GPCNCs) are significant components of the genital microbiota in sheep and goats. However, characterizing them can be difficult due to overlapping culture features and the limited information on their susceptibility to antibiotics. In this study, 97 foreskin and 13 vaginal swabs were investigated using a culturomic approach. Of 110 animals, 76 (69.09 %) hosted GPCNCs, including strains from Streptococcaceae (37, 33.64 %), Aerococcaceae (30, 27.27 %), Enterococcaceae (6, 5.45 %) and other minor species. With increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in livestock, surveillance programs are globally required, so we conducted a pilot study on GPCNCs isolated from the genital mucosa surfaces of sheep and goats using the minimal inhibitory concentration assay (MIC). Due to gaps in interpretative standard breakpoints, normalized resistance interpretation was used for setting epidemiological susceptibility cut-off values (COWTs). Of 57 suitable strains, the majority (80.71 %) showed high COWTs with decrease susceptibility to at least one antimicrobial class, with 22.81 % displaying multiresistant profiles. Of interest, combined resistances to beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines were detected in strains of Streptococcus plurianimalium. Further combinations, including resistance to beta-lactams, pleuromutilins, aminoglycosides, and lincosamides, were also recorded in both Streptococcus uberis and Enterococcus spp. strains. Being beta-lactams, macrolides, and tetracyclines the most used antibiotics in livestock worldwide, our results highlight the need for their prudent use. Collectively, our findings highlight that small ruminant genital microbiota can serve as reservoirs for opportunistic severe pathogens, often zoonotic, carrying multidrug resistances, thus standing for high risks for both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mrenoshki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy
| | - Andrea Grassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Pavia, Str. Privata Campeggi, 59, Pavia, Italy
| | - Del Sambro Laura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, Putignano-Bari, 70017, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, Putignano-Bari, 70017, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy
| | - Aya Attia Koraney Zarea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana "M. Aleandri", via Appia Nuova, 1411 - 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, (Bari), Italy.
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Abdel-Raheem SM, Khodier SM, Almathen F, Hanafy AST, Abbas SM, Al-Shami SA, Al-Sultan SI, Alfifi A, El-Tarabili RM. Dissemination, virulence characteristic, antibiotic resistance determinants of emerging linezolid and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. in fish and crustacean. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 418:110711. [PMID: 38677237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Enterococci are emerging nosocomial pathogens. Their widespread distribution causes them to be food contaminants. Furthermore, Enterococci can colonize various ecological niches and diffuse into the food chain via contaminated animals and foods because of their remarkable tolerance to unfavorable environmental circumstances. Due to their potential dissemination to humans, antimicrobial-resistant Enterococci in fish are a worldwide health issue. This study characterized AMR, ARGs, VAGs, gelatinase activity, and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. recovered from fish and seafood and evaluated potential correlations. 54 Enterococcus spp. strains(32.73 %)were isolated from 165 samples (75 Oreochromis niloticus, 30 Argyrosomus regius, and 60 Shrimp), comprising 30 Enterococcus faecalis (55.6 %) and 24 Enterococcus faecium (44.4 %) with total 32.73 % (54/165), The maximum prevalence rate of Enterococcus spp. was observed in Nile tilapia (34/54; 63 %), followed by shrimp (14/54; 25.9 %) and Argyrosomus regius (6/54; 11.1 %). The maximum prevalence rate of E. faecalis was observed in Nile tilapia (22/30; 73.3 %), followed by shrimp (8/30; 26.7 %) with significant differences. The prevalence rate of E. faecium was observed in Nile tilapia (12/24; 50 %), followed by shrimp (6/24,25 %). E. faecium is only isolated from Argyrosomus regius (6/24,25 %). Isolates exhibited high resistance against both tetracycline (90.7 %) and erythromycin(88.9 %), followed by gentamycin (77.8 %), ciprofloxacin (74.1 %), levofloxacin (72.2 %), penicillin (44.4 %), vancomycin (37 %), and linezolid (20.4 %). 50 strains (92.6 %) exhibited resistance to more than two antibiotics, 5 strains (10 %) were XDR, and the remaining 45 strains (90 %) were classified as MDR. 92.6 % of the isolates had MARindices >0.2, indicating they originated in settings with a high risk of contamination. Additionally, ten ARGs were identified, with tet(M) 92.6 %, followed by erm(B) (88.9 %), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia(77.8 %), tet(K) (75.9 %), gyrA (74.1 %), blaZ (48.1 %), vanA (37 %), vanB (31.5 %), optrA (20.4 %), and catA(3.7 %). Biofilm formation and gelatinase activity were observed in 85.2 %, and 61.1 % of the isolates, respectively. A total of 11 VAGs were detected, with gelE as the most prevalent (83.3 %) followed by agg(79.6 %), pil (74.1 %), both sprE and asa1 (72.2 %), hyl (70.4 %), eps(68.5 %), EF3314 (57.4 %), ace (50 %), and cylA (35.2 %) with no detection of cylB. In conclusion, the emergence of linezolid-resistant -vancomycin-resistant enterococci recovered from Egyptian fish and shrimp, suggests that fish and seafood might participate a fundamental part in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Sherin M Khodier
- Central lab for marine fish diagnosing and treatment and measuring fish and water quality, Marine Aquaculture Development (MADEӀӀ), Egypt
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Al-Shaimaa T Hanafy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Portsaid laboratory Branch, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abbas
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Portsaid laboratory Branch, Egypt
| | - Salah Abdulaziz Al-Shami
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saad Ibrahim Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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Yang JX, Liu CW, Wu FW, Zhu L, Liang GW. Molecular characterization and biofilm formation ability of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis bloodstream isolates from a Chinese tertiary hospital in Beijing. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:929-939. [PMID: 37932582 PMCID: PMC11144123 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular characteristics and biofilm-forming ability of 116 Enterococcus faecium (Efm) and 72 Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) isolates obtained from patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) at a Chinese hospital between July 2011 and March 2018. The presence of glycopeptide resistance genes and five virulence genes (esp, gelE, asa1, hyl, and cylA) was screened using two multiplex PCR. MLST was used to assess the clonality. Crystal violet staining was used to detect biofilms. Vancomycin resistance was detected in 30.1% of Efm and 2.8% of Efs isolates, respectively. All VRE strains carried the vanA gene. The esp, gelE, asa1, and cylA genes in 72 Efs strains were detected at 62.5%, 84.7%, 84.7%, and 69.4%, respectively. Among the 116 Efm isolates, 74.1% and 25.8% carried esp and hyl, respectively. The esp gene was significantly associated with vancomycin-resistant Efm (VREfm) compared to vancomycin-susceptible Efm (VSEfm). In total, 91.7% of Efs and 20.0% of Efm produced biofilms. Twenty-six STs were identified among the 72 Efs isolates, with ST4 (29.2%) being the predominant. In total, 116 Efm strains were grouped into 26 STs, with ST78 (46.6%) being the predominant. Both VREfm (41.7%) and VSEfm (48.8%) were dominant in ST78. There is no clear evidence suggesting that some STs are associated with vancomycin resistance or biofilm formation. Both Efm and Efs BSI isolates showed a polyclonal pattern with a dominant clone and many unique types, implying the coexistence of clonal dissemination and an influx of new clones. The horizontal transmission of resistance genes may play a more important role in VREfm prevalence than clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xian Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cun-Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fu-Wei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guo-Wei Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Vougat Ngom R, Jajere SM, Ayissi GJ, Tanyienow A, Moffo F, Watsop HM, Mimboe LM, Mouiche MM, Schüpbach-Regula G, Carmo LP. Unveiling the landscape of resistance against high priority critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals across Africa: A scoping review. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106173. [PMID: 38503073 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid population growth in Africa is associated with an increasing demand for livestock products which in turn can lead to antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial usage in animals contributes to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria which constitutes a serious public health threat. This study aims to review and summarize the available information on highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) resistance in livestock production in Africa. This work will help to inform future policies for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food production chain. A scoping review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting. Primary research studies published after 1999 and reporting resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Campylobacter spp to HPCIAs in poultry, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in Africa were searched in four databases. A total of 312 articles were included in the review. The majority of the studies (40.7) were conducted in North African countries. More than 49.0% of included studies involved poultry and 26.2% cattle. Cephalosporins and quinolones were the most studied antimicrobial classes. Of the bacteria investigated in the current review, E. coli (41.7%) and Salmonella spp (24.9%) represented the most commonly studied. High levels of resistance against erythromycin in E. coli were found in poultry (MR 96.1%, IQR 83.3-100.0%), cattle (MR 85.7%, IQR 69.2-100.0%), and pigs (MR 94.0%, IQR 86.2-94.0%). In sheep, a high level of resistance was observed in E. coli against nalidixic acid (MR 87.5%, IQR 81.3-93.8%). In goats, the low level of sensibility was noted in S. aureus against streptomycin (MR 86.8%, IQR 19.4-99.0%). The study provides valuable information on HPCIAs resistance in livestock production in Africa and highlights the need for further research and policies to address the public health risk of AMR. This will likely require an investment in diagnostic infrastructure across the continent. Awareness on the harmful impact of AMR in African countries is a requirement to produce more effective and sustainable measures to curb AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Vougat Ngom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Saleh M Jajere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Gaspard Ja Ayissi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Akenghe Tanyienow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Hippolyte M Watsop
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Leina M Mimboe
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Mm Mouiche
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | | | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås 1433, Norway
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Gensler CA, Hempstead SC, Keelara S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Urie NJ, Wiedenheft AM, Stuart K, Marshall KL, Jacob ME. Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Species in U.S. Goats: 2019 National Animal Health Monitoring System Enteric Study. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502797 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus species are normal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract and serve as indicator organisms for the epidemiology and emergence of antimicrobial resistance in their hosts and the environment. Some E. coli serovars, including E. coli O157:H7, are important human pathogens, although reservoir species such as goats remain asymptomatic. We describe the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of generic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and Enterococcus species collected from a national surveillance study of goat feces as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Goat 2019 study. Fecal samples were collected from 4918 goats on 332 operations across the United States. Expectedly, a high prevalence of E. coli (98.7%, 4850/4915) and Enterococcus species (94.8%, 4662/4918) was found. E. coli O157:H7 prevalence was low (0.2%; 10/4918). E. coli isolates, up to three per operation, were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility and 84.7% (571/674) were pansusceptible. Multidrug resistance (MDR; ≥3 classes) was uncommon among E. coli, occurring in 8.2% of isolates (55/674). Resistance toward seven antimicrobial classes was observed in a single isolate. Resistance to tetracycline alone (13.6%, 92/674) or to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole (7.0% 47/674) was the most common pattern. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were pansusceptible. Enterococcus isolates, up to four per operation, were prioritized by public health importance, including Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and evaluated. Resistance to lincomycin (93.8%, 1232/1313) was most common, with MDR detected in 29.5% (388/1313) of isolates. The combination of ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and quinupristin resistance (27.1%, 105/388) was the most common pattern detected. Distribution and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli and Enterococcus in the U.S. goat population from this study can inform stewardship considerations and public health efforts surrounding goats and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gensler
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie C Hempstead
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie J Urie
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Keira Stuart
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Didouh N, Khadidja M, Campos C, Sampaio-Maia B, Boumediene MB, Araujo R. Assessment of biofilm, enzyme production and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria from milk pre- and post-pasteurization pipelines in Algeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110389. [PMID: 37708608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is a major concern of dairy industry due to its association with milk contamination and its derived products. Algerian pasteurized milk shelf-life does not exceed one day, which may reflect the high level of contamination of this product and presence of extracellular enzymes such as lipases and proteases. This work aimed to investigate the microbial biodiversity in milk-processing surfaces of a dairy plant in Algeria. Therefore, stainless steel cylinders were placed in piping system of the dairy system before and after pasteurization of the milk, being removed after 7 days, for biofilm maturation and microorganism isolation and identification by mass spectrometry. Fifty-nine Gram-positive isolates were identified, namely Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus weithenstephanensis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition, twenty-four Gram-negative isolates were identified, namely Acinetobacter schindleri Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Raoultella ornithinolytica. Bacterial isolates showed ability for production of extracellular enzymes, being 49 % capable of both proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Milk isolates were tested for the ability to form biofilms on stainless steel. The cell numbers recovered on plate count agar plates from stainless steel biofilms ranged from 3.52 to 6.92 log10 CFU/cm2, being the maximum number detected for Enterococcus casseliflavus. Bacterial isolates showed intermediate and/or resistant profiles to multiple antibiotics. Resistance to amoxicillin, cefoxitin and/or erythromycin was commonly found among the bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Didouh
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Medjahdi Khadidja
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Université Hassiba Benbouali Chlef, Algeria
| | - Carla Campos
- Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO) do Porto Francisco Gentil, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Moussa Boudjemaa Boumediene
- Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliqué à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Elumalai L, Palaniyandi S, Anbazhagan GK, Mohanam N, Munusamy S, G K SR, Pudukadu Munusamy A, Chinnasamy M, Ramasamy B. Synthesis of biogenic cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (MR03-CdSNPs) using marine Streptomyces kunmingensis - MR03 for in-vitro biological determinations and in silico analysis on biofilm virulence proteins: A novel approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116698. [PMID: 37474092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Elumalai
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Sankarganesh Palaniyandi
- Department of Food Technology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Padur, OMR, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Anbazhagan
- Centre for Research and Development, Department of Microbiology, Hindustan College of Arts & Science, Padur, OMR, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Nithyalakshmi Mohanam
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Santhakumar Munusamy
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Sri Ragavi G K
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Ayyasamy Pudukadu Munusamy
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Muthusamy Chinnasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Srinivasan College of Arts and Science, (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, 621212, India
| | - Balagurunathan Ramasamy
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.
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Liu X, Zuo J, Teng J, Yang L, Guo J, Liu L, Li P. Antibiofilm potential of luteolin against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy goats and farm environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122274. [PMID: 37524237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prominent pathogen responsible for mastitis in dairy goats, and capable of contaminating farm environments. Luteolin is a naturally derived flavonoid found in many plant types. To our best of knowledge, this study involved the initial investigation into the prevalence of S. aureus and screened the multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus from raw milk samples and farm environments. Furthermore, we explored the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of luteolin against MDR S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated via crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bacterial morphology and biofilm microstructure were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the antibiofilm mechanisms were further explored based on extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, extracellular DNA (eDNA) content, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In total, 28 and 43 S. aureus isolates were isolated from raw milk and environmental samples, respectively. Raw milk samples had the highest prevalence of S. aureus (58.33%), followed by sewage sludge (35.42%), soil (27.78%), excrement (19.44%), bulk tank (12.50%), milking parlor (11.11%), and feed (7.50%). Among the isolated strains, 40 isolates (56.34%) expressed the MDR phenotype. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of luteolin against MDR S. aureus were 8-32 μg/mL and 16-64 μg/mL, respectively. Compared to that in the untreated control isolate, the number of dead cells increased, while the auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity decreased. Moreover, the cell membrane dissolved with the increase in luteolin concentration. Luteolin down-regulated the transcription of seven biofilm related genes: icaA, icaD, icab, hld, hla, agrA and RNAIII. These results indicated that S. aureus coexisted in raw milk and goat farm environments, and also suggested the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent against MDR S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingru Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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10
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El-Zamkan MA, Ahmed AS, Abdelhafeez HH, Mohamed HMA. Molecular characterization of Vibrio species isolated from dairy and water samples. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15368. [PMID: 37717062 PMCID: PMC10505214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio species can cause foodborne infections and lead to serious gastrointestinal illnesses. The purpose of this research was to detect the Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw milk, dairy products, and water samples. Also, it investigated the virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in isolated bacteria. Conventional and molecular approaches were used to identify the isolates in this study. Vibrio species were detected in 5% of the samples. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 1.25 and 1.5%, respectively, of the total samples. Penicillin resistance was detected in all strains of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with a MAR index ranging from 0.16 to 0.5. Four isolates were moderate biofilm producer and three of them were MDR. When Vibrio cholerae was screened for virulence genes, ctxAB, hlyA, and tcpA were found in 80, 60, and 80% of isolates, respectively. However, tdh + /trh + associated-virulence genes were found in 33.3% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Shaban Ahmed
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abdelhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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11
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Liu ZL, Chen YJ, Meng QL, Zhang X, Wang XL. Progress in the application of Enterococcus faecium in animal husbandry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1168189. [PMID: 37600940 PMCID: PMC10437066 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1168189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a probiotic, enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, gastric acid resistance, bile salt resistance, etc. It can also effectively improve animal performance and immunity and improve the animal's intestinal environment, so in recent years it has been more widely used in the livestock industry. However, due to the improper use of antibiotics and the growing environmental stress of strains, the drug resistance of enterococcus faecium has become more and more serious, and because some enterococcus faecium carry virulence genes, leading to the emergence of pathogenic strains, its safety issues have been widely concerned. This paper focuses on the biological characteristics of enterococcus faecium, the application of this bacterium in animal husbandry and the safety issues in its use, with a view to providing a reference for the application of enterococcus faecium in the development of animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xue-li Wang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
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12
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Paschoalini BR, Nuñez KVM, Maffei JT, Langoni H, Guimarães FF, Gebara C, Freitas NE, dos Santos MV, Fidelis CE, Kappes R, Gonçalves MC, Silva NCC. The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Milk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1243. [PMID: 37627663 PMCID: PMC10451337 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis and E. faecium, pose risks to dairy farms as opportunistic pathogens. The study evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Bile esculin agar was used to assess 1471 milk samples, followed by colony identification, gram staining, catalase tests, and 45 °C incubation. PCR analysis targeted E. faecalis and E. faecium in characteristic Enterococcus spp. colonies, with MALDI-TOF used for negative samples. Multiple tests, including disk diffusion, chromogenic VRE agar for vancomycin resistance, Vancomycin Etest® for MIC determination, and PCR for virulence factors (cylA, esp, efaA, ace, asa1, gelE, and hyl genes), were performed. Out of 100 identified strains, E. durans (30.66%), E. faecium (26.28%), and E. faecalis (18.25%) were predominant. AMR in Enterococcus spp. varied, with the highest rates against rifampicin (27%), tetracycline (20%), and erythromycin (18%). Linezolid (5%), vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and teicoplanin (3% each) had lower prevalence. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed high AMR to rifampicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Thirty-two strains (18.98%) grew on VRE Chromoselect agar, while 4 (2 E. faecalis and 2 E. faecium) showed vancomycin resistance by MIC values. E. faecalis carried gelE (45.5%) and asa1 (36%), and E. gallinarum had 9.1% with the asa1 gene. Detecting resistant Enterococcus in bovine milk supports control strategies for enterococci on dairy farms, highlighting AMR concerns in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rizzo Paschoalini
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Juliana Takahashi Maffei
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (H.L.); (F.F.G.)
| | - Felipe Freitas Guimarães
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (H.L.); (F.F.G.)
| | - Clarice Gebara
- Food Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Road, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.G.); (N.E.F.)
| | - Natylane Eufransino Freitas
- Food Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Road, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.G.); (N.E.F.)
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Roberto Kappes
- Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, University of the State of Santa Catarina, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil;
| | - Mônica Correia Gonçalves
- Center for Agro-Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58840-000, PB, Brazil;
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
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Sipahi N, Kaya E, Çelik C, Pınar O. The Characterization and Beta-Lactam Resistance of Staphylococcal Community Recovered from Raw Bovine Milk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030556. [PMID: 36978423 PMCID: PMC10044537 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci is an opportunistic bacterial population that is permanent in the normal flora of milk and poses a serious threat to animal and human health with some virulence factors and antibiotic-resistance genes. This study was aimed at identifying staphylococcal species isolated from raw milk and to determine hemolysis, biofilm, coagulase activities, and beta-lactam resistance. The raw milk samples were collected from the Düzce (Türkiye) region, and the study data represent a first for this region. The characterization of the bacteria was performed with MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The presence of coa, icaB, blaZ, and mecA was investigated with PCR. A nitrocefin chromogenic assay was used for beta-lactamase screening. In this context, 84 staphylococci were isolated from 10 different species, and the dominant species was determined as S. aureus (32.14%). Although 32.14% of all staphylococci were positive for beta hemolysis, the icaB gene was found in 57.14%, coa in 46.42%, mecA in 15.47%, and blaZ in 8.33%. As a result, Staphylococcus spp. strains that were isolated from raw milk in this study contained some virulence factors at a high level, but also contained a relatively low level of beta-lactam resistance genes. However, considering the animal–environment–human interaction, it is considered that the current situation must be monitored constantly in terms of resistance concerns. It must not be forgotten that the development of resistance is in constant change among bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Sipahi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Applied and Research Center, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Türkiye
- Correspondence:
| | - Ertugrul Kaya
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Türkiye;
| | - Cansu Çelik
- Food Technology Program, Food Processing Department, Vocational School of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Orhan Pınar
- Equine and Equine Training Program, Vocational School of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Türkiye;
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Hidalgo VM, Babot JD, Fernández MM, Perez Chaia A, Audisio C, Apella MC. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the poultry intestinal environment with anti-Salmonella activity in vitro. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:435-447. [PMID: 36333643 PMCID: PMC9944612 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was the genotypic identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of healthy adult birds, and the study of their safety regarding antibiotic resistance, physiological and functional properties involved in the colonization of the GIT of poultry, and Salmonella exclusion, as members of a potential mixed probiotic supplement for poultry. The nucleotidic sequence from Lactobacillus crispatus P1, L. animalis L3, and Enterococcus faecium CRL 1385 (ex-J96) showed 100, 99.8, and 99.3% identity with L. crispatus DSM 20584 T, Ligilactobacillus salivarius ATCC 11741 T, and E. faecium ATCC 19434 T, respectively. These strains showed no resistance to relevant antibiotics usually administered to animals proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. They could endure the detrimental conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (pH 2.6 and oxgall 0.1 and 0.4% w/v). In an ex vivo assay, the LAB showed high adherence to the three sections of the GIT, reaching values higher than 70%. The adhesion to mucus was strain-dependent: L. crispatus CRL 1453 evidenced the highest adhesion (> 19%) while Lig. salivarius subsp. salivarius CRL 1417 and E. faecium CRL 1385 adhered to a lower extent (> 9 and 2%, respectively). Moreover, the LAB elicited remarkable anti-Salmonella activity, taking into account that they could inhibit elevated counts of different Salmonella serovars, especially the host-specific serovars S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum (up to 8 log CFU/mL decrease in Salmonella counts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Maximiliano Hidalgo
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC-Tucumán), San Miguel de Tucumán, Av. William Cross 3150, (T4101XAC), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jaime Daniel Babot
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CCT CONICET NOA Sur), San Miguel de Tucumán, Chacabuco 145, (T4000ILC), Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - María Magdalena Fernández
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CCT CONICET NOA Sur), San Miguel de Tucumán, Chacabuco 145, (T4000ILC), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Adriana Perez Chaia
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CCT CONICET NOA Sur), San Miguel de Tucumán, Chacabuco 145, (T4000ILC), Tucumán, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, (T4000INI) San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carina Audisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CCT CONICET Salta-Jujuy), Buenos Aires 177, A4402FDC, Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Apella
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CCT CONICET NOA Sur), San Miguel de Tucumán, Chacabuco 145, (T4000ILC), Tucumán, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, (T4000INI) San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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15
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Byczkowska-Rostkowska Z, Saki M. Biofilm Formation Capacity and Presence of Virulence Determinants among Enterococcus Species from Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020495. [PMID: 36836852 PMCID: PMC9962698 DOI: 10.3390/life13020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is one of the major hazards facing the food industry. Biofilm-forming ability is one of the most important virulence properties of enterococci. The genus Enterococcus includes pathogenic, spoilage, and pro-technological bacteria. The presence of enterococci in milk and dairy products is usually associated with inadequate hygiene practices. The study examined the isolates' capacity for biofilm formation and identification of the genetic determinants of its formation among 85 Enterococcus strains isolated from raw milk (n = 49) and soft-ripened cheeses made from unpasteurized milk (n = 36). E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species. The obtained results showed that 41.4% isolates from milk and 50.0% isolates from cheeses were able to form biofilm. All of the isolates analyzed had at least one of the studied genes. As regards the isolates from raw milk, the most prevalent gene was the gelE (85.6%), followed by the asa1 (66.7%). None of the isolates from cheeses showed the presence of cylA and sprE. The most prevalent gene among the strains from this source was the epbC (94.4%), followed by the gelE (88.9%). In isolates from both sources, the presence of proteins from the Fsr group was noted the least frequently. Nevertheless, results showed that were no significant differences between the biofilm-producing Enterococcus spp. and non-biofilm-producing isolates in term of occurrences of tested virulence genes. The ability to produce a biofilm by enterococci isolated from raw milk or ready-to-eat products emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the mechanisms of microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Byczkowska-Rostkowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ohashi N, Hirose M, Kudo K, Tsukamoto N, Ito M, Kobayashi N. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genotypes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Clinical Isolates in Northern Japan: Identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010108. [PMID: 36671309 PMCID: PMC9855154 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are the major pathogens causing community- and healthcare-associated infections, with an ability to acquire resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of virulence factors, drug resistance and its genetic determinants, and clonal lineages of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates in northern Japan. A total of 480 (426 E. faecalis and 54 E. faecium) isolates collected over a four-month period were analyzed. Three virulence factors promoting bacterial colonization (asa1, efaA, and ace) were more prevalent among E. faecalis (46-59%) than E. faecium, while a similar prevalence of enterococcal surface protein gene (esp) was found in these species. Between E. faecalis and E. faecium, an evident difference was noted for resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin and its responsible resistance determinants. Oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA and phenicol exporter gene fexA were identified in an isolate of E. faecalis belonging to ST480 and revealed to be located on a cluster similar to those of isolates reported in other Asian countries. The E. faecalis isolates analyzed were differentiated into 12 STs, among which ST179 and ST16 of clonal complex (CC) 16 were the major lineage. Nearly all the E. faecium isolates were assigned into CC17, which consisted of 10 different sequence types (STs), including a dominant ST17 containing multidrug resistant isolates and ST78 with isolates harboring the hyaluronidase gene (hyl). The present study revealed the genetic profiles of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates, with the first identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Ohashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mina Hirose
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- Sapporo Mirai Laboratory, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ito
- Sapporo Mirai Laboratory, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Dairy Products: A Potential Source of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244116. [PMID: 36553858 PMCID: PMC9778350 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to present the antimicrobial resistance, virulence and resistance genes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from raw goat's and sheep's milk and cheese. Strains were identified by PCR. The dominant species was E. faecalis (77.8%) and was most often isolated from raw goat's milk. The percentage of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis isolates was higher than that of E. faecium isolates, the former most frequently resistant to lincomycin (98%), tetracycline (63%) and streptomycin (16%). Fourteen (22.3%) E. faecalis and 2 (11.1%) E. faecium isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). All MDR E. faecalis strains also had virulence genes, whereas one of the two E. faecium strains had them. The most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis isolates were asa1 (69.8%) and gelE (57.1%). The most prevalent resistance genes found in both bacterial species were tet(M) (43.2%) and vgaA (22.2%). Enterococci from dairy products are confirmed to be a potential source of the spread of antimicrobial resistance, MDR strains, and virulence and resistance genes. This study highlights several aspects of the virulence and pathogenicity of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from dairy products-aspects which are indications for their ongoing monitoring.
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Xiang X, Lu J, Xu X, Hou X, Diao E, Qian S, Song H, Liang L, He Y, Shang Y. Rapid identification of novel specific molecular targets for PCR detection of four Enterococcus species. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in foods: Antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates in different foods worldwide.
Method and Result: This study used meta-analytical methods. Besides, Web of Science (n= 705), Medline (n= 6), and Scopus (n= 1.338) were searched for studies in the years 1995-2021 using related keywords. Results showed that the pooled prevalence for Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic-resistant of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were found 0.41 (95% C.I. 0.34-0.47), 0.25 (95% C.I. 0.13-0.38), respectively. According to the results of the subgroup analysis, the lowest and highest prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in food types were calculated for red meat (0.56), and fermented foods (0.29). Also, as a result of subgroup analyses by country the highest prevalence of Enterococcus spp. was calculated in studies conducted in Slovakia (0.74). In contrast, the lowest prevalence was calculated in studies conducted in Georgia (0.07).
Conclusion: The meta-analyses improved our understanding of the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. and the antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in different foods and provided results that can be useful as input for quantitative microbiological risk evaluation modeling.
Significance and Impact of Study: We demonstrated the antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium in foods and gaps that could be addressed in the future. Therefore, it is believed that the results compiled herein will contribute to the epidemiological surveillance of the presence and antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium in foods.
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria—A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081079. [PMID: 36009947 PMCID: PMC9404765 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of MDR bacteria, legislative measures have widely been taken to limit or eliminate the use of antibiotics, including in the form of feed additives for livestock, but also in metaphylaxis and its treatment, which was the subject of EU Regulation in 2019/6. Numerous studies have documented that bacteria use both phenotypis and gentic strategies enabling a natural defence against antibiotics and the induction of mechanisms in increasing resistance to the used antibacterial chemicals. The mechanisms presented in this review developed by the bacteria have a significant impact on reducing the ability to combat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Moreover, the high prevalence of multi-resistant strains in the environment and the ease of transmission of drug-resistance genes between the different bacterial species including commensal flora and pathogenic like foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp.) favor the rapid spread of multi-resistance among bacteria in humans and animals. Given the global threat posed by the widespread phenomenon of multi-drug resistance among bacteria which are dangerous for humans and animals, the subject of this study is the presentation of the mechanisms of resistance in most frequent bacteria called as “foodborne pathoges” isolated from human and animals. In order to present the significance of the global problem related to multi-drug resistance among selected pathogens, especially those danger to humans, the publication also presents statistical data on the percentage range of occurrence of drug resistance among selected bacteria in various regions of the world. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics of pathogen resistance, this review also presents detailed information on the detection of drug resistance genes for specific groups of antibiotics. It should be emphasized that the manuscript also presents the results of own research i.e., Campylobacter spp., E. coli or Enetrococcus spp. This subject and the presentation of data on the risks of drug resistance among bacteria will contribute to initiating research in implementing the prevention of drug resistance and the development of alternatives for antimicrobials methods of controlling bacteria.
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Krzyżek P, Migdał P, Grande R, Gościniak G. Biofilm Formation of Helicobacter pylori in Both Static and Microfluidic Conditions Is Associated With Resistance to Clarithromycin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:868905. [PMID: 35402304 PMCID: PMC8990135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.868905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that production of biofilm is a protective mechanism against various type of stressors, including exposure to antibiotics. However, the impact of this structure on the spread of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to determine the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of H. pylori. The study was carried out on 24 clinical strains with different resistance profiles (antibiotic-sensitive, mono-resistant, double-resistant and multidrug-resistant) against clarithromycin (CLR), metronidazole (MTZ) and levofloxacin (LEV). Using static conditions and a crystal violet staining method, a strong correlation was observed between biofilm formation and resistance to CLR but not MTZ or LEV. Based on the obtained results, three the strongest and three the weakest biofilm producers were selected and directed for a set of microfluidic experiments performed in the Bioflux system combined with fluorescence microscopy. Under continuous flow conditions, it was observed that strong biofilm producers formed twice as much of biofilm and created significantly more eDNA and in particular proteins within the biofilm matrix when compared to weak biofilm producers. Additionally, it was noticed that strong biofilm producers had higher tendency for autoaggregation and presented morphostructural differences (a greater cellular packing, shorter cells and a higher amount of both OMVs and flagella) in relation to weak biofilm counterparts. In conclusion, resistance to CLR in clinical H. pylori strains was associated with a broad array of phenotypical features translating to the ability of strong biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Paweł Krzyżek,
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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