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Worku M, Tessema B, Ferede G, Ochieng L, Leliso SA, Mutua F, Moodley A, Grace D, Gelaw B. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infection, determinants and antimicrobial resistance patterns among under-five children with diarrhea in Amhara National Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304409. [PMID: 38959220 PMCID: PMC11221748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with under-five year age disproportionally affected with foodborne illness. Campylobacteriosis is the most common foodborne disease next to Norovirus infection. Macrolides are commonly prescribed as the first line of treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis, with fluoroquinolone and tetracycline as secondary options. However, resistance to these alternatives has been reported in various regions worldwide. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence, associated risk-factors and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among under-five children with diarrhea. METHODS Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2022 to April 2023. The study sites were selected using a random sampling technique, while the study subjects were included using a convenient sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were inoculated onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and incubated for 48 hours. The suspected colonies were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to confirm the species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a disc diffusion technique. All potential covariates (independent variables) were analyzed one by one using bivariate logistic regression model to identify candidate variables with P value < 0.25. Multivariable logistic analysis was used to identify potential associated factors using the candidate variables. A p value ≤ 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was statistically significant. RESULT Among the 428 samples, 7.0% (CI: 4.5-9.3) were confirmed Campylobacter species. The prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli among under-five children was 5.1% (CI: 3.0-7.0) and 1.9% (CI: 0.7-3.3), respectively. C. jejuni (73.3%) was dominant over C. coli (26.7%). The resident, contact with domestic animals, and parents/guardians education level were significantly associated with campylobacteriosis among under-five children. One-third of the Campylobacter isolates (33.3%, 10/30) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline whereas 10.0% (3/30) were resistant to erythromycin. Furthermore, 3.3% (1/30) of the Campylobacter were found to be multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSION The prevalence of Campylobacter species was 7.0%. The resistance rate of Campylobacter species of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline-resistance strains was 33.3%. Peri-urban residence, contact with domestic animals, and low parental educational statuses were significantly associated factors with increased risk of Campylobacter infection. Continuous surveillance on antimicrobial resistance and health education of personal and environmental hygiene should be implemented in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Worku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Getachew Ferede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Linnet Ochieng
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Florence Mutua
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mulu W, Joossens M, Kibret M, Van den Abeele AM, Houf K. Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012241. [PMID: 38833441 PMCID: PMC11178231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis disproportionately affects children under five in low-income countries. However, epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) information at the children-animal interface is lacking. We hypothesized that Campylobacter is a major cause of enteritis in children in Ethiopia, and contact with animals is a potential source of transmission. The objective of the study was to determine Campylobacter occurrence and its AMR in children under five with diarrhea, backyard farm animals, and companion pets. Stool from 303 children and feces from 711 animals were sampled. Campylobacter was isolated through membrane filtration on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates under microaerobic incubation, and the technique showed to be feasible for use in regions lacking organized laboratories. Typical isolates were characterized with MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex PCR. Of 303 children, 20% (n = 59) were infected, with a higher proportion in the 6 to 11-month age group. Campylobacter occurred in 64% (n = 14) of dogs and 44% (n = 112) of poultry. Campylobacter jejuni was present in both a child and animal species in 15% (n = 23) of 149 households positive for Campylobacter. MICs using the gradient strip diffusion test of 128 isolates displayed resistance rates of 20% to ciprofloxacin and 11% to doxycycline. MICs of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline varied between C. coli and C. jejuni, with higher resistance in C. coli and poultry isolates. Campylobacter infection in children and its prevalent excretion from backyard poultry and dogs is a understudied concern. The co-occurrence of C. jejuni in animals and children suggest household-level transmission As resistance to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline was observed, therapy of severe campylobacteriosis should consider susceptibility testing. Findings from this study can support evidence-based diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, and further investigations on the spread of AMR mechanisms for informed One Health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondemagegn Mulu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mulugeta Kibret
- Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Anne-Marie Van den Abeele
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Sint-Lucas Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wysok B, Rudowska M, Wiszniewska-Łaszczych A. The Transmission of Campylobacter Strains in Dairy Herds in Different Housing Systems. Pathogens 2024; 13:317. [PMID: 38668272 PMCID: PMC11053475 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cattle are frequent carriers of Campylobacter spp.; therefore, these bacteria may be transmitted to humans through meat or milk. Campylobacter spp. in raw milk derives most commonly from secondary fecal contamination during the milking process; however, the udder excretion of Campylobacter may be a cause of milk-borne infection. Studies were carried out on a Campylobacter-positive farm with two different housing systems (with free-stall and tie-stall systems). The sampling process comprised several stages, including samples being taken from animals, such as from raw milk and feces, and from the environment, such as the from floor in the milking parlor and from teat cups. None of the individual raw milk samples or swabs from the floor in the parlor before the milking process were positive for Campylobacter spp. Simultaneously, Campylobacter spp. was isolated from all swabs from the floor after the milking process and in the bulk tank milk samples from the two farms. The incidence of Campylobacter isolated from fecal and teat swab samples ranged from 15.4% to 26.7% and from 8.9% to 25%, respectively. Altogether, 59 recovered Campylobacter isolates were classified, based on sequencing of the flaA short variable region, showing 15 different allele types, and the majority of them were distributed among one farm. Analysis of the virulence and antimicrobial properties showed that genes related to adherence, invasion and cytotoxicity were widely distributed among the Campylobacter recovered strains. In relation to AMR, multidrug resistance was noted in 16.1% of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wysok
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rudowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wiszniewska-Łaszczych
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abay KA, Desalegn G, Weldu Y, Gebrehiwot GT, Gebreyohannes G, Welekidan LN, Desta KH, Asfaw YT, Teka AG, Gebremedhin MT. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children with Diarrhea at Randomly Selected Public Health Facilities in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:495-505. [PMID: 38348229 PMCID: PMC10860571 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s438370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter species are the most predominant bacterial agents to cause diarrhea in under-five children. It poses a serious challenge to public health worldwide with ongoing acquisition of resistance to different antimicrobials with multiple patterns. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species, and associated factors among under-five children with diarrhea in selected public health facilities. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among under-five children with diarrhea using convenient sampling. Health facilities were selected using a simple random sampling method. The stool samples collected from 214 study participants were transported and processed following standard microbiological protocols. Campylobacter isolates were identified using Gram staining, biochemical test, serological test, and aerobic growth at 25°C. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates were performed using the Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 25.0. Association between variables was assessed using Chi-square test and Logistic regression, with P ≤ 0.05. Results The subject's mean age was 31.3 (±3.9) months. Of the 214 samples cultured, 14 (6.5%) of them were positive for Campylobacter species with 95% CI (3.3-10.3). Out of the isolated species, 12 (85.7%) were Campylobacter jejuni /Campylobacter coli and 2 (14.3%) were other Campylobacter species. Bottle feeding and history of direct contact to domestic animals were associated with Campylobacter species (AOR=5.13, CI=1.21-21.6, p=0.026 and AOR=4.93, CI=1.33-18.17, P=0.016), respectively. Campylobacter isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin 5 (35.7%), and tetracycline 3 (21.4%). Conclusion A higher incidence of Campylobacter species was obtained in children who were bottle-fed and who had a history of direct contact with domestic animals. The isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. These findings indicate that special attention is needed for better management of Campylobacter drug resistance in under-five children. To enhance and support our current findings, further research using molecular techniques is needed to identify the resistant and virulent genes of the bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Araya Abay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dr. Tewelde Legesse College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Desalegn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Weldu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebrecherkos Teame Gebrehiwot
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebreselema Gebreyohannes
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Letemicheal Negash Welekidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kibra Hailu Desta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yohanns Tekle Asfaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Ataklti Gessese Teka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Tilahun Gebremedhin
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Kiarie A, Bebora L, Gitao G, Ochien'g L, Okumu N, Mutisya C, Wasonga J, Masudi SP, Moodley A, Amon-Tanoh MA, Watson J, Cumming O, Cook EAJ. Prevalence and risk factors associated with the occurrence of Campylobacter sp. in children aged 6-24 months in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1147180. [PMID: 37808985 PMCID: PMC10556691 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1147180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Campylobacter bacteria is a major cause of foodborne-related bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. It is known to cause diarrhea in young children which has been shown to directly affect their weight and height as a result of malnutrition. Severe cases of diarrhea can also lead to death. Most of the burden is experienced in resource-limited countries in Africa and Southeast Asia where the disease is linked to poor hygiene and sanitation. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in children aged between 6 and 24 months in Nairobi, Kenya and identify potential risk factors associated with their occurrence. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out between May to December 2021. A total of 585 randomly selected households were visited in two wards (Uthiru/Ruthimitu and Riruta) in Dagoretti South sub-county, Nairobi. A questionnaire regarding how children's food is handled, the major foods consumed, sanitation and hygiene, and animal ownership was conducted among caregivers to identify associated risk factors. Stool samples were collected from 540/585 children and screened for the presence of Campylobacter using culture-based methods and confirmed through PCR. Results Of the 540 children's stool samples processed, Campylobacter isolates were detected in 4.8% (26/540). Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) was the most common species in 80.8% of positive samples compared to Campylobacter coli (C. coli) in 26.9% of samples. In six samples, both C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated, while in four samples, it was not possible to speciate the Campylobacter. Drinking cow's milk (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4 - 12.6) and the presence of animal feces in the compound (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1 - 10.3) were found to be statistically associated with Campylobacter carriage in children. Discussion The carriage of Campylobacter in children in this community indicates a need for further investigation on source attribution to understand transmission dynamics and inform where to target interventions. Awareness creation among caregivers on good personal and food hygiene is needed, including boiling milk before consumption. Implementation of biosecurity measures at the household level is highly recommended to reduce contact between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kiarie
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly Bebora
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet Ochien'g
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noah Okumu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Mutisya
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Wasonga
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sherril Phyllis Masudi
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maud A Amon-Tanoh
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Watson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Belina D, Gobena T, Kebede A, Chimdessa M, Hailu Y, Hald T. Occurrence of Diarrheagenic Pathogens and Their Coinfection Profiles in Diarrheic Under Five Children and Tracked Human Contacts in Urban and Rural Settings of Eastern Ethiopia. Microbiol Insights 2023; 16:11786361231196527. [PMID: 37736061 PMCID: PMC10510352 DOI: 10.1177/11786361231196527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Shigella are common cause of childhood diarrhea in countries like Ethiopia, but data on their sources and coinfection profiles is limited. A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2023 to determine the prevalence, coinfection, and monthly occurrence rates of major diarrheagenic bacteria in diarrheic under five children and asymptomatic contacts at urban and rural settings in Ethiopia. A total of 345 stool samples were collected from; 262 diarrheic children visiting Hiwot Fana Hospital, Kersa, and Adelle Health Centers; and 83 caretakers and siblings through case based contact tracing. Samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures and the overall prevalence of enteric pathogens was 26.96%, with the highest isolation rate during the winter and peaks of 73.91% in February. The occurrence of the pathogens in children and tracked contacts was 27.86 and 24.09%, respectively. In our study, 8.53% coinfection and 23.66% single pathogen infection was recorded in diarrheic children. The study also showed 4.51 and 3.88% of diarrhea in children from urban and rural had attributed to bacterial coinfection, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen in diarrheic children was Diarrheagenic E. coli (10.31%), and followed by Campylobacter. On the other hand, Diarrheagenic E. coli was the second dominant bacteria following Shigella in the traced contacts, with prevalence of 8.43% and 9.64%, respectively. Based on the study site, the prevalence of Diarrheagenic E. coli and Nontyphoidal Salmonella was higher in children from urban than those from rural. However, the occurrence of each pathogen had no significant differences (P > .05) between settings. The high pathogens occurrence rate in the current study indicates the need for strong control strategies and better child carrying and treatment of diarrheal diseases at both urban and rural settings. Further studies on possible sources and factors attributing to the occurrence of enteric pathogens in children are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinaol Belina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ameha Kebede
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Chimdessa
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Hailu
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Ju C, Ma Y, Zhang B, Zhou G, Wang H, Yu M, He J, Duan Y, Zhang M. Prevalence, genomic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolates in pets in Shenzhen, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1152719. [PMID: 37323906 PMCID: PMC10267384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1152719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Campylobacter spp.in pets is a potential concern for human health. However, little is known about the pet-related Campylobacter spp. in China. A total of 325 fecal samples were collected from dogs, cats, and pet foxes. Campylobacter spp. were isolated by culture, and MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify 110 Campylobacter spp. isolates in total. C. upsaliensis (30.2%, 98/325), C. helveticus (2.5%, 8/325), and C. jejuni (1.2%, 4/325) were the three found species. In dogs and cats, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 35.0% and 30.1%, respectively. A panel of 11 antimicrobials was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility by the agar dilution method. Among C. upsaliensis isolates, ciprofloxacin had the highest rate of resistance (94.9%), followed by nalidixic acid (77.6%) and streptomycin (60.2%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 55.1% (54/98) of the C. upsaliensis isolates. Moreover, 100 isolates, including 88 C. upsaliensis, 8 C. helveticus, and 4 C. jejuni, had their whole genomes sequenced. By blasting the sequence against the VFDB database, virulence factors were identified. In total, 100% of C. upsaliensis isolates carried the cadF, porA, pebA, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes. The flaA gene was present in only 13.6% (12/88) of the isolates, while the flaB gene was absent. By analyzing the sequence against the CARD database, we found that 89.8% (79/88) of C. upsaliensis isolates had antibiotic target alteration in the gyrA gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, 36.4% (32/88) had the aminoglycoside resistance gene, and 19.3% (17/88) had the tetracycline resistance gene. The phylogenetic analysis using the K-mer tree method obtained two major clades among the C. upsaliensis isolates. All eight isolates in subclade 1 possessed the gyrA gene mutation, the aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance genes, and were phenotypically resistant to six classes of antimicrobials. It has been established that pets are a significant source of Campylobacter spp. strains and a reservoir for them. This study is the first to have documented the presence of Campylobacter spp. in pets in Shenzhen, China. In this study, C. upsaliensis of subclade 1 required additional attention due to its broad MDR phenotype and relatively high flaA gene prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Ju
- Laboratory, Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Laboratory, Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bi Zhang
- Clinic, IVC Shenzhen Animal Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guilan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Muhua Yu
- Laboratory, Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaoming He
- Laboratory, Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongxiang Duan
- Laboratory, Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Sano C, Ohta R. A Case of Pseudoappendicitis Caused by Campylobacter Enteritis Diagnosed by Gram Staining and Direct Microscopic Investigation of Stool Specimen. Cureus 2023; 15:e33980. [PMID: 36824554 PMCID: PMC9941024 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infection may progress to a systemic infection through the intestinal tract. In many cases, symptoms are within the self-limiting range and do not require multidisciplinary treatment. In contrast, systemic infections in younger patients may be more severe and require hospitalization. Many differential diagnoses are considered when Campylobacter infection presents with severe abdominal pain, and the initial diagnosis may be difficult. We encountered a patient with Campylobacter infection who presented with acute-onset fever and general malaise. We diagnosed the case in a resource-poor setting by performing Gram staining of stool samples and fecal microscopy. This case suggests that a diagnosis of Campylobacter pseudoappendicitis can be made efficiently by combining various stool tests rather than waiting for culture results.
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