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Bussemakers C, Stappers N, Kroese F, van den Putte B, de Bruin M. Psychosocial determinants of handwashing and physical distancing behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands: A longitudinal analysis. Br J Health Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39358828 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical distancing and handwashing can be important infection prevention measures during an infectious disease outbreak such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To stimulate these behaviours, knowledge of psychosocial determinants as well as contextual factors is vital. We present longitudinal, within-person analyses of the impact of contextual and psychosocial factors on handwashing and distancing behaviour. DESIGN We used individual-level data (186,490 participants completing 971,899 surveys) from the Corona Behavioural Unit COVID-19 Cohort, a dynamic cohort study conducted during 26 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. METHODS Fixed-effects models were employed to estimate within-person associations between psychosocial factors and behaviour, combined with main and moderating effects of contextual factors. RESULTS Pandemic severity was associated with more handwashing and distancing behaviour, while the duration of the pandemic had little effect. Within-person changes in response efficacy were most relevant for changes in both handwashing and distancing behaviour, while self-efficacy, descriptive norms and perceived severity of infecting others affected behaviour indirectly. These effects were stable over time. Associations were larger in cross-sectional models, indicating that such models tend to overestimate effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of longitudinal data and within-person models to detect possible causal associations. The results suggest that during an outbreak, government and public health professionals should clearly communicate the severity of the pandemic (e.g., hospitalization rates) and the effectiveness of recommended prevention measures in reducing that risk; and seek to improve people's capabilities and opportunities to adhere to guidelines, for example, by modifying the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Bussemakers
- IQ Health Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Stappers
- IQ Health Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Kroese
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- IQ Health Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Zomer CL, Kroese F, Sanders JG, Janssen R, de Bruin M. Estimating the impact of COVID-19 self-test availability and modifications in test-strategy on overall test uptake using an experimental vignette study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5887. [PMID: 38467654 PMCID: PMC10928216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To inform future Dutch COVID-19 testing policies we did an experimental vignette study to investigate whether inclusion of the less reliable lateral flow tests (self-tests) would change test-uptake sufficiently to improve population-level test sensitivity. A representative sample (n = 3,270) participated in a 2-by-2 online experiment to evaluate the effects of test-guidelines including self-testing advice (IV1), and the effects of self-test availability (IV2) on expected test uptake (PCR test, self-test or no test) and sensitivity of the overall test strategy (primary outcome). Across four scenarios, changing test advice did not affect expected testing behaviour. Self-test availability, however, increased the timeliness of testing, the number of people testing, and overall test strategy sensitivity. Based on these findings, we recommend that (national) policy facilitates a supply of self-tests at home, for example through free and pro-active distribution of test-kits during a pandemic. This could substantially enhance the chances of timely detecting and isolating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colene L Zomer
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- Radboud University Medical Center, Institute of Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Floor Kroese
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jet G Sanders
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, London, UK
| | - Riny Janssen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Institute of Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bussemakers C, van Dijk M, van den Putte B, de Bruin M. Context Matters: Patterns in Physical Distancing Behavior Across Situations and Over Time During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Netherlands. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:79-91. [PMID: 37708324 PMCID: PMC10831219 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical distancing is an effective preventative measure during respiratory infectious disease outbreaks. Prior studies on distancing behaviors have largely ignored context characteristics (physical, social) and time. PURPOSE We investigated patterns in physical distancing over time and across situations, as well as sociodemographic variation herein. METHODS We employed data from five rounds of a cohort study conducted throughout the pandemic by the Dutch public health institute (RIVM; N ≈ 50.000 per round). We conducted Latent Class Analyses to investigate patterns of physical distancing in a range of situations, followed by regression models to investigate associations between distancing behavior and sociodemographic and context characteristics. RESULTS Participants differed in their general tendency to adhere to distancing guidelines across situations, but there were also substantial differences in distancing behavior between situations, particularly at work, with friends and family and outdoors. Distancing at work was strongly associated with work environment characteristics. Younger age groups reported less distancing behavior, particularly with close relations (friends or family) and at work. In periods when the pandemic situation was most severe, people adhered more strongly to distancing guidelines and age differences were most pronounced during these periods. CONCLUSIONS Physical and social context matters for physical distancing, highlighting the importance of developing strategies for pandemic preparedness that improve opportunities for physical distancing (e.g., reducing crowding, one-way traffic) and accommodate young people to safely meet even in times of high pandemic severity and lockdowns. Future studies should account for the physical and social context in which distancing behavior is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Bussemakers
- Institute of Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mart van Dijk
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- Institute of Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Arrahmani F, Gorter A, Elberse J, Buitenhuis AH, Kok G, Spruijt P. Crossroads of well-being and compliance: a qualitative cohort study of visitor restriction policy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Netherlands, May 2020-December 2021. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:175. [PMID: 38218791 PMCID: PMC10787453 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this qualitative study we observed in-depth the impact of the visiting restriction policy (VRP, i.e. number of visitors allowed at home) on well-being and compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic to regulate infection rates. METHODS A cohort of 15 interviewees was followed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands in 12 interview rounds (May 2020-December 2021). Every round semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted by a team of 8 researchers. In total 176 interviews were conducted. RESULTS This study showed that four categories can be identified when observing the impact of the VRP on well-being and compliance. For Resilient-Followers reasons for compliance were risk perception, following government rules, and for some having a small social circle. Because they accepted the situation, well-being was hardly affected. Resilient-Rulebreakers made their own risk assessment of people they met. Their well-being was hardly affected, because they experienced social rest and interpreted the measure in their own way. Suffering-Followers complied, because of risk perception, following government rules, and working in healthcare. However, the VRP had substantial impact on well-being, because social structures were disrupted. Suffering-Rulebreakers gave their own interpretation to the VRP, trying to find a balance between compliance and well-being. We observed that the categories were quite stable over time. CONCLUSIONS The VRP appeared to be a measure with substantial impact on well-being for some, mostly because social structures were disrupted. The measure showed fluctuating compliance, in which feasibility and frequent changes in the VRP played a role. Well-being seemed related to the number of visitors that was allowed; a restriction of four visitors was feasible, while one visitor resulted in a negative breaking-point in resilience, which had an impact on compliance, even among the most compliant. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the implications of and compliance to a VRP during different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may contribute to policymaking during future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Arrahmani
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annerike Gorter
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Elberse
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anne H Buitenhuis
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Applied Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pita Spruijt
- Corona Behavioural Unit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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van der Noordt M, Proper KI, Loef B, Boot CRL, Kroese FM, de Bruin M, van Oostrom SH. Mental health of healthcare workers during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1224112. [PMID: 38074703 PMCID: PMC10701889 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1224112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Previous virus outbreaks, such as the SARS outbreak in 2003, appeared to have a great impact on the mental health of healthcare workers. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent mental health of healthcare workers differed from non-healthcare workers during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We used data from a large-scale longitudinal online survey conducted by the Corona Behavioral Unit in the Netherlands. Eleven measurement rounds were analyzed, from April 2020 to March 2021 (N = 16,615; number of observations = 64,206). Mental health, as measured by the 5-item Mental Health Inventory, was compared between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers over time, by performing linear GEE-analyses. Results Mental health scores were higher among healthcare workers compared to non-healthcare workers during the first year of the pandemic (1.29 on a 0-100 scale, 95%-CI = 0.75-1.84). During peak periods of the pandemic, with over 100 hospital admissions or over 25 ICU admissions per day and subsequently more restrictive measures, mental health scores were observed to be lower in both healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers. Conclusion During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we observed no relevant difference in mental health between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers in the Netherlands. To be better prepared for another pandemic, future research should investigate which factors hinder and which factors support healthcare workers to maintain a good mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike van der Noordt
- Department of Public Health Foresight, Center for Health and Society, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Karin I. Proper
- Department Behaviour & Health, Center for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Societal Participation and Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bette Loef
- Department Behaviour & Health, Center for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Cécile R. L. Boot
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Societal Participation and Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Work, Health and Performance, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Floor M. Kroese
- Department Behaviour & Health, Center for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- Department Behaviour & Health, Center for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- IQ Healthcare, Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra H. van Oostrom
- Department Behaviour & Health, Center for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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