1
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Ng WM, Sahin M, Krumm SA, Seow J, Zeltina A, Harlos K, Paesen GC, Pinschewer DD, Doores KJ, Bowden TA. Contrasting Modes of New World Arenavirus Neutralization by Immunization-Elicited Monoclonal Antibodies. mBio 2022; 13:e0265021. [PMID: 35315691 PMCID: PMC9040744 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02650-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of the New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses Junín virus (JUNV) and Machupo virus (MACV) to humans is facilitated, in part, by the interaction between the arenavirus GP1 glycoprotein and the human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1). We utilize a mouse model of live-attenuated immunization with envelope exchange viruses to isolate neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) specific to JUNV GP1 and MACV GP1. Structures of two NAbs, termed JUN1 and MAC1, demonstrate that they neutralize through disruption of hTfR1 recognition. JUN1 utilizes a binding mode common to all characterized infection- and vaccine-elicited JUNV-specific NAbs, which involves mimicking hTfR1 binding through the insertion of a tyrosine into the receptor-binding site. In contrast, MAC1 undergoes a tyrosine-mediated mode of antigen recognition distinct from that used by the reported anti-JUNV NAbs and the only other characterized anti-MACV NAb. These data reveal the varied modes of GP1-specific recognition among New World arenaviruses by the antibody-mediated immune response. IMPORTANCE The GP1 subcomponent of the New World arenavirus GP is a primary target of the neutralizing antibody response, which has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of infection. Here, we characterize the structural basis of the antibody-mediated immune response that arises from immunization of mice against Junín virus and Machupo virus, two rodent-borne zoonotic New World arenaviruses. We isolate a panel of GP1-specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize overlapping epitopes and exhibit neutralizing behavior, in vitro. Structural characterization of two of these antibodies indicates that antibody recognition likely interferes with GP1-mediated recognition of the transferrin receptor 1. These data provide molecular-level detail for a key region of vulnerability on the New World arenavirus surface and a blueprint for therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng M. Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Bonilla WV, Kirchhammer N, Marx AF, Kallert SM, Krzyzaniak MA, Lu M, Darbre S, Schmidt S, Raguz J, Berka U, Vincenti I, Pauzuolis M, Kerber R, Hoepner S, Günther S, Magnus C, Merkler D, Orlinger KK, Zippelius A, Pinschewer DD. Heterologous arenavirus vector prime-boost overrules self-tolerance for efficient tumor-specific CD8 T cell attack. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100209. [PMID: 33763654 PMCID: PMC7974551 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination regimens inducing clinically effective tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are an unmet medical need. We engineer two distantly related arenaviruses, Pichinde virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, for therapeutic cancer vaccination. In mice, life-replicating vector formats of these two viruses delivering a self-antigen in a heterologous prime-boost regimen induce tumor-specific CTL responses up to 50% of the circulating CD8 T cell pool. This CTL attack eliminates established solid tumors in a significant proportion of animals, accompanied by protection against tumor rechallenge. The magnitude of CTL responses is alarmin driven and requires combining two genealogically distantly related arenaviruses. Vector-neutralizing antibodies do not inhibit booster immunizations by the same vector or by closely related vectors. Rather, CTL immunodominance hierarchies favor vector backbone-targeted responses at the expense of self-reactive CTLs. These findings establish an arenavirus-based immunotherapy regimen that allows reshuffling of immunodominance hierarchies and breaking self-directed tolerance for efficient tumor control. Engineered arenaviruses induce potent tumor self-specific CD8 T cell (CTL) response Combinations of distantly but not closely related arenavirus vectors eliminate tumors Vector backbone-targeted CTL responses compete against tumor self-reactive CTLs Optimized vector combinations reshuffle immunodominance to break self-tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldy V Bonilla
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sandra M Kallert
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Min Lu
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Darbre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mindaugas Pauzuolis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romy Kerber
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoepner
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Carnec X, Mateo M, Page A, Reynard S, Hortion J, Picard C, Yekwa E, Barrot L, Barron S, Vallve A, Raoul H, Carbonnelle C, Ferron F, Baize S. A Vaccine Platform against Arenaviruses Based on a Recombinant Hyperattenuated Mopeia Virus Expressing Heterologous Glycoproteins. J Virol 2018; 92:e02230-17. [PMID: 29593043 PMCID: PMC5974477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02230-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Old World and New World arenaviruses are responsible for severe endemic and epidemic hemorrhagic fevers, whereas other members of the Arenaviridae family are nonpathogenic. To date, no approved vaccines, antivirals, or specific treatments are available, except for Junín virus. However, protection of nonhuman primates against Lassa fever virus (LASV) is possible through the inoculation of the closely related but nonpathogenic Mopeia virus (MOPV) before challenge with LASV. We reasoned that this virus, modified by using reverse genetics, would represent the basis for the generation of a vaccine platform against LASV and other pathogenic arenaviruses. After showing evidence of exoribonuclease (ExoN) activity in NP of MOPV, we found that this activity was essential for multiplication in antigen-presenting cells. The introduction of multiple mutations in the ExoN site of MOPV NP generated a hyperattenuated strain (MOPVExoN6b) that is (i) genetically stable over passages, (ii) has increased immunogenic properties compared to those of MOPV, and (iii) still promotes a strong type I interferon (IFN) response. MOPVExoN6b was further modified to harbor the envelope glycoproteins of heterologous pathogenic arenaviruses, such as LASV or Lujo, Machupo, Guanarito, Chapare, or Sabia virus in order to broaden specific antigenicity while preserving the hyperattenuated characteristics of the parental strain. Our MOPV-based vaccine candidate for LASV, MOPEVACLASV, was used in a one-shot immunization assay in nonhuman primates and fully protected them from a lethal challenge with LASV. Thus, our hyperattenuated strain of MOPV constitutes a promising new live-attenuated vaccine platform to immunize against several, if not all, pathogenic arenaviruses.IMPORTANCE Arenaviruses are emerging pathogens transmitted to humans by rodents and responsible for endemic and epidemic hemorrhagic fevers of global concern. Nonspecific symptoms associated with the onset of infection make these viruses difficult to distinguish from other endemic pathogens. Moreover, the unavailability of rapid diagnosis in the field delays the identification of the virus and early care for treatment and favors spreading. The vaccination of exposed populations would be of great help to decrease morbidity and human-to-human transmission. Using reverse genetics, we generated a vaccine platform for pathogenic arenaviruses based on a modified and hyperattenuated strain of the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus and showed that the Lassa virus candidate fully protected nonhuman primates from a lethal challenge. These results showed that a rationally designed recombinant MOPV-based vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Page
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Jimmy Hortion
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Picard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Elsie Yekwa
- CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Barrot
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-INSERM, US003, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Barron
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-INSERM, US003, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Vallve
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-INSERM, US003, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-INSERM, US003, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | | | - François Ferron
- CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
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4
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Evolution of recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/Lassa virus in vivo highlights the importance of the GPC cytosolic tail in viral fitness. J Virol 2014; 88:8340-8. [PMID: 24829355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00236-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A key characteristic of arenaviruses is their ability to establish persistent infection in their natural host. Different factors like host age, viral dose strain, and route of infection may contribute to the establishment of persistence. However, the molecular mechanisms governing persistence are not fully understood. Here, we describe gain-of-function mutations of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) expressing Lassa virus (LASV) GP, which can prolong viremia in mice depending on the sequences in the GP-2 cytoplasmic tail. The initial mutant variant (rLCMV/LASV mut GP) carried a point mutation in the cytosolic tail of the LASV glycoprotein GP corresponding to a K461G substitution. Unlike what occurred with the original rLCMV/LASV wild-type (wt) GP, infection of C57BL/6 mice with the mutated recombinant virus led to a detectable viremia of 2 weeks' duration. Further replacement of the entire sequence of the cytosolic tail from LASV to LCMV GP resulted in increased viral titers and delayed clearance of the viruses. Biosynthesis and cell surface localization of LASV wt and mut GPs were comparable. IMPORTANCE Starting from an emerging virus in a wild-type mouse, we engineered a panel of chimeric Lassa/lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses. Mutants carrying a viral envelope with the cytosolic tail from the closely related mouse-adapted LCMV were able to achieve a productive viral infection lasting up to 27 days in wild-type mice. Biochemical assays showed a comparable biosynthesis and cell surface localization of LASV wt and mut GPs. These recombinant chimeric viruses could allow the study of immune responses and antivirals targeting the LASV GP.
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5
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Albariño CG, Bird BH, Chakrabarti AK, Dodd KA, Erickson BR, Nichol ST. Efficient rescue of recombinant Lassa virus reveals the influence of S segment noncoding regions on virus replication and virulence. J Virol 2011; 85:4020-4. [PMID: 21307206 PMCID: PMC3126145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02556-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), is a significant cause of severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic fever in humans throughout western Africa, with an estimated 100,000 infections each year. No vaccines are commercially available. We report the development of an efficient reverse genetics system to rescue recombinant LASV and to investigate the contributions of the long 5' and 3' noncoding regions (NCRs) of the S genomic segment to in vitro growth and in vivo virulence. This work demonstrates that deletions of large portions of these NCRs confer an attenuated phenotype and are a first step toward further insights into the high virulence of LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G14, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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6
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Charrel RN, Coutard B, Baronti C, Canard B, Nougairede A, Frangeul A, Morin B, Jamal S, Schmidt CL, Hilgenfeld R, Klempa B, de Lamballerie X. Arenaviruses and hantaviruses: from epidemiology and genomics to antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:102-14. [PMID: 21356244 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses and hantaviruses are segmented genome RNA viruses that are hosted by rodents. Due to their association with rodents, they are globally widespread and can infect humans via direct or indirect routes of transmission, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, despite their obvious and emerging importance as pathogens, there are currently no effective antiviral drugs (except ribavirin which proved effective against Lassa virus) with which to treat humans infected by any of these viruses. The EU-funded VIZIER project (Comparative Structural Genomics of Viral Enzymes Involved in Replication) was instigated with an ultimate view of contributing to the development of antiviral therapies for RNA viruses, including the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. This review highlights some of the major features of the arenaviruses and hantaviruses that have been investigated during recent years. After describing their classification and epidemiology, we review progress in understanding the genomics as well as the structure and function of replicative enzymes achieved under the VIZIER program and the development of new disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents UMR190, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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7
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Arenavirus reverse genetics: new approaches for the investigation of arenavirus biology and development of antiviral strategies. Virology 2011; 411:416-25. [PMID: 21324503 PMCID: PMC3057228 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several arenaviruses, chiefly Lassa virus, cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and pose a significant public health problem in their endemic regions. On the other hand the prototypic arenavirus LCMV is a superb workhorse for the investigation of virus-host interactions and associated disease. The development of novel antiviral strategies to combat pathogenic arenaviruses would be facilitated by a detailed understanding of the arenavirus molecular and cell biology. To this end, the development of reverse genetic systems for several arenaviruses has provided investigators with novel and powerful approaches to dissect the functions of arenavirus proteins and their interactions with host factors required to complete each of the steps of the virus life cycle, as well as to cause disease.
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8
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Rajini B, Zeng J, Suvas PK, Dech HM, Onami TM. Both systemic and mucosal LCMV immunization generate robust viral-specific IgG in mucosal secretions, but elicit poor LCMV-specific IgA. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:377-84. [PMID: 20712482 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins in secretions play a critical role in protection at mucosal surfaces. We examined the generation of viral-specific IgG and IgA in plasma and mucosal secretions of mice following systemic or mucosal immunization with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a widely used experimental model of viral infection. While there are early differences in humoral responses depending on the route of viral entry, we show that both routes generate comparably robust viral-specific IgG in plasma, vaginal, lung, and nasal secretions of immune mice. In contrast, LCMV elicited poor viral-specific IgA responses. Mice that were infected IN showed elevated viral-specific IgA in nasal and lung washes compared to IP-infected mice; however, LCMV-specific IgG overwhelmingly contributed to the humoral response in all mucosal secretions examined. Thus similarly to HIV-1, and several other mucosally-encountered microbial infections, these data suggest that LCMV infection fails to induce vigorous viral-specific IgA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bheemreddy Rajini
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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9
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Reverse genetics generation of chimeric infectious Junin/Lassa virus is dependent on interaction of homologous glycoprotein stable signal peptide and G2 cytoplasmic domains. J Virol 2010; 85:112-22. [PMID: 20980515 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01837-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arenaviridae are a diverse and globally distributed collection of viruses that are maintained primarily by rodent reservoirs. Junin virus (JUNV) and Lassa virus (LASV) can both cause significant outbreaks of severe and often fatal human disease throughout their respective areas of endemicity. In an effort to improve upon the existing live attenuated JUNV Candid1 vaccine, we generated a genetically homogenous stock of this virus from cDNA copies of the virus S and L segments by using a reverse genetics system. Further, these cDNAs were used in combination with LASV cDNAs to successfully generate two recombinant Candid1 JUNV/LASV chimeric viruses (via envelope glycoprotein [GPC] exchange). It was found that while the GPC extravirion domains were readily exchangeable, homologous stable signal peptide (SSP) and G2 transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains were essential for correct GPC maturation and production of infectious chimeric viruses. The switching of the JUNV and LASV G1/G2 ectodomains within the Candid1 vaccine background did not alter the attenuated phenotype of the vaccine strain in a lethal mouse model. These recombinant chimeric viruses shed light on the fundamental requirements of arenavirus GPC maturation and may serve as a strategy for the development of bivalent JUNV and LASV vaccine candidates.
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10
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Pinschewer DD, Flatz L, Steinborn R, Horvath E, Fernandez M, Lutz H, Suter M, Bergthaler A. Innate and adaptive immune control of genetically engineered live-attenuated arenavirus vaccine prototypes. Int Immunol 2010; 22:749-56. [PMID: 20584765 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus (LASV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Using a glycoprotein (GP) exchange strategy, we have recently developed live-attenuated arenavirus vaccine prototypes (rLCMV/VSVG) based on lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a close relative of LASV. rLCMV/VSVG induced long-term CD8(+) T cell immunity against wild-type virus challenge and exhibited a stably attenuated phenotype in vivo. Here we elucidated the innate and adaptive immune requirements for the control of rLCMV/VSVG. Infection of RAG(-/-) mice resulted in persisting viral RNA in blood but not in overt viremia. The latter was only found in mice lacking both RAG and IFN type I receptor. Conversely, absence of IFN type II signaling or NK cells on an RAG-deficient background had only minor effects on vaccine virus load or none at all. rLCMV/VSVG infection of wild-type mice induced less type I IFN than did wild-type LCMV, and type I as well as type II IFNs were dispensable for the induction of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells and virus-neutralizing antibodies by rLCMV/VSVG. In conclusion, the adaptive immune systems are essential for elimination of rLCMV/VSVG, and type I but not type II IFN plays a major contributive role in lowering rLCMV/VSVG loads in vivo, attesting to the attenuation profile of the vaccine. Nevertheless, IFNs are not required for the induction of potent vaccine responses. These results provide a better understanding of the immunobiology of rLCMV/VSVG and will contribute to the further development of GP exchange vaccines for combating arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Genes, RAG-1/genetics
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Memory
- Lassa Fever/immunology
- Lassa Fever/prevention & control
- Lassa virus/immunology
- Lassa virus/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organisms, Genetically Modified
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Viral Vaccines
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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11
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Pinschewer DD, Schedensack M, Bergthaler A, Horvath E, Brück W, Löhning M, Merkler D. T cells can mediate viral clearance from ependyma but not from brain parenchyma in a major histocompatibility class I- and perforin-independent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:1054-66. [PMID: 20354003 PMCID: PMC7110187 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system can lead to disability and death. Yet the majority of viral infections with central nervous system involvement resolve with only mild clinical manifestations, if any. This is generally attributed to efficient elimination of the infection from the brain coverings, i.e. the meninges, ependyma and chorioplexus, which are the primary targets of haematogeneous viral spread. How the immune system is able to purge these structures from viral infection with only minimal detrimental effects is still poorly understood. In the present work we studied how an attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus can be cleared from the central nervous system in the absence of overt disease. We show that elimination of the virus from brain ependyma, but not from brain parenchyma, could be achieved by a T cell-dependent mechanism operating independently of major histocompatibility class I antigens and perforin. Considering that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity is a leading cause of viral immunopathology and tissue damage, our findings may explain why the most common viral intruders of the central nervous system rarely represent a serious threat to our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Neonatal Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Zoonotic aspects of arenavirus infections. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Bouloy M, Flick R. Reverse genetics technology for Rift Valley fever virus: current and future applications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2009; 84:101-18. [PMID: 19682499 PMCID: PMC2801414 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advent of reverse genetics technology has revolutionized the study of RNA viruses, making it possible to manipulate their genomes and evaluate the effects of these changes on their biology and pathogenesis. The fundamental insights gleaned from reverse genetics-based studies over the last several years provide a new momentum for the development of designed therapies for the control and prevention of these viral pathogens. This review summarizes the successes and stumbling blocks in the development of reverse genetics technologies for Rift Valley fever virus and their application to the further dissection of its pathogenesis and the design of new therapeutics and safe and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bouloy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Ramon Flick
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3360, Ames, IA 50010-8646, USA
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14
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Albariño CG, Bergeron E, Erickson BR, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, Nichol ST. Efficient reverse genetics generation of infectious junin viruses differing in glycoprotein processing. J Virol 2009; 83:5606-14. [PMID: 19321606 PMCID: PMC2681955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00276-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The New World arenaviruses, Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, Sabia, and Chapare, are associated with rapidly progressing severe hemorrhagic fever with a high rate of case fatality in various regions of South America. The threat of natural or deliberate outbreaks associated with these viruses makes the development of preventive or therapeutic measures important. Here we describe a Junin virus functional minigenome system and a reverse genetics system for production of infectious Junin virus. This robust, highly efficient system involves transfection of cells with only two plasmids which transcribe the virus S and L antigenomic RNAs. The utility of the system is demonstrated by generating Junin viruses which encode a glycoprotein precursor (GPC) containing the following: (i) the wild-type (SKI-1/S1P peptidase) cleavage site, (ii) no cleavage site, or (iii) a cleavage site where the SKI-1/S1P motif (RSLK) is replaced by a furin cleavage site (RRKR). In contrast to the wild-type virus, Junin virus lacking a GPC cleavage site replicated within successfully transfected cells but failed to yield infectious virus particles. This confirms observations with other arenaviruses suggesting that GPC cleavage is essential for arenavirus infectivity. In contrast, infectious Junin virus which encoded GPC cleaved by furin-like proteases was easily generated. The two-plasmid, high efficiency aspects of this Junin virus reverse genetics system show great promise for addressing important questions regarding arenavirus hemorrhagic fever disease and for development of precisely attenuated live arenavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Albariño
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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de la Torre JC. Reverse genetics approaches to combat pathogenic arenaviruses. Antiviral Res 2008; 80:239-50. [PMID: 18782590 PMCID: PMC2628465 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) in humans, and evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. Moreover, arenaviruses pose a biodefense threat. No licensed anti-arenavirus vaccines are available, and current anti-arenavirus therapy is limited to the use of ribavirin, which is only partially effective and is associated with anemia and other side effects. Therefore, it is important to develop effective vaccines and better antiviral drugs to combat the dual threats of naturally occurring and intentionally introduced arenavirus infections. The development of arenavirus reverse genetic systems is allowing investigators to conduct a detailed molecular characterization of the viral cis-acting signals and trans-acting factors that control each of the steps of the arenavirus life cycle, including RNA synthesis, packaging and budding. Knowledge derived from these studies is uncovering potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention, as well as facilitating the establishment of assays to identify and characterize candidate antiviral drugs capable of interfering with specific steps of the virus life cycle. Likewise, the ability to generate predetermined specific mutations within the arenavirus genome and analyze their phenotypic expression would significantly contribute to the elucidation of arenavirus-host interactions, including the basis of their ability to cause severe HF. This, in turn, could lead to the development of novel, potent and safe arenavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C de la Torre
- Immunology and Microbial Science, IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Khan SH, Goba A, Chu M, Roth C, Healing T, Marx A, Fair J, Guttieri MC, Ferro P, Imes T, Monagin C, Garry RF, Bausch DG. New opportunities for field research on the pathogenesis and treatment of Lassa fever. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:103-15. [PMID: 18241935 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike many viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), Lassa fever (LF) is not a rare disease that emerges only as sporadic cases or in outbreak form. Although surveillance is inadequate to determine the true incidence, up to 300,000 infections and 5000 deaths from LF are estimated to occur yearly. The highest incidence is in the "Mano River Union (MRU) countries" of Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. Although civil unrest in this region over the past two decades has impeded capacity building and research, new-found peace in recent years presents new opportunities. In 2004, the Mano River Union Lassa Fever Network (MRU LFN) was established to assist MRU countries in the development of national and regional surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of LF. Here, we review the present literature on treatment and pathogenesis of LF and outline priorities for future research in the field made possible by the improved research capacity of the MRU LFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Humarr Khan
- Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
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Capul AA, Perez M, Burke E, Kunz S, Buchmeier MJ, de la Torre JC. Arenavirus Z-glycoprotein association requires Z myristoylation but not functional RING or late domains. J Virol 2007; 81:9451-60. [PMID: 17581989 PMCID: PMC1951451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00499-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of infectious arenavirus-like particles requires the virus RING finger Z protein and surface glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and the correct processing of GPC into GP1, GP2, and a stable signal peptide (SSP). Z is the driving force of arenavirus budding, whereas the GP complex (GPc), consisting of hetero-oligomers of SSP, GP1, and GP2, forms the viral envelope spikes that mediate receptor recognition and cell entry. Based on the roles played by Z and GP in the arenavirus life cycle, we hypothesized that Z and the GPc should interact in a manner required for virion formation. Here, using confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we provide evidence for subcellular colocalization and biochemical interaction, respectively, of Z and the GPc. Our results from mutation-function analysis reveal that Z myristoylation, but not the Z late (L) or RING domain, is required for Z-GPc interaction. Moreover, Z interacted directly with SSP in the absence of other components of the GPc. We obtained similar results with Z and GPC from the prototypical arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the hemorrhagic fever arenavirus Lassa fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea A Capul
- Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-6, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Both filoviruses and arenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Most human pathogenic arenaviruses, as well as filoviruses, cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with a high rate of case fatalities. Increasing numbers of outbreaks, the possibility of imported infections and the potential use of these viruses as bioterrorism agents have led to increased interest in these viruses and their biology. Virus-like particles are excellent tools to study the life-cycle of filoviruses and arenaviruses and have demonstrated the potential for use as safe and effective vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in the production, study and application of filovirus- and arenavirus-like particles, and provides an outlook on possible future directions for research into these viruses using virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Stephan Becker
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Bergthaler A, Merkler D, Horvath E, Bestmann L, Pinschewer DD. Contributions of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein and polymerase to strain-specific differences in murine liver pathogenicity. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:592-603. [PMID: 17251578 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic involvement is commonly observed in arenavirus infections, but the viral determinants of liver disease are only partially understood. Here we exploited newly developed reverse-genetic techniques with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the prototype arenavirus, to address specifically the contribution of the viral glycoprotein (GP) to liver pathogenicity. It is well established that strain WE, but not ARM, causes hepatitis in mice. We found that this property correlated with the superior capacity of WE to propagate in cultured macrophages and hepatocyte-derived cells. In mice, the ability to establish prolonged viraemia allowed the virus to propagate from initially infected Kupffer cells in the liver to neighbouring hepatocytes that underwent apoptosis. Reverse-genetic replacement of the GP in strain ARM with WE-GP resulted in only a very modest increase in liver pathogenicity, if any. Yet, an ARM-derived variant virus with a mutated polymerase gene caused severe liver disease when engineered to display WE-GP but considerably less when expressing ARM-GP. This reverse-genetic approach to an animal model of arenaviral hepatitis reveals a previously underestimated contributory role of the GP that alone is, however, insufficient to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bergthaler
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edit Horvath
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bestmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Ramistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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