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Tsurutani N, Momose F, Ogawa K, Sano K, Morikawa Y. Intracellular trafficking of HIV-1 Gag via Syntaxin 6-positive compartments/vesicles: Involvement in tumor necrosis factor secretion. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105687. [PMID: 38280430 PMCID: PMC10891346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Gag protein is synthesized in the cytosol and is transported to the plasma membrane, where viral particle assembly and budding occur. Endosomes are alternative sites of Gag accumulation. However, the intracellular transport pathways and carriers for Gag have not been clarified. We show here that Syntaxin6 (Syx6), a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) involved in membrane fusion in post-Golgi networks, is a molecule responsible for Gag trafficking and also for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secretion and that Gag and TNFα are cotransported via Syx6-positive compartments/vesicles. Confocal and live-cell imaging revealed that Gag colocalized and cotrafficked with Syx6, a fraction of which localizes in early and recycling endosomes. Syx6 knockdown reduced HIV-1 particle production, with Gag distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Coimmunoprecipitation and pulldown show that Gag binds to Syx6, but not its SNARE partners or their assembly complexes, suggesting that Gag preferentially binds free Syx6. The Gag matrix domain and the Syx6 SNARE domain are responsible for the interaction and cotrafficking. In immune cells, Syx6 knockdown/knockout similarly impaired HIV-1 production. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection facilitated TNFα secretion, and this enhancement did not occur in Syx6-depleted cells. Confocal and live-cell imaging revealed that TNFα and Gag partially colocalized and were cotransported via Syx6-positive compartments/vesicles. Biochemical analyses indicate that TNFα directly binds the C-terminal domain of Syx6. Altogether, our data provide evidence that both Gag and TNFα make use of Syx6-mediated trafficking machinery and suggest that Gag expression does not inhibit but rather facilitates TNFα secretion in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tsurutani
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Ogawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Sano
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Calado M, Pires D, Conceição C, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission-Mechanisms underlying the cell-to-cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2480. [PMID: 37698498 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral load and reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurred worldwide in 2021. These new infections are mainly the result of sexual intercourse and thus involve cells present on the genital mucosa, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mø) and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV interacts with these cells and how HIV exploits these interactions to establish infection in a new human host is critical to the development of strategies to prevent and control HIV transmission. In this review, we explore how HIV has evolved to manipulate some of the physiological roles of these cells, thereby gaining access to strategic cellular niches that are critical for the spread and pathogenesis of HIV infection. The interaction of HIV with DCs, Mø and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the role of the intercellular transfer of viral particles through the establishment of the infectious or virological synapses, but also through membrane protrusions such as filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), and cell fusion or cell engulfment processes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Carolina Conceição
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Sanders S, Jensen Y, Reimer R, Bosse JB. From the beginnings to multidimensional light and electron microscopy of virus morphogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:45-88. [PMID: 37524482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual functional viral morphogenesis events are often dynamic, short, and infrequent and might be obscured by other pathways and dead-end products. Volumetric live cell imaging has become an essential tool for studying viral morphogenesis events. It allows following entire dynamic processes while providing functional evidence that the imaged process is involved in viral production. Moreover, it allows to capture many individual events and allows quantitative analysis. Finally, the correlation of volumetric live-cell data with volumetric electron microscopy (EM) can provide crucial insights into the ultrastructure and mechanisms of viral morphogenesis events. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of suitable imaging methods for volumetric correlative imaging of viral morphogenesis and frame them in a historical summary of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Sanders
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Jensen
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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4
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Lerner G, Weaver N, Anokhin B, Spearman P. Advances in HIV-1 Assembly. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030478. [PMID: 35336885 PMCID: PMC8952333 DOI: 10.3390/v14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of HIV-1 particles is a concerted and dynamic process that takes place on the plasma membrane of infected cells. An abundance of recent discoveries has advanced our understanding of the complex sequence of events leading to HIV-1 particle assembly, budding, and release. Structural studies have illuminated key features of assembly and maturation, including the dramatic structural transition that occurs between the immature Gag lattice and the formation of the mature viral capsid core. The critical role of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in the assembly of both the immature and mature Gag lattice has been elucidated. The structural basis for selective packaging of genomic RNA into virions has been revealed. This review will provide an overview of the HIV-1 assembly process, with a focus on recent advances in the field, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future investigation.
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5
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Murakami T, Ono A. Roles of Virion-Incorporated CD162 (PSGL-1), CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 Infection of T Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101935. [PMID: 34696365 PMCID: PMC8541244 DOI: 10.3390/v13101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nascent HIV-1 particles incorporate the viral envelope glycoprotein and multiple host transmembrane proteins during assembly at the plasma membrane. At least some of these host transmembrane proteins on the surface of virions are reported as pro-viral factors that enhance virus attachment to target cells or facilitate trans-infection of CD4+ T cells via interactions with non-T cells. In addition to the pro-viral factors, anti-viral transmembrane proteins are incorporated into progeny virions. These virion-incorporated transmembrane proteins inhibit HIV-1 entry at the point of attachment and fusion. In infected polarized CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 Gag localizes to a rear-end protrusion known as the uropod. Regardless of cell polarization, Gag colocalizes with and promotes the virion incorporation of a subset of uropod-directed host transmembrane proteins, including CD162, CD43, and CD44. Until recently, the functions of these virion-incorporated proteins had not been clear. Here, we review the recent findings about the roles played by virion-incorporated CD162, CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 spread to CD4+ T cells.
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6
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Pagliari L, Tarquini G, Loschi A, Buoso S, Kapun G, Ermacora P, Musetti R. Gimme shelter: three-dimensional architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum, the replication site of grapevine Pinot gris virus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1074-1085. [PMID: 34462050 DOI: 10.1071/fp21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leaf mottling and deformation is a novel grapevine disease that has been associated with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). The virus was observed exclusively inside membrane-bound structures in the bundle sheath cells of the infected grapevines. As reported widely in the literature, many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses modify host-cell membranes to form a variety of deformed organelles, which shelter viral genome replication from host antiviral compounds. Morphologically, the GPGV-associated membranous structures resemble the deformed endoplasmic reticulum described in other virus-host interactions. In this study we investigated the GPGV-induced membranous structures observed in the bundle sheath cells of infected plants. The upregulation of different ER stress-related genes was evidenced by RT-qPCR assays, further confirming the involvement of the ER in grapevine/GPGV interaction. Specific labelling of the membranous structures with an antibody against luminal-binding protein identified them as ER. Double-stranded RNA molecules, which are considered intermediates of viral replication, were localised exclusively in the ER-derived structures and indicated that GPGV exploited this organelle to replicate itself in a shelter niche. Novel analyses using focussed ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) were performed in grapevine leaf tissues to detail the three-dimensional organisation of the ER-derived structures and their remodelling due to virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Tarquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Centre of Excellence on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Nanocenter, Jamova 39, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy; and Corresponding author.
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7
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Secretory Vesicles Are the Principal Means of SARS-CoV-2 Egress. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082047. [PMID: 34440816 PMCID: PMC8393858 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) egress, similar to those of other coronaviruses, remain poorly understood. The virus buds in intracellular compartments and is therefore thought to be released by the biosynthetic secretory pathway. However, several studies have recently challenged this hypothesis. It has been suggested that coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, use lysosomes for egress. In addition, a focused ion-beam scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) study suggested the existence of exit tunnels linking cellular compartments rich in viral particles to the extracellular space resembling those observed for the human immunodeficiency (HIV) in macrophages. Here, we analysed serial sections of Vero cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We found that SARS-CoV-2 was more likely to exit the cell in small secretory vesicles. Virus trafficking within the cells involves small vesicles, with each generally containing a single virus particle. These vesicles then fuse with the plasma membrane to release the virus into the extracellular space. This work sheds new light on the late stages of the SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle of potential value for guiding the development of new antiviral strategies.
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Mendonça L, Howe A, Gilchrist JB, Sheng Y, Sun D, Knight ML, Zanetti-Domingues LC, Bateman B, Krebs AS, Chen L, Radecke J, Li VD, Ni T, Kounatidis I, Koronfel MA, Szynkiewicz M, Harkiolaki M, Martin-Fernandez ML, James W, Zhang P. Correlative multi-scale cryo-imaging unveils SARS-CoV-2 assembly and egress. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4629. [PMID: 34330917 PMCID: PMC8324836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been intense structural studies on purified viral components and inactivated viruses. However, structural and ultrastructural evidence on how the SARS-CoV-2 infection progresses in the native cellular context is scarce, and there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle. To correlate cytopathic events induced by SARS-CoV-2 with virus replication processes in frozen-hydrated cells, we established a unique multi-modal, multi-scale cryo-correlative platform to image SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells. This platform combines serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging and soft X-ray cryo-tomography with cell lamellae-based cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) and subtomogram averaging. Here we report critical SARS-CoV-2 structural events - e.g. viral RNA transport portals, virus assembly intermediates, virus egress pathway, and native virus spike structures, in the context of whole-cell volumes revealing drastic cytppathic changes. This integrated approach allows a holistic view of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the whole cell to individual molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Mendonça
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Howe
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - James B. Gilchrist
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Dapeng Sun
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L. Knight
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura C. Zanetti-Domingues
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Benji Bateman
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Anna-Sophia Krebs
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Long Chen
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julika Radecke
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Vivian D. Li
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tao Ni
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Mohamed A. Koronfel
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Marta Szynkiewicz
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez
- grid.76978.370000 0001 2296 6998Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - William James
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.18785.330000 0004 1764 0696Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Tavares LA, Januário YC, daSilva LLP. HIV-1 Hijacking of Host ATPases and GTPases That Control Protein Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622610. [PMID: 34307340 PMCID: PMC8295591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) modifies the host cell environment to ensure efficient and sustained viral replication. Key to these processes is the capacity of the virus to hijack ATPases, GTPases and the associated proteins that control intracellular protein trafficking. The functions of these energy-harnessing enzymes can be seized by HIV-1 to allow the intracellular transport of viral components within the host cell or to change the subcellular distribution of antiviral factors, leading to immune evasion. Here, we summarize how energy-related proteins deviate from their normal functions in host protein trafficking to aid the virus in different phases of its replicative cycle. Recent discoveries regarding the interplay among HIV-1 and host ATPases and GTPases may shed light on potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Tavares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yunan C Januário
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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10
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Baena V, Conrad R, Friday P, Fitzgerald E, Kim T, Bernbaum J, Berensmann H, Harned A, Nagashima K, Narayan K. FIB-SEM as a Volume Electron Microscopy Approach to Study Cellular Architectures in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections: A Practical Primer for a Virologist. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040611. [PMID: 33918371 PMCID: PMC8066521 DOI: 10.3390/v13040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The visualization of cellular ultrastructure over a wide range of volumes is becoming possible by increasingly powerful techniques grouped under the rubric “volume electron microscopy” or volume EM (vEM). Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) occupies a “Goldilocks zone” in vEM: iterative and automated cycles of milling and imaging allow the interrogation of microns-thick specimens in 3-D at resolutions of tens of nanometers or less. This bestows on FIB-SEM the unique ability to aid the accurate and precise study of architectures of virus-cell interactions. Here we give the virologist or cell biologist a primer on FIB-SEM imaging in the context of vEM and discuss practical aspects of a room temperature FIB-SEM experiment. In an in vitro study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show that accurate quantitation of viral densities and surface curvatures enabled by FIB-SEM imaging reveals SARS-CoV-2 viruses preferentially located at areas of plasma membrane that have positive mean curvatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Baena
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Ryan Conrad
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Patrick Friday
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Ella Fitzgerald
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Taeeun Kim
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - John Bernbaum
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Heather Berensmann
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (V.B.); (R.C.); (P.F.); (E.F.); (T.K.); (H.B.); (A.H.); (K.N.)
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Saba I, Barat C, Chabaud S, Reyjon N, Leclerc M, Jakubowska W, Orabi H, Lachhab A, Pelletier M, Tremblay MJ, Bolduc S. Immunocompetent Human 3D Organ-Specific Hormone-Responding Vaginal Mucosa Model of HIV-1 Infection. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:152-166. [PMID: 33573474 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of appropriate experimental models often limits our ability to investigate the establishment of infections in specific tissues. To reproduce the structural and spatial organization of vaginal mucosae to study human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, we used the self-assembly technique to bioengineer tridimensional vaginal mucosae using human cells extracted from HIV-1-negative healthy pre- and postmenopausal donors. We produced a stroma, free of exogenous material, that can be adapted to generate near-to-native vaginal tissue with the best complexity obtained with seeded epithelial cells on the organ-specific stroma. The autologous engineered tissues had mechanical properties close to native mucosa and shared similar glycogen production, which declined in reconstructed tissues of the postmenopausal donor. The in vitro-engineered tissues were also rendered immune competent by adding human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) on the epithelium or in the stroma layers. The model was infected with HIV-1, and viral replication and transcytosis were observed when immunocompetent reconstructed vaginal mucosa tissue has incorporated MDMs into the stroma and infected with free HIV-1 green fluorescent protein (GFP) viral particles. These data illustrate a natural permissiveness of immunocompetent untransformed human vaginal mucosae to HIV-1 infection. This model offers a physiological tool to explore viral load, HIV-1 transmission in an environment that may contribute to the virus propagation, and new antiviral treatments in vitro. Impact statement This study introduces an innovative immunocompetent three-dimensional human organ-specific vaginal mucosa free of exogenous material for in vitro modeling of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. The proposed model is histologically close to native tissue, especially by presenting glycogen accumulation in the epithelium's superficial cells, responsive to estrogen, and able to sustain a monocyte-derived macrophage population infected or not by HIV-1 during ∼2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Saba
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nolan Reyjon
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Maude Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Weronika Jakubowska
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Hazem Orabi
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Asmaa Lachhab
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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12
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Sánchez Pina MA, Gómez-Aix C, Méndez-López E, Gosalvez Bernal B, Aranda MA. Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and Vertical Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:358. [PMID: 33668729 PMCID: PMC7996213 DOI: 10.3390/v13030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus-host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant-virus interactions have included light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Here, we review the use of these techniques in plant virology, illustrating recent advances in the area with examples from plant virus replication and virus plant-to-plant vertical transmission processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amelia Sánchez Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Cristina Gómez-Aix
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Blanca Gosalvez Bernal
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
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13
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Zhang P, Mendonca L, Howe A, Gilchrist J, Sun D, Knight M, Zanetti-Domingues L, Bateman B, Krebs AS, Chen L, Radecke J, Sheng Y, Li V, Ni T, Kounatidis I, Koronfel M, Szynkiewicz M, Harkiolaki M, Martin-Fernandez M, James W. Correlative Multi-scale Cryo-imaging Unveils SARS-CoV-2 Assembly and Egress. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021. [PMID: 33501431 PMCID: PMC7836121 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-134794/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been intense structural studies on purified recombinant viral components and inactivated viruses. However, structural and ultrastructural evidence on how the SARS-CoV-2 infection progresses in the frozen-hydrated native cellular context is scarce, and there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle. To correlate the cytopathic events induced by SARS-CoV-2 with virus replication process under the frozen-hydrated condition, here we established a unique multi-modal, multi-scale cryo-correlative platform to image SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells. This platform combines serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging and soft X-ray cryo-tomography with cell lamellae-based cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) and subtomogram averaging. The results place critical SARS-CoV-2 structural events – e.g. viral RNA transport portals on double membrane vesicles, virus assembly and budding intermediates, virus egress pathways, and native virus spike structures from intracellular assembled and extracellular released virus - in the context of whole-cell images. The latter revealed numerous heterogeneous cytoplasmic vesicles, the formation of membrane tunnels through which viruses exit, and the drastic cytoplasm invasion into the nucleus. This integrated approach allows a holistic view of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the whole cell to individual molecules.
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14
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Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Fauler B, Mielke T, Azab W. Equid Herpesvirus-1 Exploits the Extracellular Matrix of Mononuclear Cells to Ensure Transport to Target Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101615. [PMID: 33015592 PMCID: PMC7521387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear cells are the first line of defense against microbial infection. Yet, several viruses have evolved different mechanisms to overcome host defenses to ensure their spread. Here, we show unique mechanisms of how equid herpesvirus-1 manipulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to travel further in the body. (1) "PBMC-hitching": at the initial contact, herpesviruses lurk in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of PBMC without entering the cells. The virus exploits the components of the ECM to bind, transport, and then egress to infect other cells. (2) "Intracellular delivery": transendothelial migration is a physiological mechanism where mononuclear cells can transmigrate through the endothelial cells. The virus was intangible and probably did not interfere with such a mechanism where the infected PBMC can probably deliver the virus inside the endothelium. (3) "Classical-fusion": this process is well mastered by herpesviruses due to a set of envelope glycoproteins that facilitate cell-cell fusion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrix Fauler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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15
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How HIV-1 Gag Manipulates Its Host Cell Proteins: A Focus on Interactors of the Nucleocapsid Domain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080888. [PMID: 32823718 PMCID: PMC7471995 DOI: 10.3390/v12080888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) polyprotein Gag (Group-specific antigen) plays a central role in controlling the late phase of the viral lifecycle. Considered to be only a scaffolding protein for a long time, the structural protein Gag plays determinate and specific roles in HIV-1 replication. Indeed, via its different domains, Gag orchestrates the specific encapsidation of the genomic RNA, drives the formation of the viral particle by its auto-assembly (multimerization), binds multiple viral proteins, and interacts with a large number of cellular proteins that are needed for its functions from its translation location to the plasma membrane, where newly formed virions are released. Here, we review the interactions between HIV-1 Gag and 66 cellular proteins. Notably, we describe the techniques used to evidence these interactions, the different domains of Gag involved, and the implications of these interactions in the HIV-1 replication cycle. In the final part, we focus on the interactions involving the highly conserved nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag and detail the functions of the NC interactants along the viral lifecycle.
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16
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Rao A, McBride EL, Zhang G, Xu H, Cai T, Notkins AL, Aronova MA, Leapman RD. Determination of secretory granule maturation times in pancreatic islet β-cells by serial block-face electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107584. [PMID: 32736074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is shown how serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) of insulin-secreting β-cells in wild-type mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans can be used to determine maturation times of secretory granules. Although SBEM captures the β-cell structure at a snapshot in time, the observed ultrastructure can be considered representative of a dynamic equilibrium state of the cells since the pancreatic islets are maintained in culture in approximate homeostasis. It was found that 7.2 ± 1.2% (±st. dev.) of the β-cell volume is composed of secretory granule dense-cores exhibiting angular shapes surrounded by wide (typically ≳100 nm) electron-lucent halos. These organelles are identified as mature granules that store insulin for regulated release through the plasma membrane, with a release time of 96 ± 12 h, as previously obtained from pulsed 35S-radiolabeling of cysteine and methionine. Analysis of β-cell 3D volumes reveals a subpopulation of secretory organelles without electron-lucent halos, identified as immature secretory granules. Another subpopulation of secretory granules is found with thin (typically ≲30 nm) electron-lucent halos, which are attributed to immature granules that are transforming from proinsulin to insulin by action of prohormone convertases. From the volume ratio of proinsulin in the immature granules to insulin in the mature granules, we estimate that the newly formed immature granules remain in morphologically-defined immature states for an average time of 135 ± 14 min, and the immature transforming granules for an average time of 130 ± 17 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rao
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E L McBride
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - G Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Xu
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M A Aronova
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R D Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Gea-Mallorquí E, Zablocki-Thomas L, Maurin M, Jouve M, Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. HIV-2-Infected Macrophages Produce and Accumulate Poorly Infectious Viral Particles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1603. [PMID: 32754142 PMCID: PMC7365954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of HIV-2-infected patients exhibit natural virological control that is generally absent from HIV-1-infected patients. Along with CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 targets macrophages which may contribute to viral spreading and the latent reservoir. We have studied the relationship between macrophages and HIV-2, focusing on post-entry steps. HIV-2-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) produced substantial amounts of viral particles that were largely harbored intracellularly. New viruses assembled at the limiting membrane of internal compartments similar to virus-containing compartments (VCCs) described for HIV-1. VCCs from MDMs infected with either virus shared protein composition and morphology. Strikingly, HIV-2 Gag was mostly absent from the cytosol and almost exclusively localized to the VCCs, whereas HIV-1 Gag was distributed in both locations. Ultrastructural analyses of HIV-2-infected MDMs revealed the presence of numerous VCCs containing both immature and mature particles in the lumen. HIV-2 particles produced de novo by MDMs were poorly infectious in reporter cells and in transmission to activated T cells through a process that appeared independent of BST2 restriction. Rather than being involved in viral spreading, HIV-2-infected macrophages may represent a cell-associated source of viral antigens that can participate in the immune control of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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18
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Dupont M, Sattentau QJ. Macrophage Cell-Cell Interactions Promoting HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E492. [PMID: 32354203 PMCID: PMC7290394 DOI: 10.3390/v12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens infect macrophages as part of their intracellular life cycle. This is particularly true for viruses, of which HIV-1 is one of the best studied. HIV-1 infection of macrophages has important consequences for viral persistence and pathogenesis, but the mechanisms of macrophage infection remain to be fully elucidated. Despite expressing viral entry receptors, macrophages are inefficiently infected by cell-free HIV-1 virions, whereas direct cell-cell spread is more efficient. Different modes of cell-cell spread have been described, including the uptake by macrophages of infected T cells and the fusion of infected T cells with macrophages, both leading to macrophage infection. Cell-cell spread can also transmit HIV-1 between macrophages and from macrophages to T cells. Here, we describe the current state of the field concerning the cell-cell spread of HIV-1 to and from macrophages, discuss mechanisms, and highlight potential in vivo relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dupont
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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19
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Ladinsky MS, Khamaikawin W, Jung Y, Lin S, Lam J, An DS, Bjorkman PJ, Kieffer C. Mechanisms of virus dissemination in bone marrow of HIV-1-infected humanized BLT mice. eLife 2019; 8:46916. [PMID: 31657719 PMCID: PMC6839903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune progenitor cells differentiate in bone marrow (BM) and then migrate to tissues. HIV-1 infects multiple BM cell types, but virus dissemination within BM has been poorly understood. We used light microscopy and electron tomography to elucidate mechanisms of HIV-1 dissemination within BM of HIV-1–infected BM/liver/thymus (BLT) mice. Tissue clearing combined with confocal and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealed distinct populations of HIV-1 p24-producing cells in BM early after infection, and quantification of these populations identified macrophages as the principal subset of virus-producing cells in BM over time. Electron tomography demonstrated three modes of HIV-1 dissemination in BM: (i) semi-synchronous budding from T-cell and macrophage membranes, (ii) mature virus association with virus-producing T-cell uropods contacting putative target cells, and (iii) macrophages engulfing HIV-1–producing T-cells and producing virus within enclosed intracellular compartments that fused to invaginations with access to the extracellular space. These results illustrate mechanisms by which the specialized environment of the BM can promote virus spread locally and to distant lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yujin Jung
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Samantha Lin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer Lam
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dong Sung An
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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20
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Schönfeld M, Knackmuss U, Chandorkar P, Hörtnagl P, Hope TJ, Moris A, Bellmann-Weiler R, Lass-Flörl C, Posch W, Wilflingseder D. Co- but not Sequential Infection of DCs Boosts Their HIV-Specific CTL-Stimulatory Capacity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1123. [PMID: 31178863 PMCID: PMC6542955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and their microbial products activate dendritic cells (DCs) at mucosal surfaces during sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and therefore might also differently shape DC functions during co-infection with HIV-1. We recently illustrated that complement (C) coating of HIV-1 (HIV-C), as primarily found during the acute phase of infection before appearance of HIV-specific antibodies, by-passed SAMHD1-mediated restriction in DCs and therefore mediated an increased DC activation and antiviral capacity. To determine whether the superior antiviral effects of HIV-C-exposed DCs also apply during STIs, we developed a co-infection model in which DCs were infected with Chlamydia spp. simultaneously (HIV-C/Chlam-DCs or HIV/Chlam-DCs) or a sequential infection model, where DCs were exposed to Chlamydia for 3 or 24 h (Chlam-DCs) followed by HIV-1 infection. Co-infection of DCs with HIV-1 and Chlamydia significantly boosted the CTL-stimulatory capacity compared to HIV-1-loaded iDCs and this boost was independent on the opsonization pattern. This effect was lost in the sequential infection model, when opsonized HIV-1 was added delayed to Chlamydia-loaded DCs. The reduction in the CTL-stimulatory capacity of Chlam-DCs was not due to lower HIV-1 binding or infection compared to iDCs or HIV-C/Chlam-DCs, but due to altered fusion and internalization mechanisms within DCs. The CTL-stimulatory capacity of HIV-C in Chlam-DCs correlated with significantly reduced viral fusion compared to iDCs and HIV-C/Chlam-DCs and illustrated considerably increased numbers of HIV-C-containing vacuoles than iDCs. The data indicate that Chlamydia co-infection of DCs mediates a transient boost of their HIV-specific CTL-stimulatory and antiviral capacity, while in the sequential infection model this is reversed and associated with hazard to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schönfeld
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulla Knackmuss
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Parul Chandorkar
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Hörtnagl
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas John Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Contribution of the Cytoplasmic Determinants of Vpu to the Expansion of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00020-19. [PMID: 30867316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00020-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in intracellular plasma membrane-connected structures termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The cellular restriction factor bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles at the plasma membrane, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts the restriction factor BST2 by downregulating its expression and removing it from viral budding sites. Numerous studies described these Vpu countermeasures in CD4+ T cells or model cell lines, but the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in VCC formation and HIV-1 production in macrophages is less explored. Here, we show that Vpu expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages enhances viral release. This effect is related to Vpu's ability to circumvent BST2 antiviral activity. We show that in absence of Vpu, BST2 is enriched in VCCs and colocalizes with capsid p24, whereas Vpu expression significantly reduces the presence of BST2 in these compartments. Furthermore, our data reveal that BST2 is dispensable for the formation of VCCs and that Vpu expression impacts the volume of these compartments. This Vpu activity partly depends on BST2 expression and requires the integrity of the Vpu transmembrane domain, the dileucine-like motif E59XXXLV64 and phosphoserines 52 and 56 of Vpu. Altogether, these results highlight that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and promotes HIV-1 release from infected macrophages.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The restriction factor BST2, which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 Vpu protein counteracts BST2. This study explores the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in the viral protein functions on HIV-1 release and viral particle sequestration in VCCs in macrophages. The results show that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and favors viral particle release. These Vpu functions partly depend on Vpu's ability to antagonize BST2. This study highlights that the transmembrane domain of Vpu and two motifs of the Vpu cytoplasmic domain are required for these functions. These motifs were notably involved in the control of the volume of VCCs by Vpu but were dispensable for the prevention of the specific accumulation of BST2 in these structures.
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Weiner A, Enninga J. The Pathogen–Host Interface in Three Dimensions: Correlative FIB/SEM Applications. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:426-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Insinna C, Lu Q, Teixeira I, Harned A, Semler EM, Stauffer J, Magidson V, Tiwari A, Kenworthy AK, Narayan K, Westlake CJ. Investigation of F-BAR domain PACSIN proteins uncovers membrane tubulation function in cilia assembly and transport. Nat Commun 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30683896 PMCID: PMC6347608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular ciliogenesis pathway requires membrane trafficking, fusion, and reorganization. Here, we demonstrate in human cells and zebrafish that the F-BAR domain containing proteins PACSIN1 and -2 play an essential role in ciliogenesis, similar to their binding partner and membrane reorganizer EHD1. In mature cilia, PACSINs and EHDs are dynamically localized to the ciliary pocket membrane (CPM) and transported away from this structure on membrane tubules along with proteins that exit the cilium. PACSINs function early in ciliogenesis at the ciliary vesicle (CV) stage to promote mother centriole to basal body transition. Remarkably, we show that PACSIN1 and EHD1 assemble membrane t7ubules from the developing intracellular cilium that attach to the plasma membrane, creating an extracellular membrane channel (EMC) to the outside of the cell. Together, our work uncovers a function for F-BAR proteins and membrane tubulation in ciliogenesis and explains how the intracellular cilium emerges from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Isabella Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Semler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jim Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Bayliss RJ, Piguet V. Masters of manipulation: Viral modulation of the immunological synapse. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12944. [PMID: 30123959 PMCID: PMC6492149 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to thrive, viruses have evolved to manipulate host cell machinery for their own benefit. One major obstacle faced by pathogens is the immunological synapse. To enable efficient replication and latency in immune cells, viruses have developed a range of strategies to manipulate cellular processes involved in immunological synapse formation to evade immune detection and control T-cell activation. In vitro, viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 utilise structures known as virological synapses to aid transmission of viral particles from cell to cell in a process termed trans-infection. The formation of the virological synapse provides a gateway for virus to be transferred between cells avoiding the extracellular space, preventing antibody neutralisation or recognition by complement. This review looks at how viruses are able to subvert intracellular signalling to modulate immune function to their advantage and explores the role synapse formation has in viral persistence and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Bayliss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of DermatologyWomen's College HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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25
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The KT Jeang Retrovirology prize 2018: Eric Freed. Retrovirology 2018; 15:43. [PMID: 29966522 PMCID: PMC6027741 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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26
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Cyrklaff M, Frischknecht F, Kudryashev M. Functional insights into pathogen biology from 3D electron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:828-853. [PMID: 28962014 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, novel imaging approaches revolutionised our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of microorganisms. These include advances in fluorescent probes, dynamic live cell imaging, superresolution light and electron microscopy. Currently, a major transition in the experimental approach shifts electron microscopy studies from a complementary technique to a method of choice for structural and functional analysis. Here we review functional insights into the molecular architecture of viruses, bacteria and parasites as well as interactions with their respective host cells gained from studies using cryogenic electron tomography and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kudryashev
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 17, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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27
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Abstract
While HIV-1 infection of target cells with cell-free viral particles has been largely documented, intercellular transmission through direct cell-to-cell contact may be a predominant mode of propagation in host. To spread, HIV-1 infects cells of the immune system and takes advantage of their specific particularities and functions. Subversion of intercellular communication allows to improve HIV-1 replication through a multiplicity of intercellular structures and membrane protrusions, like tunneling nanotubes, filopodia, or lamellipodia-like structures involved in the formation of the virological synapse. Other features of immune cells, like the immunological synapse or the phagocytosis of infected cells are hijacked by HIV-1 and used as gateways to infect target cells. Finally, HIV-1 reuses its fusogenic capacity to provoke fusion between infected donor cells and target cells, and to form infected syncytia with high capacity of viral production and improved capacities of motility or survival. All these modes of cell-to-cell transfer are now considered as viral mechanisms to escape immune system and antiretroviral therapies, and could be involved in the establishment of persistent virus reservoirs in different host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bracq
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), Institut Pasteur Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maorong Xie
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Benichou
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), Institut Pasteur Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bouchet
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Selvadurai MV, Hamilton JR. Structure and function of the open canalicular system – the platelet’s specialized internal membrane network. Platelets 2018; 29:319-325. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1431388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Selvadurai
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin R. Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Jin X, Cao X, Wang X, Jiang J, Wan J, Laliberté JF, Zhang Y. Three-Dimensional Architecture and Biogenesis of Membrane Structures Associated with Plant Virus Replication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29441085 PMCID: PMC5797596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense (+) RNA viruses represent the most abundant group of viruses and are dependent on the host cell machinery to replicate. One remarkable feature that occurs after (+) RNA virus entry into cells is the remodeling of host endomembranes, leading to the formation of viral replication factories. Recently, rapid progress in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as electron tomography (ET) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), has enabled researchers to visualize the novel membrane structures induced by viruses at high resolution. These 3D imaging technologies provide new mechanistic insights into the viral infection cycle. In this review, we summarize the latest reports on the cellular remodeling that occurs during plant virus infection; in particular, we focus on studies that provide 3D architectural information on viral replication factories. We also outline the mechanisms underlying the formation of these membranous structures and discuss possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Laliberté
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Yongliang Zhang
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30
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T Cell-Macrophage Fusion Triggers Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation for HIV-1 Spreading. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01237-17. [PMID: 28978713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01237-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected macrophages participate in virus dissemination and establishment of virus reservoirs in host tissues, but the mechanisms for virus cell-to-cell transfer to macrophages remain unknown. Here, we reveal the mechanisms for cell-to-cell transfer from infected T cells to macrophages and virus spreading between macrophages. We show that contacts between infected T lymphocytes and macrophages lead to cell fusion for the fast and massive transfer of CCR5-tropic viruses to macrophages. Through the merge of viral material between T cells and macrophages, these newly formed lymphocyte-macrophage fused cells acquire the ability to fuse with neighboring noninfected macrophages. Together, these two-step envelope-dependent cell fusion processes lead to the formation of highly virus-productive multinucleated giant cells reminiscent of the infected multinucleated giant macrophages detected in HIV-1-infected patients and simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. These mechanisms represent an original mode of virus transmission for viral spreading and a new model for the formation of macrophage virus reservoirs during infection.IMPORTANCE We reveal a very efficient mechanism involved in cell-to-cell transfer from infected T cells to macrophages and subsequent virus spreading between macrophages by a two-step cell fusion process. Infected T cells first establish contacts and fuse with macrophage targets. The newly formed lymphocyte-macrophage fused cells then acquire the ability to fuse with surrounding uninfected macrophages, leading to the formation of infected multinucleated giant cells that can survive for a long time, as evidenced in vivo in lymphoid organs and the central nervous system. This route of infection may be a major determinant for virus dissemination and the formation of macrophage virus reservoirs in host tissues during HIV-1 infection.
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31
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Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, San-Roman M, Benaroch P. Myeloid Cell Interaction with HIV: A Complex Relationship. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29250073 PMCID: PMC5714857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the myeloid lineage, particularly macrophages, serve as primary hosts for HIV in vivo, along with CD4 T lymphocytes. Macrophages are present in virtually every tissue of the organism, including locations with negligible T cell colonization, such as the brain, where HIV-mediated inflammation may lead to pathological sequelae. Moreover, infected macrophages are present in multiple other tissues. Recent evidence obtained in humanized mice and macaque models highlighted the capacity of macrophages to sustain HIV replication in vivo in the absence of T cells. Combined with the known resistance of the macrophage to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, such data bring a renewed interest in this cell type both as a vehicle for viral spread as well as a viral reservoir. While our understanding of key processes of HIV infection of macrophages is far from complete, recent years have nevertheless brought important insight into the uniqueness of the macrophage infection. Productive infection of macrophages by HIV can occur by different routes including from phagocytosis of infected T cells. In macrophages, HIV assembles and buds into a peculiar plasma membrane-connected compartment that preexists to the infection. While the function of such compartment remains elusive, it supposedly allows for the persistence of infectious viral particles over extended periods of time and may play a role on viral transmission. As cells of the innate immune system, macrophages have the capacity to detect and respond to viral components. Recent data suggest that such sensing may occur at multiple steps of the viral cycle and impact subsequent viral spread. We aim to provide an overview of the HIV-macrophage interaction along the multiple stages of the viral life cycle, extending when pertinent such observations to additional myeloid cell types such as dendritic cells or blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San-Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
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32
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Patwardhan A, Brandt R, Butcher SJ, Collinson L, Gault D, Grünewald K, Hecksel C, Huiskonen JT, Iudin A, Jones ML, Korir PK, Koster AJ, Lagerstedt I, Lawson CL, Mastronarde D, McCormick M, Parkinson H, Rosenthal PB, Saalfeld S, Saibil HR, Sarntivijai S, Solanes Valero I, Subramaniam S, Swedlow JR, Tudose I, Winn M, Kleywegt GJ. Building bridges between cellular and molecular structural biology. eLife 2017; 6:e25835. [PMID: 28682240 PMCID: PMC5524535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cellular and molecular structural data is key to understanding the function of macromolecular assemblies and complexes in their in vivo context. Here we report on the outcomes of a workshop that discussed how to integrate structural data from a range of public archives. The workshop identified two main priorities: the development of tools and file formats to support segmentation (that is, the decomposition of a three-dimensional volume into regions that can be associated with defined objects), and the development of tools to support the annotation of biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardan Patwardhan
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology and the Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Gault
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Hecksel
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrii Iudin
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul K Korir
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingvar Lagerstedt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L Lawson
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research and the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - David Mastronarde
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | | | - Helen Parkinson
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirarat Sarntivijai
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Solanes Valero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression and the Division of Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ilinca Tudose
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Winn
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard J Kleywegt
- Molecular and Cellular Structure Cluster, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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33
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The sleeping beauty kissed awake: new methods in electron microscopy to study cellular membranes. Biochem J 2017; 474:1041-1053. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) for biological samples, developed in the 1940–1950s, changed our conception about the architecture of eukaryotic cells. It was followed by a period where EM applied to cell biology had seemingly fallen asleep, even though new methods with important implications for modern EM were developed. Among these was the discovery that samples can be preserved by chemical fixation and most importantly by rapid freezing without the formation of crystalline ice, giving birth to the world of cryo-EM. The past 15–20 years are hallmarked by a tremendous interest in EM, driven by important technological advances. Cryo-EM, in particular, is now capable of revealing structures of proteins at a near-atomic resolution owing to improved sample preparation methods, microscopes and cameras. In this review, we focus on the challenges associated with the imaging of membranes by EM and give examples from the field of host–pathogen interactions, in particular of virus-infected cells. Despite the advantages of imaging membranes under native conditions in cryo-EM, conventional EM will remain an important complementary method, in particular if large volumes need to be imaged.
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Hammonds JE, Beeman N, Ding L, Takushi S, Francis AC, Wang JJ, Melikyan GB, Spearman P. Siglec-1 initiates formation of the virus-containing compartment and enhances macrophage-to-T cell transmission of HIV-1. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006181. [PMID: 28129379 PMCID: PMC5298340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 particles assemble and bud from the plasma membrane of infected T lymphocytes. Infected macrophages, in contrast, accumulate particles within an apparent intracellular compartment known as the virus-containing compartment or VCC. Many aspects of the formation and function of the VCC remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that VCC formation does not actually require infection of the macrophage, but can be reproduced through the exogenous addition of non-infectious virus-like particles or infectious virions to macrophage cultures. Particles were captured by Siglec-1, a prominent cell surface lectin that attaches to gangliosides on the lipid envelope of the virus. VCCs formed within infected macrophages were readily targeted by the addition of ganglioside-containing virus-like particles to the extracellular media. Depletion of Siglec-1 from the macrophage or depletion of gangliosides from viral particles prevented particle uptake into the VCC and resulted in substantial reductions of VCC volume. Furthermore, Siglec-1-mediated virion capture and subsequent VCC formation was required for efficient trans-infection of autologous T cells. Our results help to define the nature of this intracellular compartment, arguing that it is a compartment formed by particle uptake from the periphery, and that this compartment can readily transmit virus to target T lymphocytes. Inhibiting or eliminating the VCC may be an important component of strategies to reduce HIV transmission and to eradicate HIV reservoirs. T lymphocytes and macrophages are the two major cell types involved in HIV replication and transmission events. When a T cell is infected, virus particles assemble and bud from the plasma membrane of the cell. In contrast, infected macrophages develop an intracellular collection of viruses termed the virus-containing compartment or VCC. Many aspects of the formation and function of the VCC remain unclear. Here we show that VCC formation does not actually require infection of the macrophage, but can be reproduced through the addition of virus-like particles or infectious virions to macrophages. HIV-1 particles were captured by the cell surface carbohydrate-binding protein Siglec-1, followed by co-migration of Siglec-1 and captured viral particles to the VCC. Depletion of Siglec-1 from the macrophage prevented VCC formation, and inhibited the ability of infected macrophages to transmit HIV to T cells. Our results help to define the origin of this intracellular compartment, arguing that it is a compartment formed by particle uptake from the periphery. Inhibiting or eliminating the VCC may be an important component of strategies to reduce HIV transmission and to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Hammonds
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Neal Beeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingmei Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Takushi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashwanth C. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jaang-Jiun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Visualization of HIV T Cell Virological Synapses and Virus-Containing Compartments by Three-Dimensional Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01605-16. [PMID: 27847357 PMCID: PMC5215336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01605-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virological synapses (VS) are adhesive structures that form between infected and uninfected cells to enhance the spread of HIV-1. During T cell VS formation, viral proteins are actively recruited to the site of cell-cell contact where the viral material is efficiently translocated to target cells into heterogeneous, protease-resistant, antibody-inaccessible compartments. Using correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we define the membrane topography of the virus-containing compartments (VCC) where HIV is found following VS-mediated transfer. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy (SS-TEM) were used to better resolve the fluorescent Gag-containing structures within the VCC. We found that small punctate fluorescent signals correlated with single viral particles in enclosed vesicular compartments or surface-localized virus particles and that large fluorescent signals correlated with membranous Gag-containing structures with unknown pathological function. CLEM imaging revealed distinct pools of newly deposited viral proteins within endocytic and nonendocytic compartments in VS target T cells. IMPORTANCE This study directly correlates individual virus-associated objects observed in light microscopy with ultrastructural features seen by electron microscopy in the HIV-1 virological synapse. This approach elucidates which infection-associated ultrastructural features represent bona fide HIV protein complexes. We define the morphology of some HIV cell-to-cell transfer intermediates as true endocytic compartments and resolve unique synapse-associated viral structures created by transfer across virological synapses.
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Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapies have improved the duration and quality of life of people living with HIV-1. However, viral reservoirs impede complete eradication of the virus. Although there are many strategies to eliminate infectious virus, the most actively pursued are latency reversing agents in conjunction with immune modulation. This strategy, known as “shock and kill”, has been tested primarily against the most widely recognized HIV-1 latent reservoir found in resting memory CD4+ T cells. This is in part because of the dearth of conclusive evidence about the existence of non-T cell reservoirs. Studies of non-T cell reservoirs have been difficult to interpret because of technical and biological issues that have hampered a better understanding. This review considers the current knowledge of non-T cell reservoirs, the challenges encountered in a better understanding of these populations, and their implications for HIV-1 cure research.
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Dirk BS, Van Nynatten LR, Dikeakos JD. Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV-1 Host Interactions through Advanced Imaging Techniques. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100288. [PMID: 27775563 PMCID: PMC5086620 DOI: 10.3390/v8100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must continuously evolve to hijack the host cell machinery in order to successfully replicate and orchestrate key interactions that support their persistence. The type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a prime example of viral persistence within the host, having plagued the human population for decades. In recent years, advances in cellular imaging and molecular biology have aided the elucidation of key steps mediating the HIV-1 lifecycle and viral pathogenesis. Super-resolution imaging techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) and photoactivation and localization microscopy (PALM) have been instrumental in studying viral assembly and release through both cell-cell transmission and cell-free viral transmission. Moreover, powerful methods such as Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) have shed light on the protein-protein interactions HIV-1 engages within the host to hijack the cellular machinery. Specific advancements in live cell imaging in combination with the use of multicolor viral particles have become indispensable to unravelling the dynamic nature of these virus-host interactions. In the current review, we outline novel imaging methods that have been used to study the HIV-1 lifecycle and highlight advancements in the cell culture models developed to enhance our understanding of the HIV-1 lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan S Dirk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Logan R Van Nynatten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Inlora J, Chukkapalli V, Bedi S, Ono A. Molecular Determinants Directing HIV-1 Gag Assembly to Virus-Containing Compartments in Primary Macrophages. J Virol 2016; 90:8509-19. [PMID: 27440886 PMCID: PMC5021390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01004-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The subcellular sites of HIV-1 assembly, determined by the localization of the structural protein Gag, vary in a cell-type-dependent manner. In T cells and transformed cell lines used as model systems, HIV-1 assembles at the plasma membrane (PM). The binding and localization of HIV-1 Gag to the PM are mediated by the interaction between the matrix (MA) domain, specifically the highly basic region, and a PM-specific acidic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. In primary macrophages, prominent accumulation of assembling or assembled particles is found in the virus-containing compartments (VCCs), which largely consist of convoluted invaginations of the PM. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 Gag targeting to the VCCs, we examined the impact of overexpression of polyphosphoinositide 5-phosphatase IV (5ptaseIV), which depletes cellular PI(4,5)P2, in primary macrophages. We found that the VCC localization and virus release of HIV-1 are severely impaired upon 5ptaseIV overexpression, suggesting an important role for the MA-PI(4,5)P2 interaction in HIV-1 assembly in primary macrophages. However, our analysis of HIV-1 Gag derivatives with MA changes showed that this interaction contributes to Gag membrane binding but is dispensable for specific targeting of Gag to the VCCs per se We further determined that deletion of the NC domain abolishes VCC-specific localization of HIV-1 Gag. Notably, HIV-1 Gag localized efficiently to the VCCs when the NC domain was replaced with a leucine zipper dimerization motif that promotes Gag multimerization. Altogether, our data revealed that targeting of HIV-1 Gag to the VCCs requires NC-dependent multimerization. IMPORTANCE In T cells and model cell lines, HIV-1 Gag localizes to the PM in a manner dependent on the MA-PI(4,5)P2 interaction. On the other hand, in primary macrophages, HIV-1 Gag localizes to convoluted intracellular membrane structures termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs). Although these compartments have been known for decades, and despite the implication of viruses in VCCs being involved in virus reservoir maintenance and spread, the viral determinant(s) that promotes Gag targeting to VCCs is unknown. In this study, we found that the MA-PI(4,5)P2 interaction facilitates efficient Gag membrane binding in macrophages but is not essential for Gag targeting to VCCs. Rather, our results revealed that NC-dependent multimerization promotes VCC targeting. Our findings highlight the differential roles played by MA and NC in HIV-1 Gag membrane binding and targeting and suggest a multimerization-dependent mechanism for Gag trafficking in primary macrophages similar to that for Gag localization to uropods in polarized T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingga Inlora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineela Chukkapalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sukhmani Bedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Jiang S, Jia Z, Xin L, Sun Y, Zhang R, Wang W, Wang L, Song L. The cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of phagocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:490-498. [PMID: 27338208 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes have been proved to play vital roles in the innate immune response. However, the cellular characteristics of phagocytes in invertebrates, especially in molluscs, remain largely unknown. In the present study, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was employed to sort the phagocytes from the non-phagocytic haemocytes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The cytochemical staining analysis revealed that phagocytes were positive staining for α-naphthyl acetate esterase and myeloperoxidase, while negative staining for toluidine blue and periodic acid-Schiff. The non-phagocytic haemocytes exhibited positive staining for periodic acid-Schiff, weak positive staining for toluidine blue, but negative staining for α-naphthyl acetate esterase and myeloperoxidase. In addition, phagocytes exhibited ultrastructural cellular features similar to those of macrophages, with large cell diameter, rough cell membrane and extended pseudopodia revealed by the scanning electron microscopy, while the non-phagocytic haemocytes exhibited small cell diameter, smooth cell surface and round spherical shape. Transmission electron microscopy further demonstrated that phagocytes were abundant of cytoplasmic bodies and mitochondria, while non-phagocytic haemocytes were characterized as the comparatively large cell nucleus with contorted and condensed heterochromatin adherent to the nuclear envelope. Moreover, compared with non-phagocytic haemocytes, phagocytes exhibited significantly higher levels of intracellular cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor, interferon-like protein and interleukin-17, and significantly higher abundance of lysosome and reactive oxygen species, which were of great importance to the activation of immune response and pathogen clearance. Taken together, these findings revealed the different cytochemical and ultrastructural features between phagocytes and non-phagocytic haemocytes in C. gigas, which would provide an important clue to investigate the mechanism of phagocytosis underlying the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Nkwe DO, Pelchen-Matthews A, Burden JJ, Collinson LM, Marsh M. The intracellular plasma membrane-connected compartment in the assembly of HIV-1 in human macrophages. BMC Biol 2016; 14:50. [PMID: 27338237 PMCID: PMC4919869 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV-infected macrophages, newly formed progeny virus particles accumulate in intracellular plasma membrane-connected compartments (IPMCs). Although the virus is usually seen in these compartments, it is unclear whether HIV assembly is specifically targeted to IPMCs or whether some viruses may also form at the cell surface but are not detected, as particles budding from the latter site will be released into the medium. RESULTS To investigate the fidelity of HIV-1 targeting to IPMCs compared to the cell surface directly, we generated mutants defective in recruitment of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins required for virus scission. For mutants unable to bind the ESCRT-I component Tsg101, HIV release was inhibited and light and electron microscopy revealed that budding was arrested. When expressed in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), these mutants formed budding-arrested, immature particles at their assembly sites, allowing us to capture virtually all of the virus budding events. A detailed morphological analysis of the distribution of the arrested viruses by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, and by electron microscopy, demonstrated that HIV assembly in MDMs is targeted primarily to IPMCs, with fewer than 5 % of budding events seen at the cell surface. Morphometric analysis of the relative membrane areas at the cell surface and IPMCs confirmed a large enrichment of virus assembly events in IPMCs. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of macrophages infected with a budding-defective HIV mutant revealed high-resolution 3D views of the complex organisation of IPMCs, with in excess of 15,000 associated HIV budding sites, and multiple connections between IPMCs and the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Using detailed quantitative analysis, we demonstrate that HIV assembly in MDMs is specifically targeted to IPMCs. Furthermore, 3D analysis shows, for the first time, the detailed ultrastructure of an IPMC within a large cell volume, at a resolution that allowed identification of individual virus assembly events, and potential portals through which virus may be released during cell-cell transfer. These studies provide new insights to the organisation of the HIV assembly compartments in macrophages, and show how HIV particles accumulating in these protected sites may function as a virus reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nkwe
- />MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- />Present Address: Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, College of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Annegret Pelchen-Matthews
- />MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- />MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- />The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY UK
| | - Mark Marsh
- />MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Viruses exploit the tissue physiology of the host to spread in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:81-90. [PMID: 27149407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are pathogens that strictly depend on their host for propagation. Over years of co-evolution viruses have become experts in exploiting the host cell biology and physiology to ensure efficient replication and spread. Here, we will first summarize the concepts that have emerged from in vitro cell culture studies to understand virus spread. We will then review the results from studies in living animals that reveal how viruses exploit the natural flow of body fluids, specific tissue architecture, and patterns of cell circulation and migration to spread within the host. Understanding tissue physiology will be critical for the design of antiviral strategies that prevent virus dissemination.
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Abstract
A quiet revolution is under way in technologies used for nanoscale cellular imaging. Focused ion beams, previously restricted to the materials sciences and semiconductor fields, are rapidly becoming powerful tools for ultrastructural imaging of biological samples. Cell and tissue architecture, as preserved in plastic-embedded resin or in plunge-frozen form, can be investigated in three dimensions by scanning electron microscopy imaging of freshly created surfaces that result from the progressive removal of material using a focused ion beam. The focused ion beam can also be used as a sculpting tool to create specific specimen shapes such as lamellae or needles that can be analyzed further by transmission electron microscopy or by methods that probe chemical composition. Here we provide an in-depth primer to the application of focused ion beams in biology, including a guide to the practical aspects of using the technology, as well as selected examples of its contribution to the generation of new insights into subcellular architecture and mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions.
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Dhanyasi N, Segal D, Shimoni E, Shinder V, Shilo BZ, VijayRaghavan K, Schejter ED. Surface apposition and multiple cell contacts promote myoblast fusion in Drosophila flight muscles. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:191-203. [PMID: 26459604 PMCID: PMC4602036 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission EM methods reveal that cell–cell fusion of individual myoblasts with growing Drosophila flight muscles is a stepwise process in which the cell adhesion and branched actin machineries mediate tight apposition and formation of multiple contacts and pores between the surfaces of the fusing cells. Fusion of individual myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers constitutes a widely conserved program for growth of the somatic musculature. We have used electron microscopy methods to study this key form of cell–cell fusion during development of the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that IFM myoblast–myotube fusion proceeds in a stepwise fashion and is governed by apparent cross talk between transmembrane and cytoskeletal elements. Our analysis suggests that cell adhesion is necessary for bringing myoblasts to within a minimal distance from the myotubes. The branched actin polymerization machinery acts subsequently to promote tight apposition between the surfaces of the two cell types and formation of multiple sites of cell–cell contact, giving rise to nascent fusion pores whose expansion establishes full cytoplasmic continuity. Given the conserved features of IFM myogenesis, this sequence of cell interactions and membrane events and the mechanistic significance of cell adhesion elements and the actin-based cytoskeleton are likely to represent general principles of the myoblast fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Dhanyasi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Dagan Segal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vera Shinder
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Viral Infection at High Magnification: 3D Electron Microscopy Methods to Analyze the Architecture of Infected Cells. Viruses 2015; 7:6316-45. [PMID: 26633469 PMCID: PMC4690864 DOI: 10.3390/v7122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses need to hijack their cellular hosts and reprogram their machineries in order to replicate their genomes and produce new virions. For the direct visualization of the different steps of a viral life cycle (attachment, entry, replication, assembly and egress) electron microscopy (EM) methods are extremely helpful. While conventional EM has given important information about virus-host cell interactions, the development of three-dimensional EM (3D-EM) approaches provides unprecedented insights into how viruses remodel the intracellular architecture of the host cell. During the last years several 3D-EM methods have been developed. Here we will provide a description of the main approaches and examples of innovative applications.
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Sewald X, Ladinsky MS, Uchil PD, Beloor J, Pi R, Herrmann C, Motamedi N, Murooka TT, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Mempel TR, Bjorkman PJ, Kumar P, Mothes W. Retroviruses use CD169-mediated trans-infection of permissive lymphocytes to establish infection. Science 2015; 350:563-567. [PMID: 26429886 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells can capture and transfer retroviruses in vitro across synaptic cell-cell contacts to uninfected cells, a process called trans-infection. Whether trans-infection contributes to retroviral spread in vivo remains unknown. Here, we visualize how retroviruses disseminate in secondary lymphoid tissues of living mice. We demonstrate that murine leukemia virus (MLV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are first captured by sinus-lining macrophages. CD169/Siglec-1, an I-type lectin that recognizes gangliosides, captures the virus. MLV-laden macrophages then form long-lived synaptic contacts to trans-infect B-1 cells. Infected B-1 cells subsequently migrate into the lymph node to spread the infection through virological synapses. Robust infection in lymph nodes and spleen requires CD169, suggesting that a combination of fluid-based movement followed by CD169-dependent trans-infection can contribute to viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaver Sewald
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruoxi Pi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nasim Motamedi
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Beckwith MS, Beckwith KS, Sikorski P, Skogaker NT, Flo TH, Halaas Ø. Seeing a Mycobacterium-Infected Cell in Nanoscale 3D: Correlative Imaging by Light Microscopy and FIB/SEM Tomography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134644. [PMID: 26406896 PMCID: PMC4583302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria pose a threat to the world health today, with pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria causing tuberculosis and non-tuberculous disease in large parts of the population. Much is still unknown about the interplay between bacteria and host during infection and disease, and more research is needed to meet the challenge of drug resistance and inefficient vaccines. This work establishes a reliable and reproducible method for performing correlative imaging of human macrophages infected with mycobacteria at an ultra-high resolution and in 3D. Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB/SEM) tomography is applied, together with confocal fluorescence microscopy for localization of appropriately infected cells. The method is based on an Aclar poly(chloro-tri-fluoro)ethylene substrate, micropatterned into an advantageous geometry by a simple thermomoulding process. The platform increases the throughput and quality of FIB/SEM tomography analyses, and was successfully applied to detail the intracellular environment of a whole mycobacterium-infected macrophage in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Nan Tostrup Skogaker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Halaas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Höhn K, Fuchs J, Fröber A, Kirmse R, Glass B, Anders-Össwein M, Walther P, Kräusslich HG, Dietrich C. Preservation of protein fluorescence in embedded human dendritic cells for targeted 3D light and electron microscopy. J Microsc 2015; 259:121-128. [PMID: 25786567 PMCID: PMC4757415 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a correlative microscopy workflow to combine detailed 3D fluorescence light microscopy data with ultrastructural information gained by 3D focused ion beam assisted scanning electron microscopy. The workflow is based on an optimized high pressure freezing/freeze substitution protocol that preserves good ultrastructural detail along with retaining the fluorescence signal in the resin embedded specimens. Consequently, cellular structures of interest can readily be identified and imaged by state of the art 3D confocal fluorescence microscopy and are precisely referenced with respect to an imprinted coordinate system on the surface of the resin block. This allows precise guidance of the focused ion beam assisted scanning electron microscopy and limits the volume to be imaged to the structure of interest. This, in turn, minimizes the total acquisition time necessary to conduct the time consuming ultrastructural scanning electron microscope imaging while eliminating the risk to miss parts of the target structure. We illustrate the value of this workflow for targeting virus compartments, which are formed in HIV-pulsed mature human dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Höhn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Fuchs
- Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - A Fröber
- Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - R Kirmse
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - B Glass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Anders-Össwein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Walther
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - H-G Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shomorony A, Pfeifer CR, Aronova MA, Zhang G, Cai T, Xu H, Notkins AL, Leapman RD. Combining quantitative 2D and 3D image analysis in the serial block face SEM: application to secretory organelles of pancreatic islet cells. J Microsc 2015; 259:155-164. [PMID: 26139222 PMCID: PMC4515433 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A combination of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analyses of tissue volume ultrastructure acquired by serial block face scanning electron microscopy can greatly shorten the time required to obtain quantitative information from big data sets that contain many billions of voxels. Thus, to analyse the number of organelles of a specific type, or the total volume enclosed by a population of organelles within a cell, it is possible to estimate the number density or volume fraction of that organelle using a stereological approach to analyse randomly selected 2D block face views through the cells, and to combine such estimates with precise measurement of 3D cell volumes by delineating the plasma membrane in successive block face images. The validity of such an approach can be easily tested since the entire 3D tissue volume is available in the serial block face scanning electron microscopy data set. We have applied this hybrid 3D/2D technique to determine the number of secretory granules in the endocrine α and β cells of mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and have been able to estimate the total insulin content of a β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shomorony
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - C R Pfeifer
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - M A Aronova
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - G Zhang
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - T Cai
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - H Xu
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - A L Notkins
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - R D Leapman
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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Gerber PP, Cabrini M, Jancic C, Paoletti L, Banchio C, von Bilderling C, Sigaut L, Pietrasanta LI, Duette G, Freed EO, Basile GDS, Moita CF, Moita LF, Amigorena S, Benaroch P, Geffner J, Ostrowski M. Rab27a controls HIV-1 assembly by regulating plasma membrane levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:435-52. [PMID: 25940347 PMCID: PMC4427790 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle, the viral polyprotein Pr55(Gag) is recruited to the plasma membrane (PM), where it binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and directs HIV-1 assembly. We show that Rab27a controls the trafficking of late endosomes carrying phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 α (PI4KIIα) toward the PM of CD4(+) T cells. Hence, Rab27a promotes high levels of PM phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the localized production of PI(4,5)P2, therefore controlling Pr55(Gag) membrane association. Rab27a also controls PI(4,5)P2 levels at the virus-containing compartments of macrophages. By screening Rab27a effectors, we identified that Slp2a, Slp3, and Slac2b are required for the association of Pr55(Gag) with the PM and that Slp2a cooperates with Rab27a in the recruitment of PI4KIIα to the PM. We conclude that by directing the trafficking of PI4KIIα-positive endosomes toward the PM, Rab27a controls PI(4,5)P2 production and, consequently, HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Cabrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, C1425AUM Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Paoletti
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, S2000EZP Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia Banchio
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, S2000EZP Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Catalina von Bilderling
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Sigaut
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lía I Pietrasanta
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Departamento de Física; and Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Genevieve de Saint Basile
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U768 and Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U768 and Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catarina Ferreira Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis Ferreira Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Centre de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Centre de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Wigdahl B. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cellular Entry and Exit in the T Lymphocytic and Monocytic Compartments: Mechanisms and Target Opportunities During Viral Disease. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:257-311. [PMID: 26111588 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a number of cell types throughout the body are infected, with the majority of cells representing CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Both types of cells express, to varying levels, the primary receptor molecule, CD4, as well as one or both of the coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Viral tropism is determined by both the coreceptor utilized for entry and the cell type infected. Although a single virus may have the capacity to infect both a CD4+ T cell and a cell of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the mechanisms involved in both the entry of the virus into the cell and the viral egress from the cell during budding and viral release differ depending on the cell type. These host-virus interactions and processes can result in the differential targeting of different cell types by selected viral quasispecies and the overall amount of infectious virus released into the extracellular environment or by direct cell-to-cell spread of viral infectivity. This review covers the major steps of virus entry and egress with emphasis on the parts of the replication process that lead to differences in how the virus enters, replicates, and buds from different cellular compartments, such as CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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