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Shirozu T, Regilme MAF, Ote M, Sasaki M, Soga A, Bochimoto H, Kawabata H, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Kanuka H, Fukumoto S. Wolbachia infection in Aedes aegypti does not affect its vectorial capacity for Dirofilaria immitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22528. [PMID: 39341970 PMCID: PMC11439018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue and filariasis are a growing public health concern in endemic countries. Biological approaches, such as the trans-infection of Wolbachia pipientis in mosquitoes, are an alternative vector control strategy, especially for arthropod-borne viruses such as dengue. In the present study, the effect of Wolbachia (wMel strain) on the vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti for Dirofilaria immitis was studied. Our results showed that Wolbachia does not affect the phenotype of mosquito survival or the prevalence, number, and molting rate of third-stage larvae in both susceptible and resistant strains of Ae. aegypti. RNA-seq analysis of Malpighian tubules at 2 days post-infection with D. immitis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with and without wMel infection. No characteristic immune-related gene expression patterns were observed among the DEGs. No significant change in the amount of Wolbachia was observed in the Ae. aegypti after D. immitis infection. Our results suggest that infection of D. immitis in Ae. aegypti populations will not interfere with Wolbachia-based vector control strategies in dengue-endemic areas where cases of D. immitis are present. This study demonstrated the veterinary medical validity of a dengue control program using Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shirozu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Maria Angenica F Regilme
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Ote
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Soga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Health Care Administration Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kawabata
- Health Care Administration Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Mushtaq I, Sarwar MS, Munzoor I. A comprehensive review of Wolbachia-mediated mechanisms to control dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti through innate immune pathways. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434003. [PMID: 39176079 PMCID: PMC11338905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Dengue virus (DENV), primarily spread by Aedes aegypti and also by Aedes albopictus in some regions, poses significant global health risks. Alternative techniques are urgently needed because the current control mechanisms are insufficient to reduce the transmission of DENV. Introducing Wolbachia pipientis into Ae. aegypti inhibits DENV transmission, however, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Innate immune effector upregulation, the regulation of autophagy, and intracellular competition between Wolbachia and DENV for lipids are among the theories for the mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, mainly three immune pathways Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT are involved in the host for the suppression of the virus. These pathways are activated by Wolbachia and DENV in the host and are responsible for the upregulation and downregulation of many genes in mosquitoes, which ultimately reduces the titer of the DENV in the host. The functioning of these immune pathways depends upon the Wolbachia, host, and virus interaction. Here, we summarize the current understanding of DENV recognition by the Ae. aegypti's immune system, aiming to create a comprehensive picture of our knowledge. Additionally, we investigated how Wolbachia regulates the activation of multiple genes associated with immune priming for the reduction of DENV.
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Wang ZY, Nie KX, Niu JC, Cheng G. Research progress toward the influence of mosquito salivary proteins on the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:663-673. [PMID: 37017683 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a large class of viruses transmitted mainly through mosquito bites, including dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and chikungunya virus, which pose a major threat to the health of people around the world. With global warming and extended human activities, the incidence of many MBVs has increased significantly. Mosquito saliva contains a variety of bioactive protein components. These not only enable blood feeding but also play a crucial role in regulating local infection at the bite site and the remote dissemination of MBVs as well as in remodeling the innate and adaptive immune responses of host vertebrates. Here, we review the physiological functions of mosquito salivary proteins (MSPs) in detail, the influence and the underlying mechanism of MSPs on the transmission of MBVs, and the current progress and issues that urgently need to be addressed in the research and development of MSP-based MBV transmission blocking vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Wang
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai-Xiao Nie
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Chen Niu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Wang Z, Lin X, Shi W, Cao C. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Alpha6 Contributes to Antiviral Immunity via IMD Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Viruses 2024; 16:562. [PMID: 38675904 PMCID: PMC11054842 DOI: 10.3390/v16040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, insecticides that target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely used. Studies on the sublethal effects of insecticides have found that they can affect the amount of virus in insects. The mechanism by which insecticides affect insect virus load remain unclear. Here, we show that nAChR targeting insecticide can affect viral replication through the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. We demonstrate that a low dose of spinosad (6.8 ng/mL), acting as an antagonist to Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 (Dα6), significantly elevates Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus (DMelSV) virus titers in adults of Drosophila melanogaster. Conversely, a high dose of spinosad (50 ng/mL), acting as an agonist to Dα6, substantially decreases viral load. This bidirectional regulation of virus levels is absent in Dα6-knockout flies, signifying the specificity of spinosad's action through Dα6. Furthermore, the knockdown of Dα6 results in decreased expression of genes in the IMD pathway, including dredd, imd, relish, and downstream antimicrobial peptide genes AttA and AttB, indicating a reduced innate immune response. Subsequent investigations reveal no significant difference in viral titers between relish mutant flies and Dα6-relish double mutants, suggesting that the IMD pathway's role in antiviral defense is dependent on Dα6. Collectively, our findings shed light on the intricate interplay between nAChR signaling and the IMD pathway in mediating antiviral immunity, highlighting the potential for nAChR-targeting compounds to inadvertently influence viral dynamics in insect hosts. This knowledge may inform the development of integrated pest management strategies that consider the broader ecological impact of insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chuan Cao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.W.); (X.L.)
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Li M, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Wang Y, Lan C, Shen Y. Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:69. [PMID: 38368353 PMCID: PMC10874582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the deadliest animal in the word, transmitting a variety of insect-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika, causing more deaths than any other vector-borne pathogen. Moreover, in the absence of effective drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat insect-borne diseases, mosquito control is particularly important as the primary measure. In recent decades, due to the gradual increase in mosquito resistance, increasing attention has fallen on the mechanisms and effects associated with pathogen infection. This review provides an overview of mosquito innate immune mechanisms in terms of physical and physiological barriers, pattern recognition receptors, signalling pathways, and cellular and humoral immunity, as well as the antipathogenic effects of mosquito symbiotic bacteria. This review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the interaction process between mosquitoes and pathogens and provides a theoretical basis for biological defence strategies against mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjin Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Cejie Lan
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Yuan Shen
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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6
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Janjoter S, Kataria D, Yadav M, Dahiya N, Sehrawat N. Transovarial transmission of mosquito-borne viruses: a systematic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1304938. [PMID: 38235494 PMCID: PMC10791847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1304938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A number of mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), such as dengue virus (DENV), zika virus (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) exert adverse health impacts on the global population. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the prime vectors responsible for the transmission of these viruses. The viruses have acquired a number of routes for successful transmission, including horizontal and vertical transmission. Transovarial transmission is a subset/type of vertical transmission adopted by mosquitoes for the transmission of viruses from females to their offspring through eggs/ovaries. It provides a mechanism for these MBVs to persist and maintain their lineage during adverse climatic conditions of extremely hot and cold temperatures, during the dry season, or in the absence of susceptible vertebrate host when horizontal transmission is not possible. Methods The publications discussed in this systematic review were searched for using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and websites such as those of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, using the search terms "transovarial transmission" and "mosquito-borne viruses" from 16 May 2023 to 20 September 2023. Results A total of 2,391 articles were searched, of which 123 were chosen for full text evaluation, and 60 were then included in the study after screening and removing duplicates. Conclusion The present systematic review focuses on understanding the above diseases, their pathogenesis, epidemiology and host-parasite interactions. The factors affecting transovarial transmission, potential implications, mosquito antiviral defense mechanism, and the control strategies for these mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) are also be included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neelam Sehrawat
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Liu Z, Zhang Q, Li L, He J, Guo J, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xi Z, Yuan F, Li Y, Li T. The effect of temperature on dengue virus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1242173. [PMID: 37808907 PMCID: PMC10552155 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. As an arbovirus disease, it is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. According to the previous studies, temperature is closely related to the survival of Aedes mosquitoes, the proliferation of dengue virus (DENV) and the vector competence of Aedes to transmit DENV. This review describes the correlations between temperature and dengue epidemics, and explores the potential reasons including the distribution and development of Aedes mosquitoes, the structure of DENV, and the vector competence of Aedes mosquitoes. In addition, the immune and metabolic mechanism are discussed on how temperature affects the vector competence of Aedes mosquitoes to transmit DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanzhuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Zhang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liya Li
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junjie He
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinyang Guo
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yige Huang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zimeng Xi
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiji Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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8
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Modahl CM, Chowdhury A, Low DHW, Manuel MC, Missé D, Kini RM, Mendenhall IH, Pompon J. Midgut transcriptomic responses to dengue and chikungunya viruses in the vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11271. [PMID: 37438463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are among the most preponderant arboviruses. Although primarily transmitted through the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis are competent vectors and have an impact on arbovirus epidemiology. Here, to fill the gap in our understanding of the molecular interactions between secondary vectors and arboviruses, we used transcriptomics to profile the whole-genome responses of A. albopictus to CHIKV and of A. malayensis to CHIKV and DENV at 1 and 4 days post-infection (dpi) in midguts. In A. albopictus, 1793 and 339 genes were significantly regulated by CHIKV at 1 and 4 dpi, respectively. In A. malayensis, 943 and 222 genes upon CHIKV infection, and 74 and 69 genes upon DENV infection were significantly regulated at 1 and 4 dpi, respectively. We reported 81 genes that were consistently differentially regulated in all the CHIKV-infected conditions, identifying a CHIKV-induced signature. We identified expressed immune genes in both mosquito species, using a de novo assembled midgut transcriptome for A. malayensis, and described the immune architectures. We found the JNK pathway activated in all conditions, generalizing its antiviral function to Aedines. Our comprehensive study provides insight into arbovirus transmission by multiple Aedes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Modahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Avisha Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Menchie C Manuel
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Sri-In C, Thontiravong A, Bartholomay LC, Wechtaisong W, Thongmeesee K, Riana E, Tiawsirisup S. 34-kDa salivary protein enhances duck Tembusu virus infectivity in the salivary glands of Aedes albopictus by modulating the innate immune response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9098. [PMID: 37277542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an important flavivirus that can be transmitted to poultry via Aedes albopictus bites. Furthermore, humans residing in the DTMUV epidemic area display activated antiviral immune responses to local DTMUV isolates during the pathogenic invasion, thereby raising the primary concern that this flavivirus may be transmitted to humans via mosquito bites. Therefore, we identified the gene AALF004421, which is a homolog of the 34-kDa salivary protein (34 kDa) of Ae. albopictus and studied the salivary protein-mediated enhancement of DTMUV infection in Ae. albopictus salivary glands. We observed that double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of the 34 kDa in mosquito salivary glands demonstrated that the silenced 34 kDa impaired DTMUV infectivity, similar to inhibition through serine protease. This impairment occurred as a consequence of triggering the innate immune response function of a macroglobulin complement-related factor (MCR). 34-kDa in the salivary gland which had similar activity as a serine protease, results in the abrogation of antimicrobial peptides production and strong enhance DTMUV replication and transmission. Although the function of the 34 kDa in Ae. albopictus is currently unknown; in the present study, we showed that it may have a major role in DTMUV infection in mosquito salivary glands through the suppression of the antiviral immune response in the earliest stages of infection. This finding provides the first identification of a prominently expressed 34 kDa protein in Ae. albopictus saliva that could serve as a target for controlling DTMUV replication in mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-In
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wittawat Wechtaisong
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Thongmeesee
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth Riana
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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10
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Zhao P, Rensing C, Wang D. Symbiotic Bacteria Modulate Lymantria dispar Immunity by Altering Community Proportions after Infection with LdMNPV. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9694. [PMID: 37298643 PMCID: PMC10254028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic bacteria-insect interaction is considered to be associated with immunity and drug resistance. However, the wide variety of insect species and habitats is thought to have a significant impact on the symbiotic community, leading to disparate results. Here, we demonstrated that symbiotic bacteria regulated the immune response by changing the proportion of the Gram-positive and the Gram-negative bacterial community in Lymantria dispar (L. dispar) after infection with its viral pathogen, L. dispar Nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). After oral infection, the immune deficiency pathway was activated immediately, and the expression of Relish was up-regulated to promote the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Gram-negative bacterial community increased at the same time. Moreover, the Toll pathway was not regulated in the same way as the Imd pathway was after infection. However, the change in the Toll pathway's expression remained positively correlated to the abundance of Gram-positive bacteria. This finding implied that the ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria in the LdMNPV infected larvae had an effect on the immune response. Our findings revealed that the immune regulation of L. dispar was regulated by the relative abundance of its symbiotic bacteria at different infection times with LdMNPV, which provides a new way to understand symbiotic bacteria-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
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Ahebwa A, Hii J, Neoh KB, Chareonviriyaphap T. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) ecology, biology, behaviour, and implications on arbovirus transmission in Thailand: Review. One Health 2023; 16:100555. [PMID: 37363263 PMCID: PMC10288100 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Aedes) transmit highly pathogenic viruses such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika which can cause life-threatening diseases in humans. They are the most important vectors of arboviruses in Thailand. Their vectorial capacity (VC) is highly complex mainly due to the interplay between biotic and abiotic factors that vary in time and space. A literature survey was conducted to collate and discuss recent research regarding the influence of Aedes vector biology, behaviour, and ecology on arbovirus transmission in Thailand. The survey followed guidelines of preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). All fields, keyword search was conducted in the Web of Science database for the period of 2000-2021. The search yielded 821 records on Ae. aegypti and 293 records on Aedes albopictus, of which 77 were selected for discussion. Genomic studies showed that there is a high genetic variation in Aedes albopictus whereas Ae. aegypti generally shows low genetic variation. Along with genetically unstable arboviruses, the interaction between Aedes and arboviruses is largely regulated by genomic events such as genetic mutations and immune response protein factors. Temperature and precipitation are the major climatic events driving arbovirus transmission. Human exposure risk factors are mainly due to multiple feeding patterns, including endophagy by Aedes albopictus and zoophagic behaviour of Ae. aegypti as well as diverse human-associated breeding sites. Integration of the One Health approach in control interventions is a priority with a rigorous focus on Aedes-arbovirus surveillance as a complementary strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ahebwa
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, North Queensland, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Bergmann S, Bohn MC, Dornbusch S, Becker SC, Stern M. Influence of RVFV Infection on Olfactory Perception and Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040558. [PMID: 37111444 PMCID: PMC10142484 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In blood-feeding dipterans, olfaction plays a role in finding hosts and, hence, in spreading pathogens. Several pathogens are known to alter olfactory responses and behavior in vectors. As a mosquito-borne pathogen, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) can affect humans and cause great losses in livestock. We test the influence of RVFV infection on sensory perception, olfactory choice behavior and activity on a non-biting insect, Drosophila melanogaster, using electroantennograms (EAG), Y-maze, and locomotor activity monitor. Flies were injected with RVFV MP12 strain. Replication of RVFV and its persistence for at least seven days was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR). One day post injection, infected flies showed weaker EAG responses towards 1-hexanol, vinegar, and ethyl acetate. In the Y-maze, infected flies showed a significantly lower response for 1-hexanol compared to uninfected flies. At days six or seven post infection, no significant difference between infected and control flies could be found in EAG or Y-maze anymore. Activity of infected flies was reduced at both time points. We found an upregulation of the immune-response gene, nitric oxide synthase, in infected flies. An infection with RVFV is able to transiently reduce olfactory perception and attraction towards food-related odors in Drosophila, while effects on activity and immune effector gene expression persist. A similar effect in blood-feeding insects could affect vector competence in RVFV transmitting dipterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bergmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maja C. Bohn
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dornbusch
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Stern
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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14
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Almeida LSD, Nishiyama-Jr MY, Pedroso A, Costa-da-Silva AL, Ioshino RS, Capurro ML, Suesdek L. Transcriptome profiling and Calreticulin expression in Zika virus -infected Aedes aegypti. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 107:105390. [PMID: 36473637 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) may cause febrile illness and neurological damage, such as microcephaly in fetuses. ZIKV is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti, a nearly cosmopolitan mosquito. Understanding the virus-vector molecular interactions has been promising to enhance the knowledge towards disease mitigation. Since ZIKV infection alters gene physiology of mosquitoes, we examined the expression profile of ZIKV-infected Ae. aegypti by several approaches to identify genes altered by viral infection. Transcriptomics were performed by comparing between ZIKV-infected and uninfected Ae. aegypti females, which revealed some differentially expressed genes. Most of these genes appear to be involved with immune response as evidenced by an interactome analysis, and a prominent finding was a calreticulin-like (CRT) gene, which was upregulated during the infection. Expression of CRT was also experimentally quantified by qPCR, however, it revealed no significant differences between infected and uninfected females. Instead, expression levels were highly variable among individuals and negatively correlated to viral load. We also tested the possibility of this gene to be silenced, but the double-stranded RNA did not reduce CRT expression, and actually increased the inter-individuals' expressional variability. Present results differed from our original hypothesis of upregulation by infection. They also diverged between them (comparing qPCR to Transcriptomics) and from the literature which reported augmented CRT levels in Aedes species during viral infection. Present case probably underlies a more complex virus-host interaction system than we expected. Regulation of this gene seems not to be a linear correlation between expression and viremy. As infection takes place, a complex homeostatic mechanism may act to prevent expression and other cellular tasks from drifting. It is also possible that CRT expression is simply randomly disturbed by viral infection. Taken together, results show that CRT expression profile during ZIKV infection is complex and requires different investigative approaches to be understood. Studies focused on the biochemical function of CRT protein and on its role in the native mosquito metabolic network could unravel how it is actually influenced by ZIKV. Current work contributes more by getting incidental findings and by posing new hypotheses than by answering the original questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa Silva de Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo ICB/USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Aurélio Pedroso
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - André Luis Costa-da-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo ICB/USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Sayuri Ioshino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo ICB/USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Margareth Lara Capurro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo ICB/USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, Jardim América, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
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15
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Carvalho KS, Rezende TMT, Romão TP, Rezende AM, Chiñas M, Guedes DRD, Paiva-Cavalcanti M, Silva-Filha MHNL. Aedes aegypti Strain Subjected to Long-Term Exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis Larvicides Displays an Altered Transcriptional Response to Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 36680112 PMCID: PMC9866606 DOI: 10.3390/v15010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) larvicides are effective in controlling Aedes aegypti; however, the effects of long-term exposure need to be properly evaluated. We established an Ae. aegypti strain that has been treated with Bti for 30 generations (RecBti) and is still susceptible to Bti, but females exhibited increased susceptibility to Zika virus (ZIKV). This study compared the RecBti strain to a reference strain regarding: first, the relative transcription of selected immune genes in ZIKV-challenged females (F30) with increased susceptibility detected in a previous study; then, the whole transcriptomic profile using unchallenged females (F35). Among the genes compared by RT-qPCR in the ZIKV-infected and uninfected females from RecBti (F30) and the reference strain, hop, domeless, relish 1, defensin A, cecropin D, and gambicin showed a trend of repression in RecBti infected females. The transcriptome of RecBti (F35) unchallenged females, compared with a reference strain by RNA-seq, showed a similar profile and only 59 differentially expressed genes were found among 9202 genes analyzed. Our dataset showed that the long-term Bti exposure of the RecBti strain was associated with an alteration of the expression of genes potentially involved in the response to ZIKV infection in challenged females, which is an important feature found under this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine S. Carvalho
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiany P. Romão
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Antônio M. Rezende
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Center for Genomic Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
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16
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Eliash N, Suenaga M, Mikheyev AS. Vector-virus interaction affects viral loads and co-occurrence. BMC Biol 2022; 20:284. [PMID: 36527054 PMCID: PMC9758805 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne viral diseases threaten human and wildlife worldwide. Vectors are often viewed as a passive syringe injecting the virus. However, to survive, replicate and spread, viruses must manipulate vector biology. While most vector-borne viral research focuses on vectors transmitting a single virus, in reality, vectors often carry diverse viruses. Yet how viruses affect the vectors remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the varroa mite (Varroa destructor), an emergent parasite that can carry over 20 honey bee viruses, and has been responsible for colony collapses worldwide, as well as changes in global viral populations. Co-evolution of the varroa and the viral community makes it possible to investigate whether viruses affect vector gene expression and whether these interactions affect viral epidemiology. RESULTS Using a large set of available varroa transcriptomes, we identified how abundances of individual viruses affect the vector's transcriptional network. We found no evidence of competition between viruses, but rather that some virus abundances are positively correlated. Furthermore, viruses that are found together interact with the vector's gene co-expression modules in similar ways, suggesting that interactions with the vector affect viral epidemiology. We experimentally validated this observation by silencing candidate genes using RNAi and found that the reduction in varroa gene expression was accompanied by a change in viral load. CONCLUSIONS Combined, the meta-transcriptomic analysis and experimental results shed light on the mechanism by which viruses interact with each other and with their vector to shape the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Eliash
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Katzrin, Israel ,grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Miyuki Suenaga
- grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan ,grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600 Australia
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17
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Saucereau Y, Wilson TH, Tang MCK, Moncrieffe MC, Hardwick SW, Chirgadze DY, Soares SG, Marcaida MJ, Gay NJ, Gangloff M. Structure and dynamics of Toll immunoreceptor activation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5110. [PMID: 36042238 PMCID: PMC9427763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti has evolved to become an efficient vector for arboviruses but the mechanisms of host-pathogen tolerance are unknown. Immunoreceptor Toll and its ligand Spaetzle have undergone duplication which may allow neofunctionalization and adaptation. Here we present cryo-EM structures and biophysical characterisation of low affinity Toll5A complexes that display transient but specific interactions with Spaetzle1C, forming asymmetric complexes, with only one ligand clearly resolved. Loop structures of Spaetzle1C and Toll5A intercalate, temporarily bridging the receptor C-termini to promote signalling. By contrast unbound receptors form head-to-head homodimers that keep the juxtamembrane regions far apart in an inactive conformation. Interestingly the transcriptional signature of Spaetzle1C differs from other Spaetzle cytokines and controls genes involved in innate immunity, metabolism and tissue regeneration. Taken together our results explain how upregulation of Spaetzle1C in the midgut and Toll5A in the salivary gland shape the concomitant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Saucereau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Thomas H Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Matthew C K Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Martin C Moncrieffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Steven W Hardwick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Dimitri Y Chirgadze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Sandro G Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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18
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Amorim-Carmo B, Parente AMS, Souza ES, Silva-Junior AA, Araújo RM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Antimicrobial Peptide Analogs From Scorpions: Modifications and Structure-Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887763. [PMID: 35712354 PMCID: PMC9197468 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of multidrug-resistant pathogens against conventional antibiotics is a global public health problem. The irrational use of antibiotics has promoted therapeutic limitations against different infections, making research of new molecules that can be applied to treat infections necessary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of promising antibiotic molecules as they present broad action spectrum, potent activity, and do not easily induce resistance. Several AMPs from scorpion venoms have been described as a potential source for the development of new drugs; however, some limitations to their application are also observed. Here, we describe strategies used in several approaches to optimize scorpion AMPs, addressing their primary sequence, biotechnological potential, and characteristics that should be considered when developing an AMP derived from scorpion venoms. In addition, this review may contribute towards improving the understanding of rationally designing new molecules, targeting functional AMPs that may have a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amorim-Carmo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Adriana M. S. Parente
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eden S. Souza
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnóbio A. Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Renata M. Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
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19
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Cheung YP, Park S, Pagtalunan J, Maringer K. The antiviral role of NF-κB-mediated immune responses and their antagonism by viruses in insects. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35510990 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral role of innate immune responses mediated by the NF-κB family of transcription factors is well established in vertebrates but was for a long time less clear in insects. Insects encode two canonical NF-κB pathways, the Toll and Imd ('immunodeficiency') pathways, which are best characterised for their role in antibacterial and antifungal defence. An increasing body of evidence has also implicated NF-κB-mediated innate immunity in antiviral responses against some, but not all, viruses. Specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and molecular events leading to NF-κB activation by viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) have been elucidated for a number of viruses and insect species. Particularly interesting are recent findings indicating that the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway detects viral RNA to activate NF-κB-regulated gene expression. We summarise the literature on virus-NF-κB pathway interactions across the class Insecta, with a focus on the dipterans Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti. We discuss potential reasons for differences observed between different virus-host combinations, and highlight similarities and differences between cGAS-STING signalling in insects versus vertebrates. Finally, we summarise the increasing number of known molecular mechanisms by which viruses antagonise NF-κB responses, which suggest that NF-κB-mediated immunity exerts strong evolutionary pressures on viruses. These developments in our understanding of insect antiviral immunity have relevance to the large number of insect species that impact on humans through their transmission of human, livestock and plant diseases, exploitation as biotechnology platforms, and role as parasites, pollinators, livestock and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin P Cheung
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sohyun Park
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Justine Pagtalunan
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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20
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Abduljalil JM, Abd Al Galil FM. Molecular pathogenesis of dengue virus infection in Aedes mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 138:104367. [PMID: 35131236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are implicated in the transmission of several viruses, including Dengue virus (DENV) to millions of people worldwide. The global expansion of Aedes mosquitos'habitats creates a desperate need for control mechanisms with minimum negative effects. Deciphering the molecular interactions between DENV and its vector is a promising field to develop such efficient control strategies. As soon as the viremic blood is ingested by the mosquito, DENV is encountered by different innate immunity responses. During the past three decades, different pathways of innate immunity have been identified in Aedes spp. Recognition of viral molecular patterns, including viral RNA, and vector attempts to resist DENV infection are the most important defense mechanisms. Crosstalk between innate immune pathways and redundancy of anti-DENV responses become more evident as research progresses. The viral evasion and repression of vector immune response are increasingly being discovered. Such viral strategies are potential targets to be disrupted in order to limit DENV infection and spread. Vector-related non-immune factors such as gut microbiota can also be tapped for efficient control of DENV infection in Aedes mosquito's populations without affecting their fitness. Current trends in controlling DENV in its vector are exploring the potentials of using genetically engineered mosquitoes via RNA-based systems to degrade DENV genome once released into the midgut cells cytoplasm at the early phase of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Abduljalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, B.O. Box: 87246, Yemen.
| | - Fahd M Abd Al Galil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, B.O. Box: 87246, Yemen; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bisha, B.O. Box: 551, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Sri-In C, Thontiravong A, Bartholomay LC, Tiawsirisup S. Effects of Aedes aegypti salivary protein on duck Tembusu virus replication and transmission in salivary glands. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106310. [PMID: 35032469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects many poultry species, including ducks, chickens, and geese. Aedes aegypti mosquito is an important vector of DTMUV. This study sought to determine whether any individual Ae. aegypti salivary protein modulated DTMUV replication in the mosquito salivary gland. Ae. aegypti salivary gland protein of 34 kDa (AaSG34) was found to be expressed explicitly in mosquito salivary glands and was upregulated following DTMUV infection. Thus, AaSG34 was silenced in mosquitoes via RNA interference using double strand RNA (dsRNA), and the mosquitoes were then infected with DTMUV to elucidate their effects on DTMUV replication and transmission. Transcripts of the DTMUV genome in salivary glands and virus titer in saliva were significantly diminished when AaSG34 was silenced, indicating that its presence enhances DTMUV replication in the salivary glands and DTMUV dissemination to saliva. Furthermore, the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was upregulated upon AaSG34 silenced. Our results demonstrate that AaSG34 may play a vital role in the suppression of antiviral immune responses to enhance DTMUV replication and transmission. We thus provide new information on the effect of the AaSG34 salivary protein on DTMUV replication in Ae. aegypti as the mechanism of blocking virus transmission to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-In
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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22
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Islam MT, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sarkar C, Sharma R, Garg N, Fredes LI, Martorell M, Alshehri MM, Sharifi-Rad J, Daştan SD, Calina D, Alsafi R, Alghamdi S, Batiha GES, Cruz-Martins N. Production, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Control of Dengue Virus: A Literature-Based Undivided Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4224816. [PMID: 34957305 PMCID: PMC8694986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4224816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue remains one of the most serious and widespread mosquito-borne viral infections in human beings, with serious health problems or even death. About 50 to 100 million people are newly infected annually, with almost 2.5 billion people living at risk and resulting in 20,000 deaths. Dengue virus infection is especially transmitted through bites of Aedes mosquitos, hugely spread in tropical and subtropical environments, mostly found in urban and semiurban areas. Unfortunately, there is no particular therapeutic approach, but prevention, adequate consciousness, detection at earlier stage of viral infection, and appropriate medical care can lower the fatality rates. This review offers a comprehensive view of production, transmission, pathogenesis, and control measures of the dengue virus and its vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Radi Alsafi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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23
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Chowdhury A, Modahl CM, Missé D, Kini RM, Pompon J. High resolution proteomics of Aedes aegypti salivary glands infected with either dengue, Zika or chikungunya viruses identify new virus specific and broad antiviral factors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23696. [PMID: 34880409 PMCID: PMC8654903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses infect close to half a billion people per year, and are primarily transmitted through Aedes aegypti bites. Infection-induced changes in mosquito salivary glands (SG) influence transmission by inducing antiviral immunity, which restricts virus replication in the vector, and by altering saliva composition, which influences skin infection. Here, we profiled SG proteome responses to DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), ZIKV and CHIKV infections by using high-resolution isobaric-tagged quantitative proteomics. We identified 218 proteins with putative functions in immunity, blood-feeding or related to the cellular machinery. We observed that 58, 27 and 29 proteins were regulated by DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections, respectively. While the regulation patterns were mostly virus-specific, we separately depleted four uncharacterized proteins that were upregulated by all three viral infections to determine their effects on these viral infections. Our study suggests that gamma-interferon responsive lysosomal thiol-like (GILT-like) has an anti-ZIKV effect, adenosine deaminase (ADA) has an anti-CHIKV effect, salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) has a pro-ZIKV effect and salivary gland broad-spectrum antiviral protein (SGBAP) has an antiviral effect against all three viruses. The comprehensive description of SG responses to three global pathogenic viruses and the identification of new restriction factors improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisha Chowdhury
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Present Address: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cassandra M. Modahl
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Present Address: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dorothée Missé
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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24
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Siriphanitchakorn T, Kini RM, Ooi EE, Choy MM. Revisiting dengue virus-mosquito interactions: molecular insights into viral fitness. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34845981 PMCID: PMC8742994 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), like other viruses, closely interacts with the host cell machinery to complete its life cycle. Over the course of infection, DENV interacts with several host factors with pro-viral activities to support its infection. Meanwhile, it has to evade or counteract host factors with anti-viral activities which inhibit its infection. These molecular virus-host interactions play a crucial role in determining the success of DENV infection. Deciphering such interactions is thus paramount to understanding viral fitness in its natural hosts. While DENV-mammalian host interactions have been extensively studied, not much has been done to characterize DENV-mosquito host interactions despite its importance in controlling DENV transmission. Here, to provide a snapshot of our current understanding of DENV-mosquito interactions, we review the literature that identified host factors and cellular processes related to DENV infection in its mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, with a particular focus on DENV-mosquito omics studies. This knowledge provides fundamental insights into the DENV life cycle, and could contribute to the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanamas Siriphanitchakorn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117558 Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117558 Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549 Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milly M Choy
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Kumar V, Garg S, Gupta L, Gupta K, Diagne CT, Missé D, Pompon J, Kumar S, Saxena V. Delineating the Role of Aedes aegypti ABC Transporter Gene Family during Mosquito Development and Arboviral Infection via Transcriptome Analyses. Pathogens 2021; 10:1127. [PMID: 34578158 PMCID: PMC8470938 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti acts as a vector for several arboviral diseases that impose a major socio-economic burden. Moreover, the absence of a vaccine against these diseases and drug resistance in mosquitoes necessitates the development of new control strategies for vector-borne diseases. ABC transporters that play a vital role in immunity and other cellular processes in different organisms may act as non-canonical immune molecules against arboviruses, however, their role in mosquito immunity remains unexplored. This study comprehensively analyzed various genetic features of putative ABC transporters and classified them into A-H subfamilies based on their evolutionary relationships. Existing RNA-sequencing data analysis indicated higher expression of cytosolic ABC transporter genes (E & F Subfamily) throughout the mosquito development, while members of other subfamilies exhibited tissue and time-specific expression. Furthermore, comparative gene expression analysis from the microarray dataset of mosquito infected with dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses revealed 31 commonly expressed ABC transporters suggesting a potentially conserved transcriptomic signature of arboviral infection. Among these, only a few transporters of ABCA, ABCC and ABCF subfamily were upregulated, while most were downregulated. This indicates the possible involvement of ABC transporters in mosquito immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Shilpi Garg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India or
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, 470 Cancer Research Building-II, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (C.T.D.); (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India or (V.K.); (S.G.)
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26
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Su Y, Lin T, Liu C, Cheng C, Han X, Jiang X. microRNAs, the Link Between Dengue Virus and the Host Genome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714409. [PMID: 34456895 PMCID: PMC8385664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a small envelope virus of Flaviviridae that is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can cause dengue fever with mild clinical symptoms or even life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). At present, there are no specific drugs or mature vaccine products to treat DENV. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of important non-coding small molecular RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It is involved in and regulates a series of important life processes, such as growth and development, cell differentiation, cell apoptosis, anti-virus, and anti-tumor. miRNAs also play important roles in interactions between host and viral genome transcriptomes. Host miRNAs can directly target the genome of the virus or regulate host factors to promote or inhibit virus replication. Understanding the expression and function of miRNAs during infection with DENV and the related signal molecules of the miRNA-mediated regulatory network will provide new insights for the development of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Chun Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Cui Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiwen Jiang
- DAAN Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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27
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Rosendo Machado S, van der Most T, Miesen P. Genetic determinants of antiviral immunity in dipteran insects - Compiling the experimental evidence. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104010. [PMID: 33476667 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of antiviral immunity in dipteran insects is extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster and advanced technologies for genetic manipulation allow a better characterization of immune responses also in non-model insect species. Especially, immunity in vector mosquitoes is recently in the spotlight, due to the medical impact that these insects have by transmitting viruses and other pathogens. Here, we review the current state of experimental evidence that supports antiviral functions for immune genes acting in different cellular pathways. We discuss the well-characterized RNA interference mechanism along with the less well-defined JAK-STAT, Toll, and IMD signaling pathways. Furthermore, we highlight the initial evidence for antiviral activity observed for the autophagy pathway, transcriptional pausing, as well as piRNA production from endogenous viral elements. We focus our review on studies from Drosophila and mosquito species from the lineages Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles, which contain major vector species responsible for virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Rosendo Machado
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Most
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae) is a devastating virus transmitted to humans by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The interaction of the virus with the mosquito vector is poorly known. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated interruption or activation of immunity-related genes in the Toll, IMD, JAK-STAT, and short interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways did not affect ZIKV infection in A. aegypti. Transcriptome-based analysis indicated that most immunity-related genes were upregulated in response to ZIKV infection, including leucine-rich immune protein (LRIM) genes. Further, there was a significant increment in the ZIKV load in LRIM9-, LRIM10A-, and LIRM10B-silenced A. aegypti, suggesting their function in modulating viral infection. Further, gene function enrichment analysis revealed that viral infection increased global ribosomal activity. Silencing of RpL23 and RpL27, two ribosomal large subunit genes, increased mosquito resistance to ZIKV infection. In vitro fat body culture assay revealed that the expression of RpL23 and RpL27 was responsive to the Juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathway. These two genes were transcriptionally regulated by JH and its receptor methoprene-tolerant (Met) complex. Silencing of Met also inhibited ZIKV infection in A. aegypti. This suggests that ZIKV enhances ribosomal activity through JH regulation to promote infection in mosquitoes. Together, these data reveal A. aegypti immune responses to ZIKV and suggest a control strategy that reduces ZIKV transmission by modulating host factors. IMPORTANCE Most flaviviruses are transmitted between hosts by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes. Since therapeutics or vaccines are lacking for most mosquito-borne diseases, reducing the mosquito vector competence is an effective way to decrease disease burden. We used high-throughput sequencing technology to study the interaction between mosquito Aedes aegypti and ZIKV. Leucine-rich immune protein (LRIM) genes were involved in the defense in response to viral infection. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of RpL23 and RpL27, two JH-regulated ribosomal large subunit genes, suppressed ZIKV infection in A. aegypti. These results suggest a novel control strategy that could block the transmission of ZIKV.
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29
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Complex Roles of Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061324. [PMID: 34073501 PMCID: PMC8227388 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are known to cause large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. However, the underlying mechanisms through which neutrophils control the progression of inflammation and disease remain to be fully understood. In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. We discuss the complex nature of neutrophils in mediating not only protection, but also augmenting disease pathology. Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics.
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30
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Gabrieli P, Caccia S, Varotto-Boccazzi I, Arnoldi I, Barbieri G, Comandatore F, Epis S. Mosquito Trilogy: Microbiota, Immunity and Pathogens, and Their Implications for the Control of Disease Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630438. [PMID: 33889137 PMCID: PMC8056039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mosquitoes, the interaction between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the pathogens that these insects transmit to humans and animals is regarded as a key component toward the development of control strategies, aimed at reducing the burden of severe diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever. Indeed, different microorganisms from the mosquito microbiota have been investigated for their ability to affect important traits of the biology of the host insect, related with its survival, development and reproduction. Furthermore, some microorganisms have been shown to modulate the immune response of mosquito females, significantly shaping their vector competence. Here, we will review current knowledge in this field, focusing on i) the complex interaction between the intestinal microbiota and mosquito females defenses, both in the gut and at humoral level; ii) how knowledge on these issues contributes to the development of novel and targeted strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases such as the use of paratransgenesis or taking advantage of the relationship between Wolbachia and mosquito hosts. We conclude by providing a brief overview of available knowledge on microbiota-immune system interplay in major insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Arnoldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Wei Y, Wang J, Wei YH, Song Z, Hu K, Chen Y, Zhou G, Zhong D, Zheng X. Vector Competence for DENV-2 Among Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649975. [PMID: 33834007 PMCID: PMC8021855 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is a vector of over 20 arboviruses that has spread throughout the world, mainly in the second half of the twentieth century. Approximately 50–100 million people are infected with dengue virus (DENV) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes each year, leading to heavy economic burdens for both governments and individuals, among countless other negative consequences. Understanding the vector competence of vector species is critical for effectively preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases. Accordingly, in this study, vector competence was evaluated by quantitative analysis of DENV-2 loads in mosquito tissues (midguts, heads, and salivary glands) and whole mosquitoes through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Wolbachia and the expression of immune-associated genes (Rel1, Rel2, Dicer2, and STAT) in mosquitoes were also detected by RT-qPCR to explore their impact on vector competence. The amount of DENV-2 in the mosquito midguts, heads, and salivary glands from southern-western China were found to be lower than those from eastern-central-northern China. The DENV-2 loads in whole mosquitoes showed a negative correlation with Rel1 gene (r = -0.285, P = 0.011) and STAT gene expression levels (r = -0.289, P = 0.009). In terms of Wolbachia strains, the density of the wAlbB strain was found to be significantly higher than that of the wAlbA strain in the eight Ae. albopictus populations, and the relative density of the wAlbB strain in mosquitoes from southern-western China was higher than those from eastern-central-northern China. The relative density of the wAlbB strain showed a negative correlation with the mean loads of DENV-2 in the heads (r = -0.729, P = 0.040), salivary glands (r = -0.785, P = 0.021), and whole mosquitoes (r = -0.909, P = 0.002). Thus, there are lower DENV-2 loads in the mosquitoes from southern-western China, which may be related to the innate immunity of mosquitoes as affected by Rel1 in the Toll pathway, STAT in the JAK-STAT pathway, and the relative density of the wAlbB strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiatian Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Wei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangyao Song
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Inhibition of defensin A and cecropin A responses to dengue virus 1 infection in Aedes aegypti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:161-167. [PMID: 33761199 PMCID: PMC8055593 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction It is essential to determine the interactions between viruses and mosquitoes to diminish dengue viral transmission. These interactions constitute a very complex system of highly regulated pathways known as the innate immune system of the mosquito, which produces antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules against bacterial and fungal infections. There is less information about such effects on virus infections. Objective To determine the expression of two antimicrobial peptide genes, defensin A and cecropin A, in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with DENV-1. Materials and methods We used the F1 generation of mosquitoes orally infected with DENV-1 and real-time PCR analysis to determine whether the defensin A and cecropin A genes played a role in controlling DENV-1 replication in Ae. aegypti. As a reference, we conducted similar experiments with the bacteria Escherichia coli. Results Basal levels of defensin A and cecropin A mRNA were expressed in uninfected mosquitoes at different times post-blood feeding. The infected mosquitoes experienced reduced expression of these mRNA by at least eightfold when compared to uninfected control mosquitoes at all times post-infection. In contrast with the behavior of DENV-1, results showed that bacterial infection produced up-regulation of defensin and cecropin genes; however, the induction of transcripts occurred at later times (15 days). Conclusion: DENV-1 virus inhibited the expression of defensin A and cecropin A genes in a wild Ae. aegypti population from Venezuela.
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33
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Tikhe CV, Dimopoulos G. Mosquito antiviral immune pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103964. [PMID: 33301792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of a large number of viral pathogens. In recent years, increased urbanization and climate change has expanded the range of many vector mosquitoes. The lack of effective medical interventions has made the control of mosquito-borne viral diseases very difficult. Understanding the interactions between the mosquito immune system and viruses is critical if we are to develop effective control strategies against these diseases. Mosquitoes harbor multiple conserved immune pathways that curb invading viral pathogens. Despite the conservation of these pathways, the activation and intensity of the mosquito immune response varies with the mosquito species, tissue, and the infecting virus. This article reviews major conserved antiviral immune pathways in vector mosquitoes, their interactions with invading viral pathogens, and how these interactions restrict or promote infection of these medically important viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay V Tikhe
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, United States.
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, United States.
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34
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Wang F. Sending Out Alarms: A Perspective on Intercellular Communications in Insect Antiviral Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613729. [PMID: 33708207 PMCID: PMC7940532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection triggers insect immune response, including RNA interference, apoptosis and autophagy, and profoundly changes the gene expression profiles in infected cells. Although intracellular degradation is crucial for restricting viral infection, intercellular communication is required to mount a robust systemic immune response. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the intercellular communications in insect antiviral immunity, including protein-based and virus-derived RNA based cell-cell communications, with emphasis on the signaling pathway that induces the production of the potential cytokines. The prospects and challenges of future work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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35
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Russell TA, Ayaz A, Davidson AD, Fernandez-Sesma A, Maringer K. Imd pathway-specific immune assays reveal NF-κB stimulation by viral RNA PAMPs in Aedes aegypti Aag2 cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008524. [PMID: 33591970 PMCID: PMC7909628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector for the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Vector immune responses pose a major barrier to arboviral transmission, and transgenic insects with altered immunity have been proposed as tools for reducing the global public health impact of arboviral diseases. However, a better understanding of virus-immune interactions is needed to progress the development of such transgenic insects. Although the NF-κB-regulated Toll and 'immunodeficiency' (Imd) pathways are increasingly thought to be antiviral, relevant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) remain poorly characterised in A. aegypti. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We developed novel RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays to measure induction of the Toll and Imd pathways in the commonly used A. aegypti-derived Aag2 cell line. We thus determined that the Toll pathway is not inducible by exogenous stimulation with bacterial, viral or fungal stimuli in Aag2 cells under our experimental conditions. We used our Imd pathway-specific assays to demonstrate that the viral dsRNA mimic poly(I:C) is sensed by the Imd pathway, likely through intracellular and extracellular PRRs. The Imd pathway was also induced during infection with the model insect-specific virus cricket paralysis virus (CrPV). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our demonstration that a general PAMP shared by many arboviruses is sensed by the Imd pathway paves the way for future studies to determine how viral RNA is sensed by mosquito PRRs at a molecular level. Our data also suggest that studies measuring inducible immune pathway activation through antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression in Aag2 cells should be interpreted cautiously given that the Toll pathway is not responsive under all experimental conditions. With no antiviral therapies and few effective vaccines available to treat arboviral diseases, our findings provide new insights relevant to the development of transgenic mosquitoes as a means of reducing arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andalus Ayaz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Núñez AI, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Brustolin M, Talavera S, Berdugo M, Dabad M, Alioto T, Bensaid A, Busquets N. Alteration in the Culex pipiens transcriptome reveals diverse mechanisms of the mosquito immune system implicated upon Rift Valley fever phlebovirus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008870. [PMID: 33301456 PMCID: PMC7755283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes an emerging zoonotic disease and is mainly transmitted by Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. While Aedes aegypti-dengue virus (DENV) is the most studied model, less is known about the genes involved in infection-responses in other mosquito-arboviruses pairing. The main objective was to investigate the molecular responses of Cx. pipiens to RVFV exposure focusing mainly on genes implicated in innate immune responses. Mosquitoes were fed with blood spiked with RVFV. The fully-engorged females were pooled at 3 different time points: 2 hours post-exposure (hpe), 3- and 14-days post-exposure (dpe). Pools of mosquitoes fed with non-infected blood were also collected for comparisons. Total RNA from each mosquito pool was subjected to RNA-seq analysis and a de novo transcriptome was constructed. A total of 451 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Most of the transcriptomic alterations were found at an early infection stage after RVFV exposure. Forty-eight DEG related to immune infection-response were characterized. Most of them were related with the RNAi system, Toll and IMD pathways, ubiquitination pathway and apoptosis. Our findings provide for the first time a comprehensive view on Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions at the molecular level. The early depletion of RNAi pathway genes at the onset of the RVFV infection would allow viral replication in mosquitoes. While genes from the Toll and IMD immune pathways were altered in response to RVFV none of the DEG were related to the JAK/STAT pathway. The fact that most of the DEG involved in the Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) or apoptosis were found at an early stage of infection would suggest that apoptosis plays a regulatory role in infected Cx. pipiens midguts. This study provides a number of target genes that could be used to identify new molecular targets for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Brustolin
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto de Biología Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu i Fabra-CSIC, Dr. Aigüader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu i Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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A bioinformatic study of antimicrobial peptides identified in the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16875. [PMID: 33037295 PMCID: PMC7547115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a key role in the innate immunity, the first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMPs are small molecules, ranging from 10 to 100 amino acid residues produced by all living organisms. Because of their wide biodiversity, insects are among the richest and most innovative sources for AMPs. In particular, the insect Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) shows an extraordinary ability to live in hostile environments, as it feeds on decaying substrates, which are rich in microbial colonies, and is one of the most promising sources for AMPs. The larvae and the combined adult male and female H. illucens transcriptomes were examined, and all the sequences, putatively encoding AMPs, were analysed with different machine learning-algorithms, such as the Support Vector Machine, the Discriminant Analysis, the Artificial Neural Network, and the Random Forest available on the CAMP database, in order to predict their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the iACP tool, the AVPpred, and the Antifp servers were used to predict the anticancer, the antiviral, and the antifungal activities, respectively. The related physicochemical properties were evaluated with the Antimicrobial Peptide Database Calculator and Predictor. These analyses allowed to identify 57 putatively active peptides suitable for subsequent experimental validation studies.
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38
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Chowdhury A, Modahl CM, Tan ST, Wong Wei Xiang B, Missé D, Vial T, Kini RM, Pompon JF. JNK pathway restricts DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infection by activating complement and apoptosis in mosquito salivary glands. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008754. [PMID: 32776975 PMCID: PMC7444518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbovirus infection of Aedes aegypti salivary glands (SGs) determines transmission. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on SG immunity. Here, we characterized SG immune response to dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses using high-throughput transcriptomics. We also describe a transcriptomic response associated to apoptosis, blood-feeding and lipid metabolism. The three viruses differentially regulate components of Toll, Immune deficiency (IMD) and c-Jun N- terminal Kinase (JNK) pathways. However, silencing of the Toll and IMD pathway components showed variable effects on SG infection by each virus. In contrast, regulation of the JNK pathway produced consistent responses in both SGs and midgut. Infection by the three viruses increased with depletion of the activator Kayak and decreased with depletion of the negative regulator Puckered. Virus-induced JNK pathway regulates the complement factor, Thioester containing protein-20 (TEP20), and the apoptosis activator, Dronc, in SGs. Individual and co-silencing of these genes demonstrate their antiviral effects and that both may function together. Co-silencing either TEP20 or Dronc with Puckered annihilates JNK pathway antiviral effect. Upon infection in SGs, TEP20 induces antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), while Dronc is required for apoptosis independently of TEP20. In conclusion, we revealed the broad antiviral function of JNK pathway in SGs and showed that it is mediated by a TEP20 complement and Dronc-induced apoptosis response. These results expand our understanding of the immune arsenal that blocks arbovirus transmission. Arboviral diseases caused by dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are responsible for large number of death and debilitation around the world. These viruses are transmitted to humans by the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. During the bites, infected salivary glands (SGs) release saliva containing viruses, which initiate human infection. As the tissue where transmitted viruses are produced, SG infection is a key determinant of transmission. To bridge the knowledge gap in vector-virus molecular interactions in SGs, we describe the transcriptome after DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV infection using RNA-sequencing and characterized the immune response in this tissue. Our study reveals the broad antiviral function of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway against DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV in SGs. We further show that it is mediated by the complement system and apoptosis, identifying the mechanism. Our study adds the JNK pathway to the immune arsenal that can be harnessed to engineer refractory vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisha Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cassandra M. Modahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siok Thing Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Vial
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (RMK); (JFP)
| | - Julien Francis Pompon
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (RMK); (JFP)
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Ross River Virus Provokes Differentially Expressed MicroRNA and RNA Interference Responses in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070695. [PMID: 32605094 PMCID: PMC7412335 DOI: 10.3390/v12070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are globally distributed and predominately transmitted by mosquitoes. Aedes species are common vectors for the clinically important alphaviruses-Chikungunya, Sindbis, and Ross River (RRV) viruses-with Aedes aegypti also being a vector for the flaviviruses dengue, Yellow Fever, and Zika viruses. Ae. aegypti was putatively implicated in the large 1979-1980 South Pacific Islands outbreak of RRV-the leading cause of arboviral disease in Australia today. The RNA interference (RNAi) defense response in mosquitoes involves a number of small RNAs, with their kinetics induced by alphaviruses being poorly understood, particularly at the tissue level. We compared the small RNA profiles between RRV-infected and noninfected Ae. aegypti midgut and fat body tissues at 2, 6, and 12 days post-inoculation (dpi). RRV induced an incremental RNAi response, yielding short interfering and P-element-induced-wimpy-testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs. Fourteen host microRNAs were differentially expressed due to RRV with the majority in the fat body at 2 dpi. The largely congruent pattern of microRNA regulation with previous reports for alphaviruses and divergence from those for flaviviruses suggests a degree of conservation, whereas patterns of microRNA expression unique to this study provide novel insights into the tissuespecific hostvirus attributes of Ae. aegypti responses to this previously unexplored oldworld alphavirus.
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40
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Avila-Bonilla RG, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Marchat LA, Pérez-Ishiwara DG, Cerecedo-Mercado DA, Del Ángel RM, Salas-Benito JS. miR-927 has pro-viral effects during acute and persistent infection with dengue virus type 2 in C6/36 mosquito cells. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:825-839. [PMID: 32478656 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an important flavivirus that is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, where it can establish a persistent infection underlying vertical and horizontal transmission. However, the exact mechanism of persistent DENV infection is not well understood. Recently miR-927 was found to be upregulated in C6/36-HT cells at 57 weeks of persistent infection (C6-L57), suggesting its participation during this type of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the role of miR-927 during infection with DENV type 2. The results indicate an overexpression of miR-927 in C6-L57 cells and acutely infected cells according to the time of infection and the m.o.i. used. The downregulation of miR-927 in C6-L57 cells results in a reduction of both viral titre and viral genome copy number. The overexpression of miR-927 in C6-L40 and C6/36 cells infected at an m.o.i. of 0.1 causes an increase in both viral titre and viral genome copy number, suggesting a pro-viral activity of miR-927. In silico prediction analysis reveals target mRNAs for miR-927 are implicated in post-translational modifications (SUMO), translation factors (eIF-2B), the innate immune system (NKIRAS), exocytosis (EXOC-2), endocytosis (APM1) and the cytoskeleton (FLN). The expression levels of FLN were the most affected by both miR-927 overexpression and inhibition, and FLN was determined to be a direct target of miR-927 by a dual-luciferase gene reporter assay. FLN has been associated with the regulation of the Toll pathway and either overexpression or downregulation of miR-927 resulted in expression changes of antimicrobial peptides (Cecropins A and G, and Defensin D) involved in the Toll pathway response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Martha Yocupicio-Monroy
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, San Lorenzo 290, Del Valle, Mexico City CP 03100, Mexico
| | - Laurence A Marchat
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico
| | - David Guillermo Pérez-Ishiwara
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Doris Atenea Cerecedo-Mercado
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Juan Santiago Salas-Benito
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 249, La Escalera-Ticomán, Mexico City CP 07320, Mexico
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41
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Drosophila melanogaster as a model for arbovirus infection of adult salivary glands. Virology 2020; 543:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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King JG. Developmental and comparative perspectives on mosquito immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103458. [PMID: 31377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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43
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Castillo-Méndez M, Valverde-Garduño V. Aedes aegypti Immune Response and Its Potential Impact on Dengue Virus Transmission. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:38-47. [PMID: 31738698 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) transmission to human populations requires infection of vector mosquitoes as an essential component of the transmission process. DENV transmission leads to infections that range from asymptomatic to life-threatening pathologies, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of DENV, and its vector competence consists of the intrinsic factors, genes, molecules, and pathways that allow infection, replication, and dissemination of this virus throughout the cells of mosquito tissues. In the search for mosquito molecular targets to block DENV transmission, the effect of DENV infection on mosquitoes has been an important focus of research. In this study, we review the findings of research on the effect of DENV infection on mosquito tissue cells and the immunity pathways and molecules that are involved in this infection. We emphasize the relevance of recent findings to understand the relationship between Ae. aegypti immune response, vector competence, and DENV transmission to human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castillo-Méndez
- Departamento de Infección e Inmunidad, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.,Escuela de Salud Pública de México, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Verónica Valverde-Garduño
- Departamento de Infección e Inmunidad, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.,Escuela de Salud Pública de México, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
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44
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Sri-In C, Weng SC, Chen WY, Wu-Hsieh BA, Tu WC, Shiao SH. A salivary protein of Aedes aegypti promotes dengue-2 virus replication and transmission. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 111:103181. [PMID: 31265906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans, no effective medication or vaccine is presently available. Previous studies suggested that mosquito salivary proteins influence infection by the dengue virus (DENV) in the mammalian host. However, the effects of salivary proteins on DENV replication within the Aedes aegypti mosquito remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of a specific salivary protein (named AaSG34) on DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) replication and transmission. We showed that transcripts of AaSG34 were upregulated in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes after a meal of blood infected with DENV2. Transcripts of the dengue viral genome and envelop protein in the salivary glands were significantly diminished after an infectious blood meal when AaSG34 was silenced. The effect of AaSG34 on DENV2 transmission was investigated in Stat1-deficient mice. The intradermal inoculation of infectious mosquito saliva induced hemorrhaging in the Stat1-deficient mice; however, saliva from the AaSG34-silenced mosquitoes did not induce hemorrhaging, suggesting that AaSG34 enhances DENV2 transmission. This is the first report to demonstrate that the protein AaSG34 promotes DENV2 replication in mosquito salivary glands and enhances the transmission of the virus to the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-In
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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45
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The Mosquito Immune System and the Life of Dengue Virus: What We Know and Do Not Know. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020077. [PMID: 31200426 PMCID: PMC6631187 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are largely transmitted to humans by their arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks. The dengue virus (DENV) is one of the members of the family Flaviviridae and is the causative agent of dengue fever. In the mosquito vector, DENV enters through viremic blood meal and replicates in the mid-gut. Newly formed virion particles circulate to various mosquito organs and get transmitted to the next host in subsequent bites. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus have intricate immune control to allow DENV production at a sub-pathogenic level. In the mosquito, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and RNA inference (RNAi) are the two main antiviral strategies used against DENV. Apart from innate immunity, mosquito resident microbes play a significant role in modulating DENV replication. In this review, we discuss different immune mechanisms and preventive strategies that act against DENV in two of its vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
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Limthongkul J, Mapratiep N, Apichirapokey S, Suksatu A, Midoeng P, Ubol S. Insect anionic septapeptides suppress DENV replication by activating antiviral cytokines and miRNAs in primary human monocytes. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:1-8. [PMID: 31075349 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) have threatened 2/3 of the world population for decades. Thus, combating DENV infection with either antiviral therapy or protective vaccination is an urgent goal. In the present study, we investigated the anti-DENV activity of insect cell-derived anionic septapeptides from C6/36 mosquito cell cultures persistently infected with DENV. These molecules were previously shown to protect C6/36 and Vero cells against DENV infection. We found that treatment with these septapeptides strongly and rapidly downregulated the multiplication of DENV-1 16007, DENV-3 16562, and DENV-4 1036 but not that of DENV-2 16681 in primary human monocytes. This inhibitory effect was likely mediated through various routes including the increased production of antiviral cytokines (IFN-I), activation of mononuclear cell migration, and upregulation of the expression of antiviral miRNAs (has-miR-30e*, has-miR-133a, and has-miR-223) and inflammation-related miRNAs (has-miR-146a and has-miR-147). In conclusion, anionic septapeptides exerted anti-DENV activity in human monocytes through the upregulation of innate immune responses and the activation of several previously reported antiviral and inflammation-related miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitra Limthongkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Nithipong Mapratiep
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suttikarn Apichirapokey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Ampa Suksatu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Panuwat Midoeng
- Army Institute of Pathology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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47
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Lee WS, Webster JA, Madzokere ET, Stephenson EB, Herrero LJ. Mosquito antiviral defense mechanisms: a delicate balance between innate immunity and persistent viral infection. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:165. [PMID: 30975197 PMCID: PMC6460799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are associated with major global health burdens. Aedes spp. and Culex spp. are primarily responsible for the transmission of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. Despite the burden of these pathogens on human populations, the interactions between viruses and their mosquito hosts remain enigmatic. Viruses enter the midgut of a mosquito following the mosquito’s ingestion of a viremic blood meal. During infection, virus recognition by the mosquito host triggers their antiviral defense mechanism. Of these host defenses, activation of the RNAi pathway is the main antiviral mechanism, leading to the degradation of viral RNA, thereby inhibiting viral replication and promoting viral clearance. However, whilst antiviral host defense mechanisms limit viral replication, the mosquito immune system is unable to effectively clear the virus. As such, these viruses can establish persistent infection with little or no fitness cost to the mosquito vector, ensuring life-long transmission to humans. Understanding of the mosquito innate immune response enables the discovery of novel antivectorial strategies to block human transmission. This review provides an updated and concise summary of recent studies on mosquito antiviral immune responses, which is a key determinant for successful virus transmission. In addition, we will also discuss the factors that may contribute to persistent infection in mosquito hosts. Finally, we will discuss current mosquito transmission-blocking strategies that utilize genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes for resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Suet Lee
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Julie A Webster
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Eugene T Madzokere
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Eloise B Stephenson
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.
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48
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Homologs of Human Dengue-Resistance Genes, FKBP1B and ATCAY, Confer Antiviral Resistance in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10020046. [PMID: 30717390 PMCID: PMC6409984 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. The study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against DENV have revealed crucial roles for the Toll, Imd, JAK-STAT, and RNAi pathways in mediating DENV in the mosquito. Often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. Our understanding of the molecular interaction of DENV with mosquito host cells is limited, and we propose to expand upon the recent results from a genome-scale, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based study that identified mammalian host proteins associated with resistance to dengue/West Nile virus (DENV/WNV) infection. The study identified 22 human DENV/WNV resistance genes (DVR), and we hypothesized that a subset would be functionally conserved in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, imparting cellular defense against flaviviruses in this species. We identified 12 homologs of 22 human DVR genes in the Ae. aegypti genome. To evaluate their possible role in cellular resistance/antiviral defense against DENV, we used siRNA silencing targeted against each of the 12 homologs in an Ae. aegypti cell line (Aag2) infected with DENV2 and identified that silencing of the two candidates, AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY, homologs of human FKBP1B and ATCAY, were associated with a viral increase. We then used dsRNA to silence each of the two genes in adult mosquitoes to validate the observed antiviral functions in vivo. Depletion of AeFKBP1 or AeATCAY increased viral dissemination through the mosquito at 14 days post-infection. Our results demonstrated that AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY mediate resistance to DENV akin to what has been described for their homologs in humans. AeFKBP1 and AeATCAY provide a rare opportunity to elucidate a DENV-resistance mechanism that may be evolutionarily conserved between humans and Ae. aegypti.
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49
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Huang YJS, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Arbovirus-Mosquito Vector-Host Interactions and the Impact on Transmission and Disease Pathogenesis of Arboviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30728812 PMCID: PMC6351451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of viruses, designated as arboviruses, are transmitted by arthropod vectors in complex transmission cycles between the virus, vertebrate host, and the vector. With millions of human and animal infections per year, it is critical to improve our understanding of the interactions between the biological and environmental factors that play a critical role in pathogenesis, disease outcomes, and transmission of arboviruses. This review focuses on mosquito-borne arboviruses and discusses current knowledge of the factors and underlying mechanisms that influence infection and transmission of arboviruses and discusses critical factors and pathways that can potentially become targets for intervention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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50
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Wei L, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Yang H, Mu L, Qian Q, Wu J, Xu W. Anti-inflammatory activities of Aedes aegypti cecropins and their protection against murine endotoxin shock. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:470. [PMID: 30107813 PMCID: PMC6092832 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are armed with physiologically active compounds to suppress the host immunity including host inflammatory reaction. However, the specific anti-inflammatory components in mosquitoes remain unknown. RESULTS By searching for the immunomodulatory molecules from the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) at NCBI for anti-inflammatory function, five cecropins (for short in this study: AeaeCec1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) were selected. AeaeCec1-5 efficiently inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with low toxicity to mammalian cells. Among the five analogues, AeaeCec5 had the strongest anti-inflammatory activity, and generated an additive effect with other AeaeCec peptides. In a mouse model of endotoxin shock, AeaeCec1-5 effectively reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in lungs, serum and peritoneal lavage and correspondingly reduced lung damage and edema, with AeaeCec5 showing the best protection. In mice infected with Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, administration of AeaeCec5 reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and correspondingly reduced lung tissue damage. These effects of Ae. aegypti AeaeCec1-5 were attributed to an efficient inhibition of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and transcriptional nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, as well as partial neutralization of LPS. CONCLUSIONS The current work characterized the specific anti-inflammatory agents in Ae. aegypti and provided AeaeCec5 as a potent anti-endotoxin peptide that could serve as the basis for the development of anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yandong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lixian Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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