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Parker W, Patel E, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Laman JD. COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts. iScience 2023; 26:106167. [PMID: 36785786 PMCID: PMC9908430 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The avoidance of infectious disease by widespread use of 'systems hygiene', defined by hygiene-enhancing technology such as sewage systems, water treatment facilities, and secure food storage containers, has led to a dramatic decrease in symbiotic helminths and protists in high-income human populations. Over a half-century of research has revealed that this 'biota alteration' leads to altered immune function and a propensity for chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergic, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders. A recent Ethiopian study (EClinicalMedicine 39: 101054), validating predictions made by several laboratories, found that symbiotic helminths and protists were associated with a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35; p<0.0001). Thus, it is now apparent that 'biome reconstitution', defined as the artificial re-introduction of benign, symbiotic helminths or protists into the ecosystem of the human body, is important not only for alleviation of chronic immune disease, but likely also for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Humayun M, Ayuso JM, Park KY, Martorelli Di Genova B, Skala MC, Kerr SC, Knoll LJ, Beebe DJ. Innate immune cell response to host-parasite interaction in a human intestinal tissue microphysiological system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8012. [PMID: 35544643 PMCID: PMC9075809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites that infect humans are widespread and lead to varied clinical manifestations, including life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. Animal models have provided insight into innate immunity against parasitic infections; however, species-specific differences and complexity of innate immune responses make translation to humans challenging. Thus, there is a need for in vitro systems that can elucidate mechanisms of immune control and parasite dissemination. We have developed a human microphysiological system of intestinal tissue to evaluate parasite-immune-specific interactions during infection, which integrates primary intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells to investigate the role of innate immune cells during epithelial infection by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which affects billions of people worldwide. Our data indicate that epithelial infection by parasites stimulates a broad range of effector functions in neutrophils and natural killer cell-mediated cytokine production that play immunomodulatory roles, demonstrating the potential of our system for advancing the study of human-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose M. Ayuso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keon Young Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sheena C. Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Yoshida N, Domart MC, Peddie CJ, Yakimovich A, Mazon-Moya MJ, Hawkins TA, Collinson L, Mercer J, Frickel EM, Mostowy S. The zebrafish as a novel model for the in vivo study of Toxoplasma gondii replication and interaction with macrophages. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm043091. [PMID: 32461265 PMCID: PMC7390642 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite capable of invading any nucleated cell. Three main clonal lineages (type I, II, III) exist and murine models have driven the understanding of general and strain-specific immune mechanisms underlying Toxoplasma infection. However, murine models are limited for studying parasite-leukocyte interactions in vivo, and discrepancies exist between cellular immune responses observed in mouse versus human cells. Here, we developed a zebrafish infection model to study the innate immune response to Toxoplasma in vivo By infecting the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle, and using high-resolution microscopy techniques coupled with computer vision-driven automated image analysis, we reveal that Toxoplasma invades brain cells and replicates inside a parasitophorous vacuole to which type I and III parasites recruit host cell mitochondria. We also show that type II and III strains maintain a higher infectious burden than type I strains. To understand how parasites are cleared in vivo, we further analyzed Toxoplasma-macrophage interactions using time-lapse microscopy and three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy (3D CLEM). Time-lapse microscopy revealed that macrophages are recruited to the infection site and play a key role in Toxoplasma control. High-resolution 3D CLEM revealed parasitophorous vacuole breakage in brain cells and macrophages in vivo, suggesting that cell-intrinsic mechanisms may be used to destroy the intracellular niche of tachyzoites. Together, our results demonstrate in vivo control of Toxoplasma by macrophages, and highlight the possibility that zebrafish may be further exploited as a novel model system for discoveries within the field of parasite immunity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/parasitology
- Macrophages/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Video
- Parasite Load
- Rhombencephalon/immunology
- Rhombencephalon/microbiology
- Rhombencephalon/ultrastructure
- Time Factors
- Toxoplasma/growth & development
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasma/ultrastructure
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
- Zebrafish/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Yoshida
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, 40 Gowers Walk, London, E1 8BH, UK
| | - Maria J Mazon-Moya
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas A Hawkins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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4
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Li J, Ma YT, Liang QL, Li RL, Zheng FG, Liu Q, Zhu XQ, Gao WW. Serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104399. [PMID: 32693119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Chlamydia and bluetongue virus (BTV) are four important pathogens which can cause reproductive loss. The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii, N. caninum, Chlamydia and BTV in alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China. A total of 251 serum samples were collected from alpacas, and antibodies against T. gondii and Chlamydia were examined by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), respectively. Antibodies to N. caninum and BTV were determined by using the commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) kits, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 9.16% (95% CI 5.59-12.73) in the three sampled counties, of which, no T. gondii-seropositive samples were detected in alpacas in Fanshi County. Gender differences in the T. gondii seroprevalence were observed. The overall Chlamydia seroprevalence was 13.94% (95% CI: 9.66-18.22), and there was a statistically significant difference in Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas between the two counties, Jiexiu and Fanshi. All serum samples tested negative for N. caninum and BTV antibodies, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii and Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas in China, which provides baseline information for controlling T. gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Ye-Ting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Run-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
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5
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Sabou M, Doderer-Lang C, Leyer C, Konjic A, Kubina S, Lennon S, Rohr O, Viville S, Cianférani S, Candolfi E, Pfaff AW, Brunet J. Toxoplasma gondii ROP16 kinase silences the cyclin B1 gene promoter by hijacking host cell UHRF1-dependent epigenetic pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2141-2156. [PMID: 31492965 PMCID: PMC7256068 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common infections in the world due to the lifelong persistence of this parasite in a latent stage. This parasite hijacks host signaling pathways through epigenetic mechanisms which converge on key nuclear proteins. Here, we report a new parasite persistence strategy involving T. gondii rhoptry protein ROP16 secreted early during invasion, which targets the transcription factor UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING fingers domain 1), and leads to host cell cycle arrest. This is mediated by DNMT activity and chromatin remodeling at the cyclin B1 gene promoter through recruitment of phosphorylated UHRF1 associated with a repressive multienzymatic protein complex. This leads to deacetylation and methylation of histone H3 surrounding the cyclin B1 promoter to epigenetically silence its transcriptional activity. Moreover, T. gondii infection causes DNA hypermethylation in its host cell, by upregulation of DNMTs. ROP16 is already known to activate and phosphorylate protective immunity transcription factors such as STAT 3/6/5 and modulate host signaling pathways in a strain-dependent manner. Like in the case of STAT6, the strain-dependent effects of ROP16 on UHRF1 are dependent on a single amino-acid polymorphism in ROP16. This study demonstrates that Toxoplasma hijacks a new epigenetic initiator, UHRF1, through an early event initiated by the ROP16 parasite kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sabou
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Pôle Sérologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Leyer
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ana Konjic
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Kubina
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Lennon
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Viville
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Pôle Sérologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexander W Pfaff
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Pôle Sérologie, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Julie Brunet
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale de Strasbourg, « Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions » EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Pôle Sérologie, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Li R, Ma Y, Li J, Zhou P, Zheng F, Liu Q, Gao W. Application of Toxoplasma gondii GRA15 peptides in diagnosis and serotyping. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104168. [PMID: 32205209 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that three clonal strain types (I, II, and III) of Toxoplasma gondii can be distinguished using serotyping based on a series of polymorphic proteins. However, to establish a systematic serotyping method with higher resolution even being equal to that of genotyping, more specific peptide markers are needed. The objective of the present study was to determine the possibility of the polymorphic dense granule protein 15 (GRA15) for diagnosis and serotyping of T. gondii infection. Three different T. gondii GT1 strain GRA15 gene fragments encoding a 584-residue peptide, a 199-residue peptide and a 84-residue peptide were amplified, expressed and purified, respectively. Anti-T. gondii GT1 strain antibodies, anti-T. gondii RH strain antibodies and anti-T. gondii PRU strain antibodies were used for immunoblotting analysis of the three peptides. Western blotting analysis showed that the 584-residue peptide of GT1 strain GRA15 was a potential candidate for serological diagnosis of T. gondii infection. RH strain from GT1 strain could be distinguished by serotyping based on the GRA15199 or GRA1584, and T. gondii GT1 strain could be distinguished from PRU strain by using serotyping based on the GRA1584. These findings reveal, for the first time, a novel potential role of GRA15-derived peptides in diagnosis and serological differentiation of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runli Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Yeting Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Penglai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Fuguo Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Wenwei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
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7
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Luan T, Jin C, Jin CM, Gong GH, Quan ZS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ursolic acid derivatives bearing triazole moieties as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:761-772. [PMID: 30836795 PMCID: PMC6407578 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1584622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a plant-derived compound, has many properties beneficial to health. In the present study, we synthesised three series of novel UA derivatives and evaluated their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity both in vitro and in vivo. Most derivatives exhibited an improved anti-T. gondii activity in vitro when compared with UA (parent compound), whereas compound 3d exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity in vivo. Spiramycin served as the positive control. Additionally, determination of biochemical parameters, including the liver and spleen indexes, indicated compound 3d to effectively reduce hepatotoxicity and significantly enhance anti-oxidative effects, as compared with UA. Furthermore, our molecular docking study indicated compound 3d to possess a strong binding affinity for T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1). Based on these findings, we conclude that compound 3d, a derivative of UA, could act as a potential inhibitor of TgCDPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Hua Gong
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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8
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Korytář T, Wiegertjes GF, Zusková E, Tomanová A, Lisnerová M, Patra S, Sieranski V, Šíma R, Born-Torrijos A, Wentzel AS, Blasco-Monleon S, Yanes-Roca C, Policar T, Holzer AS. The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:208. [PMID: 31060624 PMCID: PMC6501462 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year. RESULTS We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1-2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM+ B lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies for the elimination of most of the parasites from the fish at 35 dpi. However, despite the presence of these antibodies, S. molnari invades the liver 42 dpi, where an increase in parasite cell number and indistinguishable outer cell membranes are indicative of effective exploitation and disguise mechanisms. From 49 dpi onwards, the acute infection changes to a chronic one, with low parasite numbers remaining in the fish. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host-parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliška Zusková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Tomanová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Patra
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Sieranski
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Annelieke S. Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Blasco-Monleon
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Yanes-Roca
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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9
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Safronova A, Araujo A, Camanzo ET, Moon TJ, Elliott MR, Beiting DP, Yarovinsky F. Alarmin S100A11 initiates a chemokine response to the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Nat Immunol 2018; 20:64-72. [PMID: 30455460 PMCID: PMC6291348 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite that infects up to one-third of the world’s population. Notably, very little is known about innate immune-sensing mechanisms for this obligate intracellular parasite by human cells. Here, by applying an unbiased biochemical screening approach, we have identified that human monocytes recognized the presence of T. gondii infection via detection of the alarmin S100A11 protein, which is released from parasite-infected cells via caspase-1-dependent mechanisms. S100A11 induced a potent chemokine response to T. gondii via engagement of its receptor RAGE and regulated monocyte recruitment in vivo by inducing expression of the chemokine CCL2. Our experiments have revealed a sensing system for T. gondii by human cells that is based on detection infection-mediated release of alarmin S100A11 and RAGE-dependent induction of CCL2, a crucial chemokine required for host resistance to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Safronova
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Araujo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ellie T Camanzo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Taylor J Moon
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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10
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Characterisation of susceptibility of chicken macrophages to infection with Toxoplasma gondii of type II and III strains. Exp Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29518451 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is known to be able to infect any nucleated cell including immune cells like macrophages. In addition, it is assumed that macrophages serve as trojan horse during distribution in hosts. The underlying causes of parasite host interaction remain yet not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate susceptibility of chicken macrophages to infection with T. gondii and the process of infection in avian cells in comparison to cells of mammalian origin. Primary avian blood monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with tachyzoites of type II (ME49) and III (NED) strains. Long term observations of parasite replication in primary macrophages were compared to data obtained in an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) and a standard cultivation mammalian cell line (VERO). Furthermore, we assessed the immune response of the primary macrophages by long-term investigation of gene expression of IL-1 beta, IL-12p40, Lipopolysaccharide induced TNF-alpha factor (LITAF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) comparing viable and heat-inactivated tachyzoites of the ME49 strain. Albeit, we found no differences between both strains, replication of tachyzoites in avian primary macrophages was significantly different from immortalized cell lines HD11 and VERO. The crucial period of parasite replication was between 8 and 24 h post-infection coinciding with the upregulation of gene expression of cytokines and iNOS revealing an active macrophage response at this period. Gene expression in macrophages was higher after infection with viable tachyzoites than by exposure of cells to heat-inactivated tachyzoites. Hence, we conclude that the process of penetration is pivotal for host cell response to the parasite both in avian as in mammalian cells.
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11
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Biswas A, French T, Düsedau HP, Mueller N, Riek-Burchardt M, Dudeck A, Bank U, Schüler T, Dunay IR. Behavior of Neutrophil Granulocytes during Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:259. [PMID: 28680853 PMCID: PMC5478696 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral toxoplasmosis is characterized by activation of brain resident cells and recruitment of specific immune cell subsets from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). Our studies revealed that the rapidly invaded Ly6G+ neutrophil granulocytes are an early non-lymphoid source of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the cytokine known to be the major mediator of host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Upon selective depletion of Ly6G+ neutrophils, we detected reduced IFN-γ production and increased parasite burden in the CNS. Ablation of Ly6G+ cells resulted in diminished recruitment of Ly6Chi monocytes into the CNS, indicating a pronounced interplay. Additionally, we identified infiltrated Ly6G+ neutrophils to be a heterogeneous population. The Ly6G+CD62-LhiCXCR4+ subset released cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), which can promote monocyte dynamics. On the other hand, the Ly6G+CD62-LloCXCR4+ subset produced IFN-γ to establish early inflammatory response. Collectively, our findings revealed that the recruited Ly6G+CXCR4+ neutrophil granulocytes display a heterogeneity in the CNS with a repertoire of effector functions crucial in parasite control and immune regulation upon experimental cerebral toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aindrila Biswas
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Timothy French
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning P Düsedau
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Mueller
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Monika Riek-Burchardt
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
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12
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Weidner JM, Kanatani S, Uchtenhagen H, Varas-Godoy M, Schulte T, Engelberg K, Gubbels MJ, Sun HS, Harrison RE, Achour A, Barragan A. Migratory activation of parasitized dendritic cells by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii 14-3-3 protein. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1537-1550. [PMID: 27018989 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii exploits cells of the immune system to disseminate. Upon infection, parasitized dendritic cells (DCs) and microglia exhibit a hypermigratory phenotype in vitro that has been associated with enhancing parasite dissemination in vivo in mice. One unresolved question is how parasites commandeer parasitized cells to achieve systemic dissemination by a 'Trojan-horse' mechanism. By chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, we identified an orthologue of the 14-3-3 protein family, T. gondii 14-3-3 (Tg14-3-3), as mediator of DC hypermotility. We demonstrate that parasite-derived polypeptide fractions enriched for Tg14-3-3 or recombinant Tg14-3-3 are sufficient to induce the hypermotile phenotype when introduced by protein transfection into murine DCs, human DCs or microglia. Further, gene transfer of Tg14-3-3 by lentiviral transduction induced hypermotility in primary human DCs. In parasites expressing Tg14-3-3 in a ligand-regulatable fashion, overexpression of Tg14-3-3 was correlated with induction of hypermotility in parasitized DCs. Localization studies in infected DCs identified Tg14-3-3 within the parasitophorous vacuolar space and a rapid recruitment of host cell 14-3-3 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. The present work identifies a determinant role for Tg14-3-3 in the induction of the migratory activation of immune cells by T. gondii. Collectively, the findings reveal Tg14-3-3 as a novel target for an intracellular pathogen that acts by hijacking the host cell's migratory properties to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Weidner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 755000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Klemens Engelberg
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Marc-Jan Gubbels
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - He Song Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratories, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 09, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Cruz A, Mendes ÉA, de Andrade MVM, do Nascimento VC, Cartelle CT, Arantes RME, Melo JRDC, Gazzinelli RT, Ropert C. Mast cells are crucial in the resistance against Toxoplasma gondii oral infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2949-54. [PMID: 25091816 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During oral infection, mucosal immunity assumes a predominant role. Here, we addressed the role of mast cells (MCs), which are mainly located in mucosa during oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii, using MC-deficient (W/W(v) ) mice. We show that in the absence of MCs the resistance of W/W(v) mice to oral infection was considerably reduced. W/W(v) mice uniformly succumbed within 15 days of infection after administration of cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii. The rapid lethality of T. gondii in W/W(v) mice correlated with a delayed Th1-cell response, since IFN-γ and IL-12 levels peaked in the later phase of the infection. In vitro, BM-derived MCs were able to recognize parasite lysate in a MyD88-dependent way, reaffirming the role of this TLR adapter in immune responses to T. gondii. The importance of MCs in vivo was confirmed when W/W(v) mice reconstituted with BM-derived MCs from control mice retrieved an early strong Th1-cell response and specially a significant IL-12 production. In conclusion, MCs play an important role for the development of a protective immune response during oral infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cruz
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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