1
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Xia J, Xiao Y, Gui G, Gong S, Wang H, Li X, Yan R, Fan J. Insights into cytomegalovirus-associated T cell receptors in recipients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Virol J 2024; 21:236. [PMID: 39350155 PMCID: PMC11443867 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a serious problem in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Long-term latency depends on specific T cell immune reconstitution, which identifies various pathogens by T cell receptors (TCRs). However, the mechanisms underlying the selection of CMV-specific TCRs in recipients after transplantation remain unclear. METHODS Using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, the T cell immune repertoire of seven CMV reactivated recipients (CRRs) were analyzed and compared to those of seven CMV non-activated recipients (CNRs) at an early stage after transplant. RESULTS The counts of unique complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) were significantly higher in CNRs than in CRRs. The CDR3 clones in the CNRs exhibit higher homogeneity compared to the CRRs. With regard to T cell receptor β-chain variable region (TRBV) and joint region (TRBJ) genotypes, significant differences were observed in the frequencies of TRBV6, BV23, and BV7-8 between the two groups. In addition to TRBV29-1/BJ1-2, TRBV2/BJ2-2, and TRBV12-4/BJ1-5, 11 V-J combinations had significantly different expression levels between CRRs and CNRs. CONCLUSIONS The differences in TCR diversity, TRBV segments, and TRBV-BJ combinations observed between CNRs and CRRs might be associated with post-transplant CMV reactivation and could serve as a foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of "A", Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yingjun Xiao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyong Gui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Shengnan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Jun Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China.
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2
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Sturmlechner I, Jain A, Hu B, Jadhav RR, Cao W, Okuyama H, Tian L, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Aging trajectories of memory CD8 + T cells differ by their antigen specificity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605197. [PMID: 39211225 PMCID: PMC11360919 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Memory T cells are a highly dynamic and heterogeneous population that is maintained by cytokine-driven homeostatic proliferation interspersed with episodes of antigen-mediated expansion and contraction which affect their functional state and their durability. This heterogeneity complicates studies on the impact of aging on global human memory cells, specifically, it is unclear how aging drives memory T cell dysfunction. Here, we used chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to assess the influence of age on memory states at the level of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells. We find that in young adults (<40 years), EBV-specific CD8 + T cells assume preferred differentiation states depending on their peptide specificity. By age >65-years, different T cell specificities had undergone largely distinct aging trajectories, which had in common a loss in adaptive and a gain in innate immunity signatures. No evidence was seen for cellular senescence or exhaustion. While naïve/stem-like EBV-specific T cells disappeared with age, T cell diversity of EBV-specific memory cells did not change or even increased. In summary, by controlling for antigen specificity we uncover age-associated shifts in gene expression and TCR diversity that have implications for optimizing vaccination strategies and adoptive T cell therapy.
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3
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Ye X, Shih DJH, Ku Z, Hong J, Barrett DF, Rupp RE, Zhang N, Fu TM, Zheng WJ, An Z. Transcriptional signature of durable effector T cells elicited by a replication defective HCMV vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38561339 PMCID: PMC10984989 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading infectious cause of birth defects and the most common opportunistic infection that causes life-threatening diseases post-transplantation; however, an effective vaccine remains elusive. V160 is a live-attenuated replication defective HCMV vaccine that showed a 42.4% efficacy against primary HCMV infection among seronegative women in a phase 2b clinical trial. Here, we integrated the multicolor flow cytometry, longitudinal T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and single-cell RNA/TCR sequencing approaches to characterize the magnitude, phenotype, and functional quality of human T cell responses to V160. We demonstrated that V160 de novo induces IE-1 and pp65 specific durable polyfunctional effector CD8 T cells that are comparable to those induced by natural HCMV infection. We identified a variety of V160-responsive T cell clones which exhibit distinctive "transient" and "durable" expansion kinetics, and revealed a transcriptional signature that marks durable CD8 T cells post-vaccination. Our study enhances the understanding of human T-cell immune responses to V160 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David J H Shih
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junping Hong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane F Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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O’Reilly RJ, Prockop S, Oved JH. Virus-specific T-cells from third party or transplant donors for treatment of EBV lymphoproliferative diseases arising post hematopoietic cell or solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290059. [PMID: 38274824 PMCID: PMC10808771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
EBV+ lymphomas constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell (HCT) and solid organ transplants (SOT). Phase I and II trials have shown that in HCT recipients, adoptive transfer of EBV-specific T-cells from the HCT donor can safely induce durable remissions of EBV+ lymphomas including 70->90% of patients who have failed to respond to treatment with Rituximab. More recently, EBV-specific T-cells generated from allogeneic 3rd party donors have also been shown to induce durable remission of EBV+ lymphomas in Rituximab refractory HCT and SOT recipients. In this review, we compare results of phase I and II trials of 3rd party and donor derived EBV-specific T-cells. We focus on the attributes and limitations of each product in terms of access, safety, responses achieved and durability. The limited data available regarding donor and host factors contributing to T cell persistence is also described. We examine factors contributing to treatment failures and approaches to prevent or salvage relapse. Lastly, we summarize strategies to further improve results for virus-specific immunotherapies for post-transplant EBV lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. O’Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Prockop
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation, Boston Children’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph H. Oved
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Couturaud B, Doix B, Carretero-Iglesia L, Allard M, Pradervand S, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. Overall avidity declines in TCR repertoires during latent CMV but not EBV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293090. [PMID: 38053994 PMCID: PMC10694213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The avidity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) for antigenic peptides presented by the MHC (pMHC) on cells is an essential parameter for efficient T cell-mediated immunity. Yet, whether the TCR-ligand avidity can drive the clonal evolution of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and how this process is determined in latent Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated infection remains largely unknown. Methods To address these issues, we quantified monomeric TCR-pMHC dissociation rates on CMV- and EBV-specific individual TCRαβ clonotypes and polyclonal CD8 T cell populations in healthy donors over a follow-up time of 15-18 years. The parameters involved during the long-term persistence of virus-specific T cell clonotypes were further evaluated by gene expression profiling, phenotype and functional analyses. Results Within CMV/pp65-specific T cell repertoires, a progressive contraction of clonotypes with high TCR-pMHC avidity and low CD8 binding dependency was observed, leading to an overall avidity decline during long-term antigen exposure. We identified a unique transcriptional signature preferentially expressed by high-avidity CMV/pp65-specific T cell clonotypes, including the inhibitory receptor LILRB1. Interestingly, T cell clonotypes of high-avidity showed higher LILRB1 expression than the low-avidity ones and LILRB1 blockade moderately increased T cell proliferation. Similar findings were made for CD8 T cell repertoires specific for the CMV/IE-1 epitope. There was a gradual in vivo loss of high-avidity T cells with time for both CMV specificities, corresponding to virus-specific CD8 T cells expressing enhanced LILRB1 levels. In sharp contrast, the EBV/BMFL1-specific T cell clonal composition and distribution, once established, displayed an exceptional stability, unrelated to TCR-pMHC binding avidity or LILRB1 expression. Conclusions These findings reveal an overall long-term avidity decline of CMV- but not EBV-specific T cell clonal repertoires, highlighting the differing role played by TCR-ligand avidity over the course of these two latent herpesvirus infections. Our data further suggest that the inhibitor receptor LILRB1 potentially restricts the clonal expansion of high-avidity CMV-specific T cell clonotypes during latent infection. We propose that the mechanisms regulating the long-term outcome of CMV- and EBV-specific memory CD8 T cell clonotypes in humans are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Couturaud
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Doix
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laura Carretero-Iglesia
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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6
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Eiz-Vesper B, Ravens S, Maecker-Kolhoff B. αβ and γδ T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr Virus: insights in immunocompetence, immune failure and therapeutic augmentation in transplant patients. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102305. [PMID: 36963323 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human gamma herpes virus, which causes several diseases in immunocompetent (mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, gastric cancer, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, head and neck cancer) and immunosuppressed (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, EBV-associated soft tissue tumors) patients. It elicits a complex humoral and cellular immune response with both innate and adaptive immune components. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the interplay of immune cells in EBV-associated diseases in recent years, and several therapeutic approaches have been developed to augment cellular immunity toward EBV for control of EBV-associated malignancy. This review will focus on recent developments in immunosuppressed transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Germany; CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Sarina Ravens
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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7
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van Lieverloo GGA, Al-Soudi A, Wieske L, Klarenbeek PL, Anang DC, Adrichem ME, Niewold I, van Schaik BDC, van Kampen AHC, van Schaik IN, de Vries N, Eftimov F. B-cell and T-cell receptor repertoire in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, a prospective cohort study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:69-78. [PMID: 36723274 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in an individual patient are largely unknown. Better understanding of these mechanisms may aid development of biomarkers and targeted therapies. Both B- and T-cell dominant mechanisms have been implicated. We therefore investigated whether B-cell and T-cell receptor (BCR/TCR) repertoires might function as immunological biomarkers in CIDP. In this prospective cohort study, we longitudinally sampled peripheral blood of CIDP patients in three different phases of CIDP: starting induction treatment (IT), starting withdrawal from IVIg maintenance treatment (MT), and patients in remission (R). BCR and TCR repertoires were analyzed using RNA based high throughput sequencing. In baseline samples, the number of total clones, the number of dominant BCR and TCR clones and their impact on the repertoire was similar for patients in the IT, MT, and remission groups compared with healthy controls. Baseline samples in the IT or MT did not predict treatment response or potential relapse at follow-up. Treatment responders in the IT group showed a potential IVIg-induced increase in the number of dominant BCR clones and their impact at follow-up (baseline1.0 [IQR 1.0-2.8] vs. 6 m 3.5 [0.3-6.8]; P < .05, Wilcoxon test). Although the BCR repertoire changed over time, the TCR repertoire remained robustly stable. We conclude that TCR and BCR repertoire distributions do not predict disease activity, treatment response or response to treatment withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G A van Lieverloo
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Al-Soudi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P L Klarenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D C Anang
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M E Adrichem
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Niewold
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Genome Analysis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B D C van Schaik
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology & Data Science (EDS), Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H C van Kampen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology & Data Science (EDS), Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I N van Schaik
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N de Vries
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Latent CMV infection of Lymphatic endothelial cells is sufficient to drive CD8 T cell memory inflation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010351. [PMID: 36689486 PMCID: PMC9894547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CMV, a ubiquitous herpesvirus, elicits an extraordinarily large T cell response that is sustained or increases over time, a phenomenon termed 'memory inflation.' Remarkably, even latent, non-productive infection can drive memory inflation. Despite intense research on this phenomenon, the infected cell type(s) involved are unknown. To identify the responsible cell type(s), we designed a Cre-lox murine CMV (MCMV) system, where a spread-deficient (ΔgL) virus expresses recombinant SIINFEKL only in Cre+ host cells. We found that latent infection of endothelial cells (ECs), but not dendritic cells (DCs) or hepatocytes, was sufficient to drive CD8 T cell memory inflation. Infection of Lyve-1-Cre and Prox1-CreERT2 mice revealed that amongst EC subsets, infection of lymphatic ECs was sufficient. Genetic ablation of β2m on lymphatic ECs did not prevent inflation, suggesting another unidentified cell type can also present antigen to CD8 T cells during latency. This novel system definitively shows that antigen presentation by lymphatic ECs drives robust CD8 T cell memory inflation.
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9
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Lammoglia Cobo MF, Ritter J, Gary R, Seitz V, Mautner J, Aigner M, Völkl S, Schaffer S, Moi S, Seegebarth A, Bruns H, Rösler W, Amann K, Büttner-Herold M, Hennig S, Mackensen A, Hummel M, Moosmann A, Gerbitz A. Reconstitution of EBV-directed T cell immunity by adoptive transfer of peptide-stimulated T cells in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for AITL. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010206. [PMID: 35452490 PMCID: PMC9067708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of the T cell repertoire after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a long and often incomplete process. As a result, reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a frequent complication that may be treated by adoptive transfer of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells. We generated donor-derived EBV-specific T cells by stimulation with peptides representing defined epitopes covering multiple HLA restrictions. T cells were adoptively transferred to a patient who had developed persisting high titers of EBV after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). T cell receptor beta (TCRβ) deep sequencing showed that the T cell repertoire of the patient early after transplantation (day 60) was strongly reduced and only very low numbers of EBV-specific T cells were detectable. Manufacturing and in vitro expansion of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells resulted in enrichment of EBV epitope-specific, HLA-restricted T cells. Monitoring of T cell clonotypes at a molecular level after adoptive transfer revealed that the dominant TCR sequences from peptide-stimulated T cells persisted long-term and established an EBV-specific TCR clonotype repertoire in the host, with many of the EBV-specific TCRs present in the donor. This reconstituted repertoire was associated with immunological control of EBV and with lack of further AITL relapse. A characteristic feature of all herpesviruses is their persistence in the host’s body after primary infection. Hence, the host’s immune system is confronted with the problem to control these viruses life-long. When the immune system is severely compromised, for example after stem cell transplantation from a foreign (allogeneic) donor, these viruses can reappear, as they persist in the host’s body life-long after primary infection. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that can cause life-threatening complications after stem cell transplantation and only reinforcement of the host’s immune system can reestablish control over the virus. Here we show that ex vivo manufactured EBV-specific T cells can reestablish long-term control of EBV and that these cells persist in the host’s body over months. These results give us a better understanding of viral immune reconstitution post-transplant and of clinically-relevant T cell populations against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Lammoglia Cobo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gary
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volkhard Seitz
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- HS Diagnomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Department of Medicine III, LMU-Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Moi
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anke Seegebarth
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolf Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Department of Medicine III, LMU-Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Gerbitz
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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10
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Pothast CR, Dijkland RC, Thaler M, Hagedoorn RS, Kester MGD, Wouters AK, Hiemstra PS, van Hemert MJ, Gras S, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses can originate from cross-reactive CMV-specific T cells. eLife 2022; 11:82050. [PMID: 36408799 PMCID: PMC9822249 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed donors has been explained by the presence of T cells primed by other coronaviruses. However, based on the relatively high frequency and prevalence of cross-reactive T cells, we hypothesized cytomegalovirus (CMV) may induce these cross-reactive T cells. Stimulation of pre-pandemic cryo-preserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SARS-CoV-2 peptides revealed that frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were higher in CMV-seropositive donors. Characterization of these T cells demonstrated that membrane-specific CD4+ and spike-specific CD8+ T cells originate from cross-reactive CMV-specific T cells. Spike-specific CD8+ T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike peptide FVSNGTHWF (FVS) and dissimilar CMV pp65 peptide IPSINVHHY (IPS) presented by HLA-B*35:01. These dual IPS/FVS-reactive CD8+ T cells were found in multiple donors as well as severe COVID-19 patients and shared a common T cell receptor (TCR), illustrating that IPS/FVS-cross-reactivity is caused by a public TCR. In conclusion, CMV-specific T cells cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, despite low sequence homology between the two viruses, and may contribute to the pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilia R Pothast
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Romy C Dijkland
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Melissa Thaler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Renate S Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Michel GD Kester
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne K Wouters
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Martijn J van Hemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe UniversityVictoriaAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
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11
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Lanfermeijer J, Nühn MM, Emmelot ME, Poelen MCM, van Els CACM, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, Kaaijk P, de Wit J. Longitudinal Characterization of the Mumps-Specific HLA-A2 Restricted T-Cell Response after Mumps Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1431. [PMID: 34960178 PMCID: PMC8707000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waning of the mumps virus (MuV)-specific humoral response after vaccination has been suggested as a cause for recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated young adults, although it cannot explain all cases. Moreover, CD8+ T cells may play an important role in the response against MuV; however, little is known about the characteristics and dynamics of the MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after MuV infection. Here, we had the opportunity to follow the CD8+ T-cell response to three recently identified HLA-A2*02:01-restricted MuV-specific epitopes from 1.5 to 36 months post-MuV infection in five previously vaccinated and three unvaccinated individuals. The infection-induced CD8+ T-cell response was dominated by T cells specific for the ALDQTDIRV and LLDSSTTRV epitopes, while the response to the GLMEGQIVSV epitope was subdominant. MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell frequencies in the blood declined between 1.5 and 9 months after infection. This decline was not explained by changes in the expression of inhibitory receptors or homing markers. Despite the ongoing changes in the frequencies and phenotype of MuV-specific CD8+ T cells, TCRβ analyses revealed a stable MuV-specific T-cell repertoire over time. These insights in the maintenance of the cellular response against mumps may provide hallmarks for optimizing vaccination strategies towards a long-term cellular memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marieke M. Nühn
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Maarten E. Emmelot
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Martien C. M. Poelen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
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12
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van Aalderen MC, van Lier RAW, Hombrink P. How to Reliably Define Human CD8 + T-Cell Subsets: Markers Playing Tricks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a037747. [PMID: 33782028 PMCID: PMC8559543 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding about the functional complexity of CD8+ T-cell populations has increased tremendously. The immunology field is now facing challenges to translate these insights into phenotypic definitions that correlate reliably with distinct functional traits. This is key to adequately monitor and understand compound immune responses including vaccination and immunotherapy regimens. Here we will summarize our understanding of the current state in the human CD8+ T-cell subset characterization field. We will address how reliably the currently used cell surface markers are connected to differentiation status and function of particular subsets. By restricting ourselves to CD8+ αβ T cells, we will focus mostly on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted virus- and tumor-specific T cells. This comes with a major advantage as fluorescently labeled peptide-loaded MHC class I multimers have been widely used to identify and characterize these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (AUMC), Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Rene A W van Lier
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory and Landsteiner Laboratory of the AUMC at Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory and Landsteiner Laboratory of the AUMC at Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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13
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Higdon LE, Schaffert S, Huang H, Montez-Rath ME, Lucia M, Jha A, Saligrama N, Margulies KB, Martinez OM, Davis MM, Khatri P, Maltzman JS. Evolution of Cytomegalovirus-Responsive T Cell Clonality following Solid Organ Transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2077-2085. [PMID: 34551964 PMCID: PMC8492537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CMV infection is a significant complication after solid organ transplantation. We used single cell TCR αβ sequencing to determine how memory inflation impacts clonality and diversity of the CMV-responsive CD8 and CD4 T cell repertoire in the first year after transplantation in human subjects. We observed CD8 T cell inflation but no changes in clonal diversity, indicating homeostatic stability in clones. In contrast, the CD4 repertoire was diverse and stable over time, with no evidence of CMV-responsive CD4 T cell expansion. We identified shared CDR3 TCR motifs among patients but no public CMV-specific TCRs. Temporal changes in clonality in response to transplantation and in the absence of detectable viral reactivation suggest changes in the repertoire immediately after transplantation followed by an expansion with stable clonal competition that may mediate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Higdon
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Steven Schaffert
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Biomedical Informatics Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford CA
| | - Maria E Montez-Rath
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Marc Lucia
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Alokkumar Jha
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford CA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Biomedical Informatics Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan S Maltzman
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA;
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
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14
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Lanfermeijer J, de Greef PC, Hendriks M, Vos M, van Beek J, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D. Age and CMV-Infection Jointly Affect the EBV-Specific CD8 + T-Cell Repertoire. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:665637. [PMID: 35822032 PMCID: PMC9261403 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.665637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in protection against viral infections. With age, changes in the T-cell pool occur, leading to diminished responses against both new and recurring infections in older adults. This is thought to be due to a decrease in both T-cell numbers and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. Latent infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is assumed to contribute to this age-associated decline of the immune system. The observation that the level of TCR diversity in the total memory T-cell pool stays relatively stable during aging is remarkable in light of the constant input of new antigen-specific memory T cells. What happens with the diversity of the individual antigen-specific T-cell repertoires in the memory pool remains largely unknown. Here we studied the effect of aging on the phenotype and repertoire diversity of CMV-specific and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as the separate effects of aging and CMV-infection on the EBV-specific T-cell repertoire. Antigen-specific T cells against both persistent viruses showed an age-related increase in the expression of markers associated with a more differentiated phenotype, including KLRG-1, an increase in the fraction of terminally differentiated T cells, and a decrease in the diversity of the T-cell repertoire. Not only age, but also CMV infection was associated with a decreased diversity of the EBV-specific T-cell repertoire. This suggests that both CMV infection and age can impact the T-cell repertoire against other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter C. de Greef
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Sponaas AM, Waage A, Vandsemb EN, Misund K, Børset M, Sundan A, Slørdahl TS, Standal T. Bystander Memory T Cells and IMiD/Checkpoint Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: A Dangerous Tango? Front Immunol 2021; 12:636375. [PMID: 33679794 PMCID: PMC7928324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article we discuss the role of the memory T cells in multiple myeloma (MM) and how they may influence immune responses in patients that received immunomodulating drugs and check point therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit Sponaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Esten N Vandsemb
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias Schmidt Slørdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Foth S, Völkel S, Bauersachs D, Zemlin M, Skevaki C. T Cell Repertoire During Ontogeny and Characteristics in Inflammatory Disorders in Adults and Childhood. Front Immunol 2021; 11:611573. [PMID: 33633732 PMCID: PMC7899981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first day of life, a newborn has to deal with various pathogens from the environment. While passive immune protection is provided by diaplacental maternal antibodies, the development of cellular immunity is ongoing. A mature immune system should be able not only to defend against pathogens, but should also be able to differentiate between self- and non-self-antigens. Dysregulation in the development of cellular immunity can lead to severe disorders like immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. In this review, we explain the role of T cell immunity in antigen detection and summarize the characteristics of a mature TCR repertoire as well as the current state of knowledge about the development of the TCR repertoire in ontogenesis. In addition, methods of assessments are outlined, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of advanced methods such as next generation sequencing. Subsequently, we provide an overview of various disorders occuring in early childhood like immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity, allergic diseases and chronic infections and outline known changes in the TCR repertoire. Finally, we summarize the latest findings and discuss current research gaps as well as potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Foth
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sara Völkel
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Bauersachs
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Genetic Bias, Diversity Indices, Physiochemical Properties and CDR3 Motifs Divide Auto-Reactive from Allo-Reactive T-Cell Repertoires. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041625. [PMID: 33562731 PMCID: PMC7915266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct properties of allo-reactive T-cell repertoires are not well understood. To investigate whether auto-reactive and allo-reactive T-cell repertoires encoded distinct properties, we used dextramer enumeration, enrichment, single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and multiparameter analysis. We found auto-reactive and allo-reactive T-cells differed in mean ex vivo frequency which was antigen dependent. Allo-reactive T-cells showed clear differences in TCR architecture, with enriched usage of specific T-cell receptor variable (TRBJ) genes and broader use of T-cell receptor variable joining (TRBJ) genes. Auto-reactive T-cell repertoires exhibited complementary determining regions three (CDR3) lengths using a Gaussian distribution whereas allo-reactive T-cell repertoires exhibited distorted patterns in CDR3 length. CDR3 loops from allo-reactive T-cells showed distinct physical-chemical properties, tending to encode loops that were more acidic in charge. Allo-reactive T-cell repertoires differed in diversity metrics, tending to show increased overall diversity and increased homogeneity between repertoires. Motif analysis of CDR3 loops showed allo-reactive T-cell repertoires differed in motif preference which included broader motif use. Collectively, these data conclude that allo-reactive T-cell repertoires are indeed different to auto-reactive repertoires and provide tangible metrics for further investigations and validation. Given that the antigens studied here are overexpressed on multiple cancers and that allo-reactive TCRs often show increased ligand affinity, this new TCR bank also has translational potential for adoptive cell therapy, soluble TCR-based therapy and rational TCR design.
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18
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Lanfermeijer J, Borghans JAM, Baarle D. How age and infection history shape the antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13262. [PMID: 33078890 PMCID: PMC7681067 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults often show signs of impaired CD8+ T‐cell immunity, reflected by weaker responses against new infections and vaccinations, and decreased protection against reinfection. This immune impairment is in part thought to be the consequence of a decrease in both T‐cell numbers and repertoire diversity. If this is indeed the case, a strategy to prevent infectious diseases in older adults could be the induction of protective memory responses through vaccination at a younger age. However, this requires that the induced immune responses are maintained until old age. It is therefore important to obtain insights into the long‐term maintenance of the antigen‐specific T‐cell repertoire. Here, we review the literature on the maintenance of antigen‐experienced CD8+ T‐cell repertoires against acute and chronic infections. We describe the complex interactions that play a role in shaping the memory T‐cell repertoire, and the effects of age, infection history, and T‐cell avidity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of new vaccination strategies to protect older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention University Medical Center Groningen the Netherlands
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19
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Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes B Cell Lymphomas by Manipulating the Host Epigenetic Machinery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103037. [PMID: 33086505 PMCID: PMC7603164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-induced lymphomas have a significant global incidence, given the widespread infection to the human population. EBV adopts several mechanisms to replicate and persist in the host, by hijacking its epigenetic machinery. The main topic of this review details the current insights of EBV interactions with the host epigenetic system, and it will be discussed the potential relationship between the EBV-induced chronic inflammation and the dysregulation of epigenetic modifiers that might lead to tumorigenesis. Promising novel therapies against several types of cancer involve the use of epigenetic modifier inhibitors. To design new therapeutical strategies targeting lymphomas, it is crucial to conduct exhaustive reaserch on the regulation of these enzymes. Abstract During the past decade, the rapid development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies has significantly reinforced our understanding of the role of epigenetics in health and disease. Altered functions of epigenetic modifiers lead to the disruption of the host epigenome, ultimately inducing carcinogenesis and disease progression. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an endemic herpesvirus that is associated with several malignant tumours, including B-cell related lymphomas. In EBV-infected cells, the epigenomic landscape is extensively reshaped by viral oncoproteins, which directly interact with epigenetic modifiers and modulate their function. This process is fundamental for the EBV life cycle, particularly for the establishment and maintenance of latency in B cells; however, the alteration of the host epigenetic machinery also contributes to the dysregulated expression of several cellular genes, including tumour suppressor genes, which can drive lymphoma development. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic manipulation induced by EBV that lead to transformed B cells, as well as novel therapeutic interventions to target EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
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20
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Cox KS, Zhang L, Freed DC, Tang A, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Wang IM, Rupp RE, Adler SP, Musey LK, Wang D, Vora KA, Fu TM. Functional Evaluation and Genetic Evolution of Human T-Cell Responses After Vaccination With a Conditionally Replication-Defective Cytomegalovirus Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2001-2012. [PMID: 33031517 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause congenital infection and is the leading cause of nongenetic newborn disabilities. V160, a conditionally replication-defective virus, is an investigational vaccine under evaluation for prevention of congenital CMV. The vaccine was well tolerated and induced both humoral and cellular immunity in CMV-seronegative trial participants. T-cell-mediated immunity is important for immune control of CMV. Here we describe efforts to understand the quality attributes of the T-cell responses induced by vaccination. METHODS Using multicolor flow cytometry, we analyzed vaccine-induced T cells for memory phenotype, antigen specificity, cytokine profiles, and cytolytic potential. Moreover, antigen-specific T cells were sorted from 4 participants, and next-generation sequencing was used to trace clonal lineage development during the course of vaccination using T-cell receptor β-chain sequences as identifiers. RESULTS The results demonstrated that vaccination elicited polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells to 2 dominant antigens, pp65 and IE1, with a predominantly effector phenotype. Analysis of T-cell receptor repertoires showed polyclonal expansion of pp65- and IE1-specific T cells after vaccination. CONCLUSION V160 induced a genetically diverse and polyfunctional T-cell response and the data support further clinical development of V160 for prevention of CMV infection and congenital transmission. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01986010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara S Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Strategic Planning and Research Informatics, MSD, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel C Freed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aimin Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Luwy K Musey
- Department of Clinical Research, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Watkins TS, Miles JJ. The human T-cell receptor repertoire in health and disease and potential for omics integration. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:135-145. [PMID: 32677130 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 600 million years ago in a cold-blooded fish. Over countless generations, our antecedents tuned the function of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The TCR system is arguably the most complex known to science. The TCR evolved hypervariability to fight the hypervariability of pathogens and cancers that look to consume our resources. This review describes the genetics and architecture of the human TCR and highlights surprising new discoveries over the past years that have disproved very old dogmas. The standardization of TCR sequencing data is discussed in preparation for big data bioinformatics and predictive analysis. We next catalogue new signatures and phenomenon discovered by TCR next generation sequencing (NGS) in health and disease and work that remain to be done in this space. Finally, we discuss how TCR NGS can add to immunodiagnostics and integrate with other omics platforms for both a deeper understanding of TCR biology and its use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Watkins
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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22
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Rust BJ, Kiem HP, Uldrick TS. CAR T-cell therapy for cancer and HIV through novel approaches to HIV-associated haematological malignancies. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2020; 7:e690-e696. [PMID: 32791043 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV are a global population with increased cancer risk but their access to modern immunotherapies for cancer treatment has been limited by socioeconomic factors and inadequate research to support safety and efficacy in this population. These immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitors and advances in cellular immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Despite the field of cancer immunotherapy rapidly expanding with ongoing clinical trials, people with HIV are often excluded from such trials. In 2019, post-approval evaluation of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in people with HIV and aggressive B-cell lymphoma showed the feasibility of CAR T-cell therapy for cancer in this excluded group. Along with expanded treatment options for people with HIV is the ability to assess the effects of immunotherapy on the latent HIV reservoir, with certain immunotherapies showing the ability to alleviate this burden. This Series paper addresses the increased cancer burden in people with HIV, the increasing evidence for the safety and efficacy of immunotherapies in the context of HIV and cancer, and opportunities for novel applications of CAR-T therapy for the treatment of both haematological malignancies and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Rust
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Smith C, Corvino D, Beagley L, Rehan S, Neller MA, Crooks P, Matthews KK, Solomon M, Le Texier L, Campbell S, Francis RS, Chambers D, Khanna R. T cell repertoire remodeling following post-transplant T cell therapy coincides with clinical response. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5020-5032. [PMID: 31415240 DOI: 10.1172/jci128323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDImpaired T cell immunity in transplant recipients is associated with infection-related morbidity and mortality. We recently reported the successful use of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) against drug-resistant/recurrent cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplant recipients.METHODSIn the present study, we used high-throughput T cell receptor Vβ sequencing and T cell functional profiling to delineate the impact of ACT on T cell repertoire remodeling in the context of pretherapy immunity and ACT products.RESULTSThese analyses indicated that a clinical response was coincident with significant changes in the T cell receptor Vβ landscape after therapy. This restructuring was associated with the emergence of effector memory T cells in responding patients, while nonresponders displayed dramatic pretherapy T cell expansions with minimal change following ACT. Furthermore, immune reconstitution included both adoptively transferred clonotypes and endogenous clonotypes not detected in the ACT products.CONCLUSIONThese observations demonstrate that immune control following ACT requires significant repertoire remodeling, which may be impaired in nonresponders because of the preexisting immune environment. Immunological interventions that can modulate this environment may improve clinical outcomes.TRIAL REGISTRATIONAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12613000981729.FUNDINGThis study was supported by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (APP1132519 and APP1062074).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dillon Corvino
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leone Beagley
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sweera Rehan
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle A Neller
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline Crooks
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine K Matthews
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laetitia Le Texier
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross S Francis
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Chambers
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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The Identity Card of T Cells-Clinical Utility of T-cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis in Transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 103:1544-1555. [PMID: 31033649 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear medical need to change the current strategy of "one-size-fits-all" immunosuppression for controlling transplant rejection to precision medicine and targeted immune intervention. As T cells play a key role in both undesired graft rejection and protection, a better understanding of the fate and function of both alloreactive graft-deteriorating T cells and those protecting to infections is required. The T-cell receptor (TCR) is the individual identity card of each T cell clone and can help to follow single specificities. In this context, tracking of lymphocytes with certain specificity in blood and tissue in clinical follow up is of especial importance. After overcoming technical limitations of the past, novel molecular technologies opened new avenues of diagnostics. Using advantages of next generation sequencing, a method was established for T-cell tracing by detection of variable TCR region as identifiers of individual lymphocyte clones. The current review describes principles of laboratory and computational methods of TCR repertoire analysis, and gives an overview on applications for the basic understanding of transplant biology and immune monitoring. The review also delineates methodological pitfalls and challenges. With the outlook on prediction of antigens in immune-mediated processes including those of unknown causative pathogens, monitoring the fate and function of individual T cell clones, and the adoptive transfer of protective effector or regulatory T cells, this review highlights the current and future capability of TCR repertoire analysis.
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25
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McHugh D, Caduff N, Murer A, Engelmann C, Deng Y, Zdimerova H, Zens K, Chijioke O, Münz C. Infection and immune control of human oncogenic γ-herpesviruses in humanized mice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180296. [PMID: 30955487 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) comprise the oncogenic human γ-herpesvirus family and are responsible for 2-3% of all tumours in man. With their prominent growth-transforming abilities and high prevalence in the human population, these pathogens have probably shaped the human immune system throughout evolution for near perfect immune control of the respective chronic infections in the vast majority of healthy pathogen carriers. The exclusive tropism of EBV and KSHV for humans has, however, made it difficult in the past to study their infection, tumourigenesis and immune control in vivo. Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) support replication of both viruses with both persisting latent and productive lytic infection. Moreover, B-cell lymphomas can be induced by EBV alone and KSHV co-infection with gene expression hallmarks of human malignancies that are associated with both viruses. Furthermore, cell-mediated immune control by primarily cytotoxic lymphocytes is induced upon infection and can be probed for its functional characteristics as well as putative requirements for its priming. Insights that have been gained from this model and remaining questions will be discussed in this review. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anita Murer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christine Engelmann
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Yun Deng
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Kyra Zens
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Obinna Chijioke
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Switzerland
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26
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Gil A, Kamga L, Chirravuri-Venkata R, Aslan N, Clark F, Ghersi D, Luzuriaga K, Selin LK. Epstein-Barr Virus Epitope-Major Histocompatibility Complex Interaction Combined with Convergent Recombination Drives Selection of Diverse T Cell Receptor α and β Repertoires. mBio 2020; 11:e00250-20. [PMID: 32184241 PMCID: PMC7078470 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00250-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition modes of individual T cell receptors (TCRs) are well studied, but factors driving the selection of TCR repertoires from primary through persistent human virus infections are less well understood. Using deep sequencing, we demonstrate a high degree of diversity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific clonotypes in acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM). Only 9% of unique clonotypes detected in AIM persisted into convalescence; the majority (91%) of unique clonotypes detected in AIM were not detected in convalescence and were seeming replaced by equally diverse "de novo" clonotypes. The persistent clonotypes had a greater probability of being generated than nonpersistent clonotypes due to convergence recombination of multiple nucleotide sequences to encode the same amino acid sequence, as well as the use of shorter complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3s) with fewer nucleotide additions (i.e., sequences closer to germ line). Moreover, the two most immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted EBV epitopes, BRLF1109 and BMLF1280, show highly distinct antigen-specific public (i.e., shared between individuals) features. In fact, TCRα CDR3 motifs played a dominant role, while TCRβ played a minimal role, in the selection of TCR repertoire to an immunodominant EBV epitope, BRLF1. This contrasts with the majority of previously reported repertoires, which appear to be selected either on TCRβ CDR3 interactions with peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or in combination with TCRα CDR3. Understanding of how TCR-peptide-MHC complex interactions drive repertoire selection can be used to develop optimal strategies for vaccine design or generation of appropriate adoptive immunotherapies for viral infections in transplant settings or for cancer.IMPORTANCE Several lines of evidence suggest that TCRα and TCRβ repertoires play a role in disease outcomes and treatment strategies during viral infections in transplant patients and in cancer and autoimmune disease therapy. Our data suggest that it is essential that we understand the basic principles of how to drive optimum repertoires for both TCR chains, α and β. We address this important issue by characterizing the CD8 TCR repertoire to a common persistent human viral infection (EBV), which is controlled by appropriate CD8 T cell responses. The ultimate goal would be to determine if the individuals who are infected asymptomatically develop a different TCR repertoire than those that develop the immunopathology of AIM. Here, we begin by doing an in-depth characterization of both CD8 T cell TCRα and TCRβ repertoires to two immunodominant EBV epitopes over the course of AIM, identifying potential factors that may be driving their selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larisa Kamga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fransenio Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dario Ghersi
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Gilfillan CB, Wang C, Mohsen MO, Rufer N, Hebeisen M, Allard M, Verdeil G, Irvine DJ, Bachmann MF, Speiser DE. Murine CD8 T-cell functional avidity is stable in vivo but not in vitro: Independence from homologous prime/boost time interval and antigen density. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:505-514. [PMID: 31785153 PMCID: PMC7187562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that for achieving high affinity antibody responses, vaccines must be optimized for antigen dose/density, and the prime/boost interval should be at least 4 weeks. Similar knowledge is lacking for generating high avidity T‐cell responses. The functional avidity (FA) of T cells, describing responsiveness to peptide, is associated with the quality of effector function and the protective capacity in vivo. Despite its importance, the FA is rarely determined in T‐cell vaccination studies. We addressed the question whether different time intervals for short‐term homologous vaccinations impact the FA of CD8 T‐cell responses. Four‐week instead of 2‐week intervals between priming and boosting with potent subunit vaccines in C57BL/6 mice did not improve FA. Equally, similar FA was observed after vaccination with virus‐like particles displaying low versus high antigen densities. Interestingly, FA was stable in vivo but not in vitro, depending on the antigen dose and the time interval since T‐cell activation, as observed in murine monoclonal T cells. Our findings suggest dynamic in vivo modulation for equal FA. We conclude that low antigen density vaccines or a minimal 4‐week prime/boost interval are not crucial for the T‐cell's FA, in contrast to antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chensu Wang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Inselspital, Universitaetsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Inselspital, Universitaetsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Smith CJ, Venturi V, Quigley MF, Turula H, Gostick E, Ladell K, Hill BJ, Himelfarb D, Quinn KM, Greenaway HY, Dang THY, Seder RA, Douek DC, Hill AB, Davenport MP, Price DA, Snyder CM. Stochastic Expansions Maintain the Clonal Stability of CD8 + T Cell Populations Undergoing Memory Inflation Driven by Murine Cytomegalovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:112-121. [PMID: 31818981 PMCID: PMC6920548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clonal stability is a feature of memory inflation. Stochastic expansions maintain clonal stability during memory inflation. Persistent clonotypes are often public in the context of memory inflation.
CMV is an obligate and persistent intracellular pathogen that continually drives the production of highly differentiated virus-specific CD8+ T cells in an Ag-dependent manner, a phenomenon known as memory inflation. Extensive proliferation is required to generate and maintain inflationary CD8+ T cell populations, which are counterintuitively short-lived and typically exposed to limited amounts of Ag during the chronic phase of infection. An apparent discrepancy therefore exists between the magnitude of expansion and the requirement for ongoing immunogenic stimulation. To address this issue, we explored the clonal dynamics of memory inflation. First, we tracked congenically marked OT-I cell populations in recipient mice infected with murine CMV (MCMV) expressing the cognate Ag OVA. Irrespective of numerical dominance, stochastic expansions were observed in each population, such that dominant and subdominant OT-I cells were maintained at stable frequencies over time. Second, we characterized endogenous CD8+ T cell populations specific for two classic inflationary epitopes, M38 and IE3. Multiple clonotypes simultaneously underwent Ag-driven proliferation during latent infection with MCMV. In addition, the corresponding CD8+ T cell repertoires were stable over time and dominated by persistent clonotypes, many of which also occurred in more than one mouse. Collectively, these data suggest that stochastic encounters with Ag occur frequently enough to maintain oligoclonal populations of inflationary CD8+ T cells, despite intrinsic constraints on epitope display at individual sites of infection with MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maire F Quigley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Brenna J Hill
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Danielle Himelfarb
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Hui Yee Greenaway
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thurston H Y Dang
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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29
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Kamga L, Gil A, Song I, Brody R, Ghersi D, Aslan N, Stern LJ, Selin LK, Luzuriaga K. CDR3α drives selection of the immunodominant Epstein Barr virus (EBV) BRLF1-specific CD8 T cell receptor repertoire in primary infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008122. [PMID: 31765434 PMCID: PMC6901265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is an essential component of the CD8 T-cell immune response. Here, we seek to investigate factors that drive selection of TCR repertoires specific to the HLA-A2-restricted immunodominant epitope BRLF1109-117 (YVLDHLIVV) over the course of primary Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection. Using single-cell paired TCRαβ sequencing of tetramer sorted CD8 T cells ex vivo, we show at the clonal level that recognition of the HLA-A2-restricted BRLF1 (YVL-BR, BRLF-1109) epitope is mainly driven by the TCRα chain. For the first time, we identify a CDR3α (complementarity determining region 3 α) motif, KDTDKL, resulting from an obligate AV8.1-AJ34 pairing that was shared by all four individuals studied. This observation coupled with the fact that this public AV8.1-KDTDKL-AJ34 TCR pairs with multiple different TCRβ chains within the same donor (median 4; range: 1–9), suggests that there are some unique structural features of the interaction between the YVL-BR/MHC and the AV8.1-KDTDKL-AJ34 TCR that leads to this high level of selection. Newly developed TCR motif algorithms identified a lysine at position 1 of the CDR3α motif that is highly conserved and likely important for antigen recognition. Crystal structure analysis of the YVL-BR/HLA-A2 complex revealed that the MHC-bound peptide bulges at position 4, exposing a negatively charged aspartic acid that may interact with the positively charged lysine of CDR3α. TCR cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of the CDR3α lysine ablated YVL-BR-tetramer staining and substantially reduced CD69 upregulation on TCR mutant-transduced cells following antigen-specific stimulation. Reduced activation of T cells expressing this CDR3 motif was also observed following exposure to mutated (D4A) peptide. In summary, we show that a highly public TCR repertoire to an immunodominant epitope of a common human virus is almost completely selected on the basis of CDR3α and provide a likely structural basis for the selection. These studies emphasize the importance of examining TCRα, as well as TCRβ, in understanding the CD8 T cell receptor repertoire. EBV is a ubiquitous human virus that has been linked to several diseases, including cancers and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. CD8 T cells are important for controlling EBV replication. Generation and maintenance of virus-specific CD8 T cells is dependent on specific interaction between MHC-peptide complexes on the infected cell and the TCR. In this study, we performed single cell sequencing of paired TCR α and β chains from EBV-specific CD8 T cells isolated at two time points (primary infection and convalescence) from four individuals undergoing acute EBV infection. We describe a TCRα sequence that was shared by all four individuals and identify conserved residues within this sequence that likely contribute to viral recognition. Examination of the crystal structure of the peptide-MHC complex and subsequent experimental data suggest that a specific interaction between a negatively charged aspartic acid at position 4 of the peptide and a positively charged lysine in the TCR may be particularly important. These findings are highly relevant to current efforts to understand how the TCR repertoire may contribute to or protect against disease, the development of TCR diagnostics for diseases, and at improving the efficacy of T cell based therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/immunology
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kamga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inyoung Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin Brody
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dario Ghersi
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKS); (KL)
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKS); (KL)
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30
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Long HM, Meckiff BJ, Taylor GS. The T-cell Response to Epstein-Barr Virus-New Tricks From an Old Dog. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2193. [PMID: 31620125 PMCID: PMC6759930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people and establishes life-long infection controlled by the host's immune system. The genetic stability of the virus, deep understanding of the viral antigens and immune epitopes recognized by the host's T-cell system and the fact that recent infection can be identified by the development of symptomatic infectious mononucleosis makes EBV a powerful system in which to study human immunology. The association between EBV and multiple cancers also means that the lessons learned have strong translational potential. Increasing evidence of a role for resident memory T-cells and non-conventional γδ T-cells in controlling EBV infection suggests new opportunities for research and means the virus will continue to provide exciting new insights into human biology and immunology into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham S. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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31
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Chu ND, Bi HS, Emerson RO, Sherwood AM, Birnbaum ME, Robins HS, Alm EJ. Longitudinal immunosequencing in healthy people reveals persistent T cell receptors rich in highly public receptors. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:19. [PMID: 31226930 PMCID: PMC6588944 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adaptive immune system maintains a diversity of T cells capable of recognizing a broad array of antigens. Each T cell’s specificity for antigens is determined by its T cell receptors (TCRs), which together across all T cells form a repertoire of millions of unique receptors in each individual. Although many studies have examined how TCR repertoires change in response to disease or drugs, few have explored the temporal dynamics of the TCR repertoire in healthy individuals. Results Here we report immunosequencing of TCR β chains (TCRβ) from the blood of three healthy individuals at eight time points over one year. TCRβ repertoires of all peripheral-blood T cells and sorted memory T cells clustered clearly by individual, systematically demonstrating that TCRβ repertoires are specific to individuals across time. This individuality was absent from TCRβs from naive T cells, suggesting that the differences resulted from an individual’s antigen exposure history, not genetic background. Many characteristics of the TCRβ repertoire (e.g., diversity, clonality) were stable across time, although we found evidence of T cell expansion dynamics even within healthy individuals. We further identified a subset of “persistent” TCRβs present across all time points. These receptors were rich in clonal and highly public receptors and may play a key role in immune system maintenance. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of longitudinal sampling of the immune system, providing a much-needed baseline for TCRβ dynamics in healthy individuals. Such a baseline will improve interpretation of changes in the TCRβ repertoire during disease or treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-019-0300-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Chu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haixin Sarah Bi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric J Alm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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32
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Lian J, Liu J, Yue Y, Li F, Chen X, Zhang Z, Ping Y, Qin G, Li L, Zhang K, Liu S, Zhang L, Qiao S, Liu N, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zeng Q, Zhang Y. The repertoire features of T cell receptor β-chain of different age and gender groups in healthy Chinese individuals. Immunol Lett 2019; 208:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Remmerswaal EBM, Hombrink P, Nota B, Pircher H, Ten Berge IJM, van Lier RAW, van Aalderen MC. Expression of IL-7Rα and KLRG1 defines functionally distinct CD8 + T-cell populations in humans. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:694-708. [PMID: 30883723 PMCID: PMC6593687 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During acute viral infections in mice, IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 together are used to distinguish the short‐lived effector cells (SLEC; IL‐7RαloKLRGhi) from the precursors of persisting memory cells (MPEC; IL‐7RαhiKLRG1lo). We here show that these markers can be used to define distinct subsets in the circulation and lymph nodes during the acute phase and in “steady state” in humans. In contrast to the T cells in the circulation, T cells derived from lymph nodes hardly contain any KLRG1‐expressing cells. The four populations defined by IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 differ markedly in transcription factor, granzyme and chemokine receptor expression. When studying renal transplant recipients experiencing a primary hCMV and EBV infection, we also found that after viral control, during latency, Ki‐67‐negative SLEC can be found in the peripheral blood in considerable numbers. Thus, combined analyses of IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 expression on human herpes virus‐specific CD8+ T cells can be used to separate functionally distinct subsets in humans. As a noncycling IL‐7RαloKLRG1hi population is abundant in healthy humans, we conclude that this combination of markers not only defines short‐lived effector cells during the acute response but also stable effector cells that are formed and remain present during latent herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Generation, maintenance and tissue distribution of T cell responses to human cytomegalovirus in lytic and latent infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:375-389. [PMID: 30895366 PMCID: PMC6647459 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the T cell memory response directed towards human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) develops and changes over time while the virus persists is important. Whilst HCMV primary infection and periodic reactivation is well controlled by T cell responses in healthy people, when the immune system is compromised such as post-transplantation, during pregnancy, or underdeveloped such as in new-born infants and children, CMV disease can be a significant problem. In older people, HCMV infection is associated with increased risk of mortality and despite overt disease rarely being seen there are increases in HCMV-DNA in urine of older people suggesting that there is a change in the efficacy of the T cell response following lifelong infection. Therefore, understanding whether phenomenon such as “memory inflation” of the immune response is occurring in humans and if this is detrimental to the overall health of individuals would enable the development of appropriate treatment strategies for the future. In this review, we present the evidence available from human studies regarding the development and maintenance of memory CD8 + and CD4 + T cell responses to HCMV. We conclude that there is only limited evidence supportive of “memory inflation” occurring in humans and that future studies need to investigate immune cells from a broad range of human tissue sites to fully understand the nature of HCMV T cell memory responses to lytic and latent infection.
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35
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Schober K, Buchholz VR, Busch DH. TCR repertoire evolution during maintenance of CMV-specific T-cell populations. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:113-128. [PMID: 29664573 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During infections and cancer, the composition of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells changes over time. TCR avidity is thought to be a major driver of this process, thereby interacting with several additional regulators of T-cell responses to form a composite immune response architecture. Infections with latent viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), can lead to large T-cell responses characterized by an oligoclonal TCR repertoire. Here, we review the current status of experimental studies and theoretical models of TCR repertoire evolution during CMV infection. We will particularly discuss the degree to which this process may be determined through structural TCR avidity. As engineered TCR-redirected T cells have moved into the spotlight for providing more effective immunotherapies, it is essential to understand how the key features of a given TCR influence T-cell expansion and maintenance in settings of infection or malignancy. Deeper insights into these mechanisms will improve our basic understanding of T-cell immunology and help to identify optimal TCRs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Focus Group 'Clinical Cell Processing and Purification', Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany.,National Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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36
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Bradley P, Thomas PG. Using T Cell Receptor Repertoires to Understand the Principles of Adaptive Immune Recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:547-570. [PMID: 30699000 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune recognition is mediated by antigen receptors on B and T cells generated by somatic recombination during lineage development. The high level of diversity resulting from this process posed technical limitations that previously limited the comprehensive analysis of adaptive immune recognition. Advances over the last ten years have produced data and approaches allowing insights into how T cells develop, evolutionary signatures of recombination and selection, and the features of T cell receptors that mediate epitope-specific binding and T cell activation. The size and complexity of these data have necessitated the generation of novel computational and analytical approaches, which are transforming how T cell immunology is conducted. Here we review the development and application of novel biological, theoretical, and computational methods for understanding T cell recognition and discuss the potential for improved models of receptor:antigen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bradley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; .,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA;
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37
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Huth A, Liang X, Krebs S, Blum H, Moosmann A. Antigen-Specific TCR Signatures of Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:979-990. [PMID: 30587531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CMV is a prevalent human pathogen. The virus cannot be eliminated from the body, but is kept in check by CMV-specific T cells. Patients with an insufficient T cell response, such as transplant recipients, are at high risk of developing CMV disease. However, the CMV-specific T cell repertoire is complex, and it is not yet clear which T cells protect best against virus reactivation and disease. In this study, we present a highly resolved characterization of CMV-specific human CD8+ T cells based on enrichment by specific peptide stimulation and mRNA sequencing of their TCR β-chains (TCRβ). Our analysis included recently identified T cell epitopes restricted through HLA-C, whose presentation is resistant to viral immunomodulation, and well-studied HLA-B-restricted epitopes. In eight healthy virus carriers, we identified a total of 1052 CMV-specific TCRβ sequences. HLA-C-restricted, CMV-specific TCRβ clonotypes dominated the ex vivo T cell response and contributed the highest-frequency clonotype of the entire repertoire in two of eight donors. We analyzed sharing and similarity of CMV-specific TCRβ sequences and identified 63 public or related sequences belonging to 17 public TCRβ families. In our cohort, and in an independent cohort of 352 donors, the cumulative frequency of these public TCRβ family members was a highly discriminatory indicator of carrying both CMV infection and the relevant HLA type. Based on these findings, we propose CMV-specific TCRβ signatures as a biomarker for an antiviral T cell response to identify patients in need of treatment and to guide future development of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Huth
- German Center for Infection Research Group Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, 81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- German Center for Infection Research Group Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- German Center for Infection Research Group Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; .,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, 81377 Munich, Germany; and
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38
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Lindau P, Mukherjee R, Gutschow MV, Vignali M, Warren EH, Riddell SR, Makar KW, Turtle CJ, Robins HS. Cytomegalovirus Exposure in the Elderly Does Not Reduce CD8 T Cell Repertoire Diversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:476-483. [PMID: 30541882 PMCID: PMC6321841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With age, the immune system becomes less effective, causing increased susceptibility to infection. Chronic CMV infection further impairs immune function and is associated with increased mortality in the elderly. CMV exposure elicits massive CD8+ T cell clonal expansions and diminishes the cytotoxic T cell response to subsequent infections, leading to the hypothesis that to maintain homeostasis, T cell clones are expelled from the repertoire, reducing T cell repertoire diversity and diminishing the ability to combat new infections. However, in humans, the impact of CMV infection on the structure and diversity of the underlying T cell repertoire remains uncharacterized. Using TCR β-chain immunosequencing, we observed that the proportion of the peripheral blood T cell repertoire composed of the most numerous 0.1% of clones is larger in the CMV seropositive and gradually increases with age. We found that the T cell repertoire in the elderly grows to accommodate CMV-driven clonal expansions while preserving its underlying diversity and clonal structure. Our observations suggest that the maintenance of large CMV-reactive T cell clones throughout life does not compromise the underlying repertoire. Alternatively, we propose that the diminished immunity in elderly individuals with CMV is due to alterations in cellular function rather than a reduction in CD8+ T cell repertoire diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lindau
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; .,Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rithun Mukherjee
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Miriam V Gutschow
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Edus H Warren
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Karen W Makar
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Cameron J Turtle
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102
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39
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Kavazović I, Polić B, Wensveen FM. Cheating the Hunger Games; Mechanisms Controlling Clonal Diversity of CD8 Effector and Memory Populations. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2831. [PMID: 30555492 PMCID: PMC6281969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector and memory CD8 T cells have an intrinsic difference in the way they must approach antigen; effector cells need to address the pathogen at hand and therefore favor outgrowth of only high-affinity clones. In contrast, the memory pool benefits from greater clonal diversity to recognize and eliminate pathogens with mutations in their immunogenic epitopes. Effector and memory fates are ultimately the result of the same three signals that control T cell activation; T cell receptor (TCR) engagement together with co-stimulation and cytokines. Great progress has been made in our understanding of the transcriptional programs that drive effector or memory differentiation. However, how these two different programs result from the same initial cues is still a matter of debate. An emerging image is that not only the classical three signals determine T cell differentiation, but also the ability of cells to access these signals relative to that of other activated clones. Inter-clonal competition is therefore not only a selective force, but also a mediator of CD8 T cell fate. How this is regulated on a transcriptional level, especially in the context of a selective “hunger game” based on antigen-affinity in which only cells of high-affinity are supposed to survive, is still poorly defined. In this review, we discuss recent literature that illustrates how antigen-affinity dependent inter-clonal competition shapes effector and memory populations in an environment of antigen affinity-driven selection. We argue that fine-tuning of TCR signal intensity presents an attractive target for regulating the scope of CD8 T cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology & Embryology University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology & Embryology University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology & Embryology University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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40
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van der Heiden P, Marijt E, Falkenburg F, Jedema I. Control of Cytomegalovirus Viremia after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Review on CMV-Specific T Cell Reconstitution. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:1776-1782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Jiang Q, Zhao T, Zheng W, Zhou J, Wang H, Dong H, Chen Y, Tang X, Liu C, Ye L, Mao Q, Wang C, Han J, Shang X, Wu Y. Patient-shared TCRβ-CDR3 clonotypes correlate with favorable prognosis in chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1539-1549. [PMID: 29856484 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of shared T-cell clonotypes was found in several different diseases, but its relationship with the progression of disease remains unclear. By sequencing the complementary determining region 3 of T-cell receptor (TCR) β chains from the purified antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells, we characterized the T-cell repertoire in a prospective cohort study among 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, as well as a healthy control and a validation cohort. We found that most T-cell clones from patients harbored the "patient-specific" TCR sequences. However, "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes were also widely found, which correlated with the favorable turnover of disease. Interestingly, the frequency of the "patient-shared" clonotypes can serve as a biomarker for favorable prognosis. Based on the clonotypes in those patients with favorable outcomes, we created a database including several clusters of protective anti-HBV CD8+ T-cell clonotypes that might be a reasonable target for therapeutic vaccine development or adoptive cell transfer therapy. These findings were validated in an additional independent cohort of patients. These results suggest that the "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes may serve as a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and possibly other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenhong Zheng
- Department of Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Mao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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42
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Crawford DC, Bailey JNC, Miskimen K, Miron P, McCauley JL, Sedor JR, ƠToole JF, Bush WS. Somatic T-cell Receptor Diversity in a Chronic Kidney Disease PatientPopulation Linked to Electronic Health Records. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 2017:63-71. [PMID: 29888042 PMCID: PMC5961818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Germline and somatic genomic variation represent the bulk of 'omics data available for precision medicine research. These data, however, may fail to capture the dynamic biological processes that underlie disease development, particularly for chronic diseases of aging such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). To demonstrate the value of additional dynamic precision medicine data, we sequenced somatic T-cell receptor rearrangements, markers of the adaptive immune response, from genomic DNA collected during a clinical encounter from 15 participants with CKD and associated co-morbidities. Participants were consented as part of a larger precision medicine research project at the MetroHealth System, a large urban public hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. Despite the limited sample size, we observed reduced T-cell receptor diversity in relation to biomarkers (creatinine and BUN) of CKD status in this older and mostly African American sample. Overall, these data suggest a relationship between advanced CKD and premature aging of the adaptive immune system and highlight the potential of dynamic 'omic data to generate novel hypotheses about disease mechanisms and unique opportunities for precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Crawford
- Institute for Computational Biology, Departments of,Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and,Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Kristy Miskimen
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Penelope Miron
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacob L. McCauley
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Departments of
| | - John R. Sedor
- Medicine and,Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - William S. Bush
- Institute for Computational Biology, Departments of,Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and
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43
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The human Vδ2 + T-cell compartment comprises distinct innate-like Vγ9 + and adaptive Vγ9 - subsets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1760. [PMID: 29720665 PMCID: PMC5932074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2+ T cells form the predominant human γδ T-cell population in peripheral blood and mediate T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent anti-microbial and anti-tumour immunity. Here we show that the Vδ2+ compartment comprises both innate-like and adaptive subsets. Vγ9+ Vδ2+ T cells display semi-invariant TCR repertoires, featuring public Vγ9 TCR sequences equivalent in cord and adult blood. By contrast, we also identify a separate, Vγ9− Vδ2+ T-cell subset that typically has a CD27hiCCR7+CD28+IL-7Rα+ naive-like phenotype and a diverse TCR repertoire, however in response to viral infection, undergoes clonal expansion and differentiation to a CD27loCD45RA+CX3CR1+granzymeA/B+ effector phenotype. Consistent with a function in solid tissue immunosurveillance, we detect human intrahepatic Vγ9− Vδ2+ T cells featuring dominant clonal expansions and an effector phenotype. These findings redefine human γδ T-cell subsets by delineating the Vδ2+ T-cell compartment into innate-like (Vγ9+) and adaptive (Vγ9−) subsets, which have distinct functions in microbial immunosurveillance. Human Vδ2+ γδ T cells are thought to be an innate-like T-cell population. Here the authors show the Vδ2+ compartment contains both innate-like Vγ9+ and an adaptive Vγ9- subset that undergoes clonal expansion during viral infection and can infiltrate liver tissue.
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44
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Panagioti E, Klenerman P, Lee LN, van der Burg SH, Arens R. Features of Effective T Cell-Inducing Vaccines against Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 29503649 PMCID: PMC5820320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the focus of prophylactic vaccines was to elicit neutralizing antibodies, but it has become increasingly evident that T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in controlling persistent viral infections such as with human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus. Currently, various promising prophylactic vaccines, capable of inducing substantial vaccine-specific T cell responses, are investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. There is compelling evidence that protection by T cells is related to the magnitude and breadth of the T cell response, the type and homing properties of the memory T cell subsets, and their cytokine polyfunctionality and metabolic fitness. In this review, we evaluated these key factors that determine the qualitative and quantitative properties of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the context of chronic viral disease and prophylactic vaccine development. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying T cell-mediated protection against chronic viral pathogens will facilitate the development of more potent, durable and safe prophylactic T cell-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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45
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Huang L, Betjes MGH, Klepper M, Langerak AW, Baan CC, Litjens NHR. End-Stage Renal Disease Causes Skewing in the TCR Vβ-Repertoire Primarily within CD8 + T Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1826. [PMID: 29326709 PMCID: PMC5736542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad T cell receptor (TCR-) repertoire is required for an effective immune response. TCR-repertoire diversity declines with age. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a prematurely aged T cell system which is associated with defective T cell-mediated immunity. Recently, we showed that ESRD may significantly skew the TCR Vβ-repertoire. Here, we assessed the impact of ESRD on the TCR Vβ-repertoire within different T cell subsets using a multiparameter flow-cytometry-based assay, controlling for effects of aging and CMV latency. Percentages of 24 different TCR Vβ-families were tested in circulating naive and memory T cell subsets of 10 ESRD patients and 10 age- and CMV-serostatus-matched healthy individuals (HI). The Gini-index, a parameter used in economics to describe the distribution of income, was calculated to determine the extent of skewing at the subset level taking into account frequencies of all 24 TCR Vβ-families. In addition, using HI as reference population, the differential impact of ESRD was assessed on clonal expansion at the level of an individual TCR Vβ-family. CD8+, but not CD4+, T cell differentiation was associated with higher Gini-TCR indices. Gini-TCR indices were already significantly higher for different CD8+ memory T cell subsets of younger ESRD patients compared to their age-matched HI. ESRD induced expansions of not one TCR Vβ-family in particular and expansions were predominantly observed within the CD8+ T cell compartment. All ESRD patients had expanded TCR Vβ-families within total CD8+ T cells and the median (IQ range) number of expanded TCR Vβ-families/patient amounted to 2 (1-4). Interestingly, ESRD also induced clonal expansions of TCR Vβ-families within naive CD8+ T cells as 8 out of 10 patients had expanded TCR Vβ-families. The median (IQ range) number of expanded families/patient amounted to 1 (1-1) within naive CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, loss of renal function skews the TCR Vβ-repertoire already in younger patients by inducing expansions of different TCR Vβ-families within the various T cell subsets, primarily affecting the CD8+ T cell compartment. This skewed TCR Vβ-repertoire may be associated with a less broad and diverse T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Nephrology and Transplantation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Nephrology and Transplantation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariska Klepper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Nephrology and Transplantation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Nephrology and Transplantation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Nephrology and Transplantation, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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46
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Volk V, Reppas AI, Robert PA, Spineli LM, Sundarasetty BS, Theobald SJ, Schneider A, Gerasch L, Deves Roth C, Klöss S, Koehl U, von Kaisenberg C, Figueiredo C, Hatzikirou H, Meyer-Hermann M, Stripecke R. Multidimensional Analysis Integrating Human T-Cell Signatures in Lymphatic Tissues with Sex of Humanized Mice for Prediction of Responses after Dendritic Cell Immunization. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1709. [PMID: 29276513 PMCID: PMC5727047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice transplanted with human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) became a powerful experimental tool for studying the heterogeneity of human immune reconstitution and immune responses in vivo. Yet, analyses of human T cell maturation in humanized models have been hampered by an overall low immune reactivity and lack of methods to define predictive markers of responsiveness. Long-lived human lentiviral induced dendritic cells expressing the cytomegalovirus pp65 protein (iDCpp65) promoted the development of pp65-specific human CD8+ T cell responses in NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom-Il2rγtm1Wj humanized mice through the presentation of immune-dominant antigenic epitopes (signal 1), expression of co-stimulatory molecules (signal 2), and inflammatory cytokines (signal 3). We exploited this validated system to evaluate the effects of mouse sex in the dynamics of T cell homing and maturation status in thymus, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Statistical analyses of cell relative frequencies and absolute numbers demonstrated higher CD8+ memory T cell reactivity in spleen and lymph nodes of immunized female mice. In order to understand to which extent the multidimensional relation between organ-specific markers predicted the immunization status, the immunophenotypic profiles of individual mice were used to train an artificial neural network designed to discriminate immunized and non-immunized mice. The highest accuracy of immune reactivity prediction could be obtained from lymph node markers of female mice (77.3%). Principal component analyses further identified clusters of markers best suited to describe the heterogeneity of immunization responses in vivo. A correlation analysis of these markers reflected a tissue-specific impact of immunization. This allowed for an organ-resolved characterization of the immunization status of individual mice based on the identified set of markers. This new modality of multidimensional analyses can be used as a framework for defining minimal but predictive signatures of human immune responses in mice and suggests critical markers to characterize responses to immunization after HSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Volk
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas I Reppas
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Loukia M Spineli
- Institute of Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bala Sai Sundarasetty
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Gerasch
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Candida Deves Roth
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Klöss
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics and GMP Core Facility IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics and GMP Core Facility IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Haralampos Hatzikirou
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic susceptibility and dominant protection for type 1 diabetes (T1D) associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, along with minor risk variants, have long been thought to shape the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and eventual phenotype of autoreactive T cells that mediate β-cell destruction. While autoantibodies provide robust markers of disease progression, early studies tracking autoreactive T cells largely failed to achieve clinical utility. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in acquisition of pancreata and islets from T1D organ donors have facilitated studies of T cells isolated from the target tissues. Immunosequencing of TCR α/β-chain complementarity determining regions, along with transcriptional profiling, offers the potential to transform biomarker discovery. Herein, we review recent studies characterizing the autoreactive TCR signature in T1D, emerging technologies, and the challenges and opportunities associated with tracking TCR molecular profiles during the natural history of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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48
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Abana CO, Pilkinton MA, Gaudieri S, Chopra A, McDonnell WJ, Wanjalla C, Barnett L, Gangula R, Hager C, Jung DK, Engelhardt BG, Jagasia MH, Klenerman P, Phillips EJ, Koelle DM, Kalams SA, Mallal SA. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epitope-Specific CD4 + T Cells Are Inflated in HIV + CMV + Subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3187-3201. [PMID: 28972094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Select CMV epitopes drive life-long CD8+ T cell memory inflation, but the extent of CD4 memory inflation is poorly studied. CD4+ T cells specific for human CMV (HCMV) are elevated in HIV+ HCMV+ subjects. To determine whether HCMV epitope-specific CD4+ T cell memory inflation occurs during HIV infection, we used HLA-DR7 (DRB1*07:01) tetramers loaded with the glycoprotein B DYSNTHSTRYV (DYS) epitope to characterize circulating CD4+ T cells in coinfected HLA-DR7+ long-term nonprogressor HIV subjects with undetectable HCMV plasma viremia. DYS-specific CD4+ T cells were inflated among these HIV+ subjects compared with those from an HIV- HCMV+ HLA-DR7+ cohort or with HLA-DR7-restricted CD4+ T cells from the HIV-coinfected cohort that were specific for epitopes of HCMV phosphoprotein-65, tetanus toxoid precursor, EBV nuclear Ag 2, or HIV gag protein. Inflated DYS-specific CD4+ T cells consisted of effector memory or effector memory-RA+ subsets with restricted TCRβ usage and nearly monoclonal CDR3 containing novel conserved amino acids. Expression of this near-monoclonal TCR in a Jurkat cell-transfection system validated fine DYS specificity. Inflated cells were polyfunctional, not senescent, and displayed high ex vivo levels of granzyme B, CX3CR1, CD38, or HLA-DR but less often coexpressed CD38+ and HLA-DR+ The inflation mechanism did not involve apoptosis suppression, increased proliferation, or HIV gag cross-reactivity. Instead, the findings suggest that intermittent or chronic expression of epitopes, such as DYS, drive inflation of activated CD4+ T cells that home to endothelial cells and have the potential to mediate cytotoxicity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike O Abana
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cindy Hager
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dae K Jung
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Brian G Engelhardt
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Madan H Jagasia
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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49
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Yang X, Chen G, Weng NP, Mariuzza RA. Structural basis for clonal diversity of the human T-cell response to a dominant influenza virus epitope. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18618-18627. [PMID: 28931605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes an acute infection in humans that is normally eliminated by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Individuals expressing the MHC class I molecule HLA-A2 produce cytotoxic T lymphocytes bearing T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize the immunodominant IAV epitope GILGFVFTL (GIL). Most GIL-specific TCRs utilize α/β chain pairs encoded by the TRAV27/TRBV19 gene combination to recognize this relatively featureless peptide epitope (canonical TCRs). However, ∼40% of GIL-specific TCRs express a wide variety of other TRAV/TRBV combinations (non-canonical TCRs). To investigate the structural underpinnings of this remarkable diversity, we determined the crystal structure of a non-canonical GIL-specific TCR (F50) expressing the TRAV13-1/TRBV27 gene combination bound to GIL-HLA-A2 to 1.7 Å resolution. Comparison of the F50-GIL-HLA-A2 complex with the previously published complex formed by a canonical TCR (JM22) revealed that F50 and JM22 engage GIL-HLA-A2 in markedly different orientations. These orientations are distinguished by crossing angles of TCR to peptide-MHC of 29° for F50 versus 69° for JM22 and by a focus by F50 on the C terminus rather than the center of the MHC α1 helix for JM22. In addition, F50, unlike JM22, uses a tryptophan instead of an arginine to fill a critical notch between GIL and the HLA-A2 α2 helix. The F50-GIL-HLA-A2 complex shows that there are multiple structurally distinct solutions to recognizing an identical peptide-MHC ligand with sufficient affinity to elicit a broad anti-IAV response that protects against viral escape and T-cell clonal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Yang
- From the University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850.,the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
| | - Guobing Chen
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- From the University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850, .,the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
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50
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Attaf M, Sewell AK. Disease etiology and diagnosis by TCR repertoire analysis goes viral. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2516-2519. [PMID: 27813075 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The importance of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity is highlighted in murine models of immunodeficiency and in many human pathologies. However, the true extent of TCR diversity and how this diversity varies in health and disease is poorly understood. In a previous issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Lossius et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 3439-3452] dissected the composition of the TCR repertoire in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS) using high-throughput sequencing of TCR-β chains in cerebrospinal fluid samples and blood. The authors demonstrated that the TCR repertoire of the CSF was largely distinct from the blood and enriched in EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS patients. Studies of this kind have long been hindered by technical limitations and remain scarce in the literature. However, TCR sequencing methodologies are progressing apace and will undoubtedly shed light on the genetic basis of T-cell responses and the ontogeny of T-cell-mediated diseases, such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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