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Glinos DA, Soskic B, Williams C, Kennedy A, Jostins L, Sansom DM, Trynka G. Genomic profiling of T-cell activation suggests increased sensitivity of memory T cells to CD28 costimulation. Genes Immun 2020; 21:390-408. [PMID: 33223527 PMCID: PMC7785515 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
T-cell activation is a critical driver of immune responses. The CD28 costimulation is an essential regulator of CD4 T-cell responses, however, its relative importance in naive and memory T cells is not fully understood. Using different model systems, we observe that human memory T cells are more sensitive to CD28 costimulation than naive T cells. To deconvolute how the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 orchestrate activation of human T cells, we stimulate cells using varying intensities of TCR and CD28 and profiled gene expression. We show that genes involved in cell cycle progression and division are CD28-driven in memory cells, but under TCR control in naive cells. We further demonstrate that T-helper differentiation and cytokine expression are controlled by CD28. Using chromatin accessibility profiling, we observe that AP1 transcriptional regulation is enriched when both TCR and CD28 are engaged, whereas open chromatin near CD28-sensitive genes is enriched for NF-kB motifs. Lastly, we show that CD28-sensitive genes are enriched in GWAS regions associated with immune diseases, implicating a role for CD28 in disease development. Our study provides important insights into the differential role of costimulation in naive and memory T-cell responses and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni A Glinos
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cayman Williams
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Luke Jostins
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Christ Church, St. Aldates, Oxford, OX1 1DP, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
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2
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Gray JI, Al-Khabouri S, Morton F, Clambey ET, Gapin L, Matsuda JL, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Garside P, Otto TD, MacLeod MKL. Tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells is partial and reversible. Immunology 2020; 162:68-83. [PMID: 32931017 PMCID: PMC7730012 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells respond rapidly in part because they are less reliant on a heightened levels of costimulatory molecules. This enables rapid control of secondary infecting pathogens but presents challenges to efforts to control or silence memory CD4 T cells, for example in antigen‐specific tolerance strategies for autoimmunity. We have examined the transcriptional and functional consequences of reactivating memory CD4 T cells in the absence of an adjuvant. We find that memory CD4 T cells generated by infection or immunisation survive secondary activation with antigen delivered without adjuvant, regardless of their location in secondary lymphoid organs or peripheral tissues. These cells were, however, functionally altered following a tertiary immunisation with antigen and adjuvant, proliferating poorly but maintaining their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional and cell cycle analysis of these memory CD4 T cells suggests they are unable to commit fully to cell division potentially because of low expression of DNA repair enzymes. In contrast, these memory CD4 T cells could proliferate following tertiary reactivation by viral re‐infection. These data indicate that antigen‐specific tolerogenic strategies must examine multiple parameters of Tcell function, and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that may lead to deletional tolerance of memory CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Gray
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shaima Al-Khabouri
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fraser Morton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Orme IM, Henao-Tamayo MI. Trying to See the Forest through the Trees: Deciphering the Nature of Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29568298 PMCID: PMC5852080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination against tuberculosis and other diseases is to establish a heightened state of acquired specific resistance in which the memory immune response is capable of mediating an accelerated and magnified expression of protection to the pathogen when this is encountered at a later time. In the earliest studies in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, memory immunity and the cells that express this were definable both in terms of kinetics of emergence, and soon thereafter by the levels of expression of markers including CD44, CD62L, and the chemokine receptor CCR7, allowing the identification of effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. Despite these initial advances in knowledge, more recent information has not revealed more clarity, but instead, has created a morass of complications—complications that, if not resolved, could harm correct vaccine design. Here, we discuss two central issues. The first is that we have always assumed that memory is induced in the same way, and consists of the same T cells, regardless of whether that immunity is generated by BCG vaccination, or by exposure to M. tuberculosis followed by effective chemotherapy. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect. Second, a myriad of additional memory subsets have now been described, such as resident, stem cell-like, tissue specific, among others, but as yet we know nothing about the relative importance of each, or whether if a new vaccine needs to induce all of these, or just some, to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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4
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Rowshanravan B, Halliday N, Sansom DM. CTLA-4: a moving target in immunotherapy. Blood 2018; 131:58-67. [PMID: 29118008 PMCID: PMC6317697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-741033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS as well as other proteins, including PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT. These receptors have both stimulatory (CD28, ICOS) and inhibitory roles (CTLA-4, PD-1, BTLA, and TIGIT) in T-cell function. Increasingly, these pathways are targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies to treat cancers, referred to generically as immune checkpoint blockade, and conversely to treat autoimmunity and CTLA-4 deficiency. Here, we focus on the biology of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway as a framework for understanding the impacts of therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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5
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van der Heide V, Homann D. CD28 days later: Resurrecting costimulation for CD8(+) memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1587-91. [PMID: 27401871 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid activation and proliferative expansion of specific CD8(+) memory T (CD8(+) TM ) cells upon antigen re-encounter is a critical component of the adaptive immune response that confers enhanced immune protection. In this context, however, the requirements for costimulation in general, and CD28 signaling in particular, remain incompletely defined. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Fröhlich et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 1644-1655] provide definitive evidence that optimal elaboration of CD8(+) TM -cell recall responses is indeed contingent on CD28 expressed by these cells. Here, we discuss the "CD28 costimulation paradigm" in its historical context and highlight some of the unresolved complexities pertaining to CD28-dependent interactions that shape CD8(+) T-cell phenotypes, functionalities, and recall reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Nono JK, Ndlovu H, Abdel Aziz N, Mpotje T, Hlaka L, Brombacher F. Interleukin-4 receptor alpha is still required after Th2 polarization for the maintenance and the recall of protective immunity to Nematode infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28651009 PMCID: PMC5501681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no vaccine against parasitic nematodes and the knowledge on the mechanisms by which protective immunity against this class of parasites is achieved is continuously expanding. Nematode parasites trigger a host protective type 2 immune response via interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα). Despite this central role, it is not known whether IL-4Rα has a role in maintaining host type 2 immune responses following polarization. To determine the role of IL-4Rα after polarization, we used a recently established strain of rosaCreERT2-/+IL-4Rα-/Lox mice where il4rα gene deletion can be temporally controlled. We show that sustained expression of IL-4Rα is required for the maintenance of type 2 immune responses and protective immunity following interruption after polarization with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis primary infection. Moreover, we show by temporal deletion of IL-4Rα prior to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis that signaling via this receptor drives more efficient recall of type 2 immune responses and clearance of the parasites. Together, this study demonstrates that sustained IL-4Rα mediated signaling is required for the maintenance of anti-nematode type 2 immune responses, describing a novel function for IL-4Rα that is distinct from its role in immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Komguep Nono
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nada Abdel Aziz
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thabo Mpotje
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Lerato Hlaka
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town,South Africa
- * E-mail:
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7
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Fröhlich M, Gogishvili T, Langenhorst D, Lühder F, Hünig T. Interrupting CD28 costimulation before antigen rechallenge affects CD8(+) T-cell expansion and effector functions during secondary response in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1644-55. [PMID: 27122236 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD28-mediated costimulation in secondary CD8(+) T-cell responses remains controversial. Here, we have used two tools - blocking mouse anti-mouse CD28-specific antibodies and inducible CD28-deleting mice - to obtain definitive answers in mice infected with ovalbumin-secreting Listeria monocytogenes. We report that both blockade and global deletion of CD28 reveal its requirement for full clonal expansion and effector functions such as degranulation and IFN-γ production during the secondary immune response. In contrast, cell-intrinsic deletion of CD28 in transferred TCR-transgenic CD8(+) T cells before primary infection leads to impaired clonal expansion but an increase in cells able to express effector functions in both primary and secondary responses. We suggest that the proliferation-impaired CD8(+) T cells respond to CD28-dependent help from their environment by enhanced functional differentiation. Finally, we report that cell-intrinsic deletion of CD28 after the peak of the primary response does not affect the establishment, maintenance, or recall of long-term memory. Thus, if given sufficient time, the progeny of primed CD8(+) T cells adapt to the absence of this costimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fröhlich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tea Gogishvili
- Department of Medicine II-Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung and University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Jaigirdar SA, MacLeod MKL. Development and Function of Protective and Pathologic Memory CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:456. [PMID: 26441961 PMCID: PMC4561815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is one of the defining features of the adaptive immune system. As key orchestrators and mediators of immunity, CD4 T cells are central to the vast majority of adaptive immune responses. Generated following an immune response, memory CD4 T cells retain pertinent information about their activation environment enabling them to make rapid effector responses upon reactivation. These responses can either benefit the host by hastening the control of pathogens or cause damaging immunopathology. Here, we will discuss the diversity of the memory CD4 T cell pool, the signals that influence the transition of activated T cells into that pool, and highlight how activation requirements differ between naïve and memory CD4 T cells. A greater understanding of these factors has the potential to aid the design of more effective vaccines and to improve regulation of pathologic CD4 T cells, such as in the context of autoimmunity and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Ahrar Jaigirdar
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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9
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Ville S, Poirier N, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Co-Stimulatory Blockade of the CD28/CD80-86/CTLA-4 Balance in Transplantation: Impact on Memory T Cells? Front Immunol 2015; 6:411. [PMID: 26322044 PMCID: PMC4532816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 are prototypal co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory cell surface signaling molecules interacting with CD80/86, known to be critical for immune response initiation and regulation, respectively. Initial “bench-to-beside” translation, two decades ago, resulted in the development of CTLA4-Ig, a biologic that targets CD80/86 and prevents T-cell costimulation. In spite of its proven effectiveness in inhibiting allo-immune responses, particularly in murine models, clinical experience in kidney transplantation with belatacept (high-affinity CTLA4-Ig molecule) reveals a high incidence of acute, cell-mediated rejection. Originally, the etiology of belatacept-resistant graft rejection was thought to be heterologous immunity, i.e., the cross-reactivity of the pool of memory T cells from pathogen-specific immune responses with alloantigens. Recently, the standard view that memory T cells arise from effector cells after clonal contraction has been challenged by a “developmental” model, in which less differentiated memory T cells generate effector cells. This review delineates how this shift in paradigm, given the differences in co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signal depending on the maturation stage, could profoundly affect our understanding of the CD28/CD80-86/CTLA-4 blockade and highlights the potential advantages of selectively targeting CD28, instead of CD80/86, to control post-transplant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ville
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR_S 1064, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Nantes , France ; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR_S 1064, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Nantes , France ; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Effimune SAS , Nantes , France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR_S 1064, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Nantes , France ; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR_S 1064, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Nantes , France ; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Effimune SAS , Nantes , France
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10
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Kim DG, Park JH, Kim JL, Jung BK, Jeon SJ, Lim H, Lee MY, Shin EH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Song JW, Baek LJ, Chai JY. Intestinal nematodes from small mammals captured near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:135-9. [PMID: 25748722 PMCID: PMC4384801 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,708 small mammals (1,617 rodents and 91 soricomorphs), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,400), Microtus fortis (167), Crocidura lasiura (91), Mus musculus (32), Myodes (= Eothenomys) regulus (9), Micromys minutus (6), and Tscherskia (= Cricetulus) triton (3), were live-trapped at US/Republic of Korea (ROK) military training sites near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Paju, Pocheon, and Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province from December 2004 to December 2009. Small mammals were examined for their intestinal nematodes by necropsy. A total of 1,617 rodents (100%) and 91 (100%) soricomorphs were infected with at least 1 nematode species, including Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia obvelata, Heterakis spumosa, Protospirura muris, Capillaria spp., Trichuris muris, Rictularia affinis, and an unidentified species. N. brasiliensis was the most common species infecting small mammals (1,060; 62.1%) followed by H. polygyrus (617; 36.1%), S. obvelata (370; 21.7%), H. spumosa (314; 18.4%), P. muris (123; 7.2%), and Capillaria spp. (59; 3.5%). Low infection rates (0.1-0.8%) were observed for T. muris, R. affinis, and an unidentified species. The number of recovered worms was highest for N. brasiliensis (21,623 worms; mean 20.4 worms/infected specimen) followed by S. obvelata (9,235; 25.0 worms), H. polygyrus (4,122; 6.7 worms), and H. spumosa (1,160; 3.7 worms). A. agrarius demonstrated the highest prevalence for N. brasiliensis (70.9%), followed by M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (33.3%), M. fortis (28.1%), M. musculus (15.6%), C. lasiura (13.2%), and M. regulus (0%). This is the first report of nematode infections in small mammals captured near the DMZ in ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Gyu Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Lip Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sarah Jiyoun Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyemi Lim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Mi Youn Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific Unit 45006, APO AP 96343, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5 th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5 th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Luck-Ju Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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11
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Grencis RK, Humphreys NE, Bancroft AJ. Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: mechanisms and myths. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:183-205. [PMID: 24942690 PMCID: PMC4141702 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30–40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both innate and adaptive responses. In addition to host protection, it is clear that immunoregulatory processes are common in infected individuals and resistance often operates alongside modulation of immunity. This review aims to discuss the recent discoveries in both host protection and immunoregulation against gastrointestinal nematodes, placing the data in context of the specific life cycles imposed by the different parasites studied and the future challenges of considering the mucosal/immune axis to encompass host, parasite, and microbiome in its widest sense.
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12
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Darby M, Schnoeller C, Vira A, Culley FJ, Culley F, Bobat S, Logan E, Kirstein F, Wess J, Cunningham AF, Brombacher F, Selkirk ME, Horsnell WGC. The M3 muscarinic receptor is required for optimal adaptive immunity to helminth and bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004636. [PMID: 25629518 PMCID: PMC4309615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is regulated by cholinergic signalling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We show here that signalling through the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays an important role in adaptive immunity to both Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, as M3R-/- mice were impaired in their ability to resolve infection with either pathogen. CD4 T cell activation and cytokine production were reduced in M3R-/- mice. Immunity to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis was severely impaired, with reduced cytokine responses in M3R-/- mice accompanied by lower numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells and alternatively activated macrophages in the lungs. Ex vivo lymphocyte stimulation of cells from intact BALB/c mice infected with N. brasiliensis and S. typhimurium with muscarinic agonists resulted in enhanced production of IL-13 and IFN-γ respectively, which was blocked by an M3R-selective antagonist. Our data therefore indicate that cholinergic signalling via the M3R is essential for optimal Th1 and Th2 adaptive immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Darby
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alykhan Vira
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fiona Jane Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St.Mary's Campus, Praed Street, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St.Mary's Campus, Praed Street, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Logan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Kirstein
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Linterman MA, Denton AE, Divekar DP, Zvetkova I, Kane L, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Clare S, Dougan G, Espéli M, Smith KGC. CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25347065 PMCID: PMC4241536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.001 Invasion by a bacterium or virus typically activates a mammalian host's immune system to eliminate the pathogen. The cells of the so-called ‘innate immune system’ are the body's first line of defense against infection, and these cells patrol the organs and tissues in an effort to locate and eliminate pathogens quickly. The innate immune response is rapid and non-specific, but often cannot completely clear an infection. When necessary, innate immune cells will escalate the immune response by activating the second branch of the immune system, called the ‘adaptive immune system’. This specifically targets and eradicates an invading pathogen. T cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system, and these cells can be readily distinguished from other types of cell by proteins called T cell receptors (or TCRs) found on their surface. There are also different types of T cell, each with a specific function. T helper cells, for example, help other adaptive immune cells to mature and activate, which involves these immune cells proliferating and developing into more specialized cells. For a T cell to activate, two events must occur at the same time. First, the TCR must recognize and bind to a fragment of the pathogen that is presented to it by an innate immune cell. And second, ‘co-stimulatory molecules’ present on the surfaces of both the T cell and the same innate immune cell must interact. Using these two signals to activate a T cell helps to ensure the adaptive immune response is not ‘unleashed‘ unnecessarily. Co-stimulatory molecules have become popular targets for therapies aimed at treating autoimmune disorders—where the immune system attacks and destroys the body's own tissues. One of the most well studied co-stimulatory molecules expressed by T cells is called CD28; however, it remained unknown whether CD28 is involved in any processes after T cell activation. Now, Linterman et al. reveal that the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule plays a number of roles in addition to T cell activation. For example, a newly developed mouse model showed that CD28 must remain on the surface of T helper cells after they have been activated for these cells to effectively specialize. Linterman et al. also discovered that CD28 helps different T helper cell subtypes to develop. Linterman et al. demonstrate that CD28 is critical throughout a host's response to infection, and suggest that if CD28 is lost on activated T cells (which happens during aging, HIV infection and autoimmune diseases) the responses of T helper cells become limited. Furthermore, these findings reveal that treatments that target the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule will also affect on-going immune responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Devina P Divekar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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The role of antibody in parasitic helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:1-26. [PMID: 25253025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune response and vital to the generation of both cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required not only for effective CD4 T cell responses but also to provide help for B cells and the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses. Unsurprisingly, impaired T cell activation results in infectious pathology, whereas dysregulated activation can result in autoimmunity. The decision to activate is therefore tightly regulated and the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway represents this apical decision point at the molecular level. In particular, CTLA-4 (CD152) is an essential checkpoint control for autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTLA-4 achieves its regulatory function are not well understood, especially how it functionally intersects with the CD28 pathway. In this chapter, we review the established molecular and cellular concepts relating to CD28 and CTLA-4 biology, and attempt to integrate these by discussing the transendocytosis of ligands as a new model of CTLA-4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiezheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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