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Zhao T, Jing Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Lu Y, Chen Y. Delving deeper into the mechanisms fundamental to HIV-associated immunopathology using single-cell sequencing techniques: A scoping review of current literature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35856. [PMID: 39224354 PMCID: PMC11366914 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has evolved into an established global pandemic over the past four decades; however, despite massive research investment globally, the precise underlying mechanisms which are fundamental to HIV-related pathogenesis remain unclear. Single cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing methods are increasingly being used for the identification of specific cell-type transcriptional changes in HIV infection. In this scoping review, we have considered information extracted from fourteen published HIV-associated single-cell RNA sequencing-related studies, hoping to throw light on the underlying mechanisms of HIV infection and pathogenesis, and to explore potential candidate biomarkers for HIV disease progression and antiviral treatment. Generally, HIV positive individuals tend to manifest disturbances of frequency of multiple cellular types, and specifically exhibit diminished levels of CD4+ T-cells and enriched numbers of CD8+ T-cells. Cell-specific transcriptional changes tend to be linked to cell permissiveness, hyperacute or acute HIV infection, viremia, and cell productivity. The transcriptomes of CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell subpopulations are also observed to change in HIV-positive diabetic individuals, spontaneous HIV controllers, individuals with high levels of HIV viremia, and those in an acute phase of HIV infection. The transcriptional changes seen in B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) of HIV-infected individuals demonstrate that the humoral immune response, antiviral response, and immune response regulation, respectively, are all altered following HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) plays a crucial role in achieving immune reconstitution, in improving immunological disruption, and in mitigating immune system imbalances in HIV-infected individuals, while not fully restoring inherent cellular transcription to levels seen in HIV-negative individuals. The preceding observations not only illustrate compelling advances in the understanding of HIV-associated immunopathogenesis, but also identify specific cell-type transcriptional changes that may serve as potential biomarkers for HIV disease monitoring and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yao Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China
| | - Yinqiu Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China
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2
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da Silva MI, Oli N, Gambonini F, Ott T. Effects of parity and early pregnancy on peripheral blood leukocytes in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01086-5. [PMID: 39216517 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Subfertility remains a major problem in the dairy industry. Only 35-40% of high-yielding dairy cows and 55-65% of nonlactating heifers become pregnant after their first service. The immune system plays a critical role in the establishment of pregnancy. However, it can also create challenges for embryo survival and contribute to reduced fertility. We conducted 2 separate experiments to characterize changes in subsets of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and their phenotype over the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in heifers and cows. We used flow cytometry and RT-qPCR to assess protein and mRNA expression of molecules important for immune function. We observed that CD14+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells tended to be affected by pregnancy status in heifers, whereas CD8B+ lymphocytes and NCR1+ natural killer (NK) cells were affected during early pregnancy in cows. Changes in expression of immune function proteins appeared to be greater in heifers than cows. To compare the most striking differences between heifers and cows observed in the initial experiments, we conducted a third experiment where PBL sampled from heifers and cows were simultaneously collected and analyzed under the same experimental conditions. Our results indicate that, compared with heifers, cows had greater mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNG and IL6) and AHR protein along with greater percentage of MM20A+ neutrophils and myeloid cells expressing SIRPA, ITGAM and ITGAX. Moreover, animals that failed to become pregnant showed altered expression of anti-inflammatory molecules compared with cyclic and pregnant animals. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that early pregnancy signaling alters the phenotype of immune cells in the peripheral blood and that there are differences in the peripheral immune response to pregnancy between cows and heifers. Because cows have lower conception rates than heifers, it is possible that a more proinflammatory immune status in peripheral blood may play a role in embryo loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - N Oli
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - F Gambonini
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - T Ott
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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3
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da Silva MI, Oli N, Gambonini F, Ott T. Effects of parity and early pregnancy on peripheral blood leukocytes in dairy cattle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592827. [PMID: 38766084 PMCID: PMC11100682 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Subfertility remains a major problem in the dairy industry. Only 35-40% of high-yielding dairy cows and 55-65% of nonlactating heifers become pregnant after their first service. The immune system plays a critical role in the establishment of pregnancy. However, it can also create challenges for embryo survival and contribute to reduced fertility. We conducted 2 separate experiments to characterize changes in subsets of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and their phenotype over the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in heifers and cows. We used flow cytometry and RT-qPCR to assess protein and mRNA expression of molecules important for immune function. We observed that monocytes and T cells were most affected by pregnancy status in heifers, whereas, CD8+ lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were most affected during early pregnancy in cows. Changes in immune parameters measured appeared to be greater in heifers than cows including changes in expression of numerous immune function molecules. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a third experiment to simultaneously analyze the immunological responses to pregnancy between cows and heifers. We observed that cows had greater expression of proinflammatory cytokines and molecules associated with leukocyte migration and phagocytosis compared to heifers. Moreover, animals that failed to become pregnant showed altered expression of anti-inflammatory molecules. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that early pregnancy signaling alters the proportions and functions of peripheral blood immune cells and differences between cows and heifers may yield insight into the reduced fertility of mature lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - N Oli
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - F Gambonini
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - T Ott
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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4
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Fu C, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang D, Han S, Ma Z. Advances in IL-7 Research on Tumour Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:415. [PMID: 38675377 PMCID: PMC11054630 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a versatile cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system's homeostasis. It is involved in the development, proliferation, and differentiation of B and T cells, as well as being essential for the differentiation and survival of naïve T cells and the production and maintenance of memory T cells. Given its potent biological functions, IL-7 is considered to have the potential to be widely used in the field of anti-tumour immunotherapy. Notably, IL-7 can improve the tumour microenvironment by promoting the development of Th17 cells, which can in turn promote the recruitment of effector T cells and NK cells. In addition, IL-7 can also down-regulate the expression of tumour growth factor-β and inhibit immunosuppression to promote anti-tumour efficacy, suggesting potential clinical applications for anti-tumour immunotherapy. This review aims to discuss the origin of IL-7 and its receptor IL-7R, its anti-tumour mechanism, and the recent advances in the application of IL-7 in tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenghai Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (C.F.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (D.W.); (S.H.)
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5
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Intranasal Vaccination with rePcrV Protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Generates Lung Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1403788. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1403788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are immune sentinels that bear a key role in the local immune system and rapidly respond to infection. Our previous studies showed that mucosal immunization via intranasal pathways was more effective than intramuscular route. However, the mechanism of enhanced protective immunity remains unclear. Here, we formulated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine composed of type III secretion protein PcrV from P. aeruginosa and curdlan adjuvant and then administered by the intranasal route. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining showed that the ratio of CD44+CD62L-CD69+CD4+ TRM cells induced by this vaccine was significantly increased, and IL-17A production was notably enhanced. Further analysis revealed that vaccinated mice can protect against the P. aeruginosa challenge even after administration with FTY720 treatment. What is more, our results showed that CD4+ TRM might be involved in the recruitment of neutrophils and provided partial protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Taken together, these data demonstrated that CD4+ TRM cells were elicited in lung tissues after immunization with rePcrV and contributed to protective immunity. Furthermore, it provided novel strategies for the development of vaccines for P. aeruginosa and other respiratory-targeted vaccines.
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Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Prophylactically Vaccinated, Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive Macaques Is Required for the Most Efficacious CD8 T Cell Response during Treatment with the Interleukin-15 Superagonist N-803. J Virol 2022; 96:e0118522. [PMID: 36190241 PMCID: PMC9599604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01185-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-15 superagonist N-803 has been shown to enhance the function of CD8 T cells and NK cells. We previously found that in a subset of vaccinated, ART-naive, SIV+ rhesus macaques, N-803 treatment led to a rapid but transient decline in plasma viremia that positively correlated with an increase in the frequency of CD8 T cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that prophylactic vaccination was required for the N-803 mediated suppression of SIV plasma viremia. We either vaccinated rhesus macaques with a DNA prime/Ad5 boost regimen using vectors expressing SIVmac239 gag with or without a plasmid expressing IL-12 or left them unvaccinated. The animals were then intravenously infected with SIVmac239M. 6 months after infection, the animals were treated with N-803. We found no differences in the control of plasma viremia during N-803 treatment between vaccinated and unvaccinated macaques. Interestingly, when we divided the SIV+ animals based on their plasma viral load set-points prior to the N-803 treatment, N-803 increased the frequency of SIV-specific T cells expressing ki-67+ and granzyme B+ in animals with low plasma viremia (<104 copies/mL; SIV controllers) compared to animals with high plasma viremia (>104 copies/mL; SIV noncontrollers). In addition, Gag-specific CD8 T cells from the SIV+ controllers had a greater increase in CD8+CD107a+ T cells in ex vivo functional assays than did the SIV+ noncontrollers. Overall, our results indicate that N-803 is most effective in SIV+ animals with a preexisting immunological ability to control SIV replication. IMPORTANCE N-803 is a drug that boosts the immune cells involved in combating HIV/SIV infection. Here, we found that in SIV+ rhesus macaques that were not on antiretroviral therapy, N-803 increased the proliferation and potential capacity for killing of the SIV-specific immune cells to a greater degree in animals that spontaneously controlled SIV than in animals that did not control SIV. Understanding the mechanism of how N-803 might function differently in individuals that control HIV/SIV (for example, individuals on antiretroviral therapy or spontaneous controllers) compared to settings where HIV/SIV are not controlled, could impact the efficacy of N-803 utilization in the field of HIV cure.
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7
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Wang C, Kong L, Kim S, Lee S, Oh S, Jo S, Jang I, Kim TD. The Role of IL-7 and IL-7R in Cancer Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810412. [PMID: 36142322 PMCID: PMC9499417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a multipotent cytokine that maintains the homeostasis of the immune system. IL-7 plays a vital role in T-cell development, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in B cell maturation through the activation of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). IL-7 is closely associated with tumor development and has been used in cancer clinical research and therapy. In this review, we first summarize the roles of IL-7 and IL-7Rα and their downstream signaling pathways in immunity and cancer. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss the recent advances in the use of IL-7 and IL-7Rα as cancer immunotherapy tools and highlight their potential for therapeutic applications. This review will help in the development of cancer immunotherapy regimens based on IL-7 and IL-7Rα, and will also advance their exploitation as more effective and safe immunotherapy tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Lingzu Kong
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seokmin Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sechan Oh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Seona Jo
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Inhwan Jang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence:
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8
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Sagulkoo P, Suratanee A, Plaimas K. Immune-Related Protein Interaction Network in Severe COVID-19 Patients toward the Identification of Key Proteins and Drug Repurposing. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050690. [PMID: 35625619 PMCID: PMC9138873 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still an active global public health issue. Although vaccines and therapeutic options are available, some patients experience severe conditions and need critical care support. Hence, identifying key genes or proteins involved in immune-related severe COVID-19 is necessary to find or develop the targeted therapies. This study proposed a novel construction of an immune-related protein interaction network (IPIN) in severe cases with the use of a network diffusion technique on a human interactome network and transcriptomic data. Enrichment analysis revealed that the IPIN was mainly associated with antiviral, innate immune, apoptosis, cell division, and cell cycle regulation signaling pathways. Twenty-three proteins were identified as key proteins to find associated drugs. Finally, poly (I:C), mitomycin C, decitabine, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, tamoxifen, and curcumin were the potential drugs interacting with the key proteins to heal severe COVID-19. In conclusion, IPIN can be a good representative network for the immune system that integrates the protein interaction network and transcriptomic data. Thus, the key proteins and target drugs in IPIN help to find a new treatment with the use of existing drugs to treat the disease apart from vaccination and conventional antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Sagulkoo
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Intelligent and Nonlinear Dynamics Innovations Research Center, Science and Technology Research Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Advance Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Omics Science and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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9
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Swainson LA, Sharma AA, Ghneim K, Ribeiro SP, Wilkinson P, Dunham RM, Albright RG, Wong S, Estes JD, Piatak M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Sekaly RP, McCune JM. IFN-α blockade during ART-treated SIV infection lowers tissue vDNA, rescues immune function, and improves overall health. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153046. [PMID: 35104248 PMCID: PMC8983135 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs (TI-IFNs) drive immune effector functions during acute viral infections and regulate cell cycling and systemic metabolism. That said, chronic TI-IFN signaling in the context of HIV infection treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) also facilitates viral persistence, in part by promoting immunosuppressive responses and CD8+ T cell exhaustion. To determine whether inhibition of IFN-α might provide benefit in the setting of chronic, ART-treated SIV infection of rhesus macaques, we administered an anti-IFN-α antibody followed by an analytical treatment interruption (ATI). IFN-α blockade was well-tolerated and associated with lower expression of TI-IFN-inducible genes (including those that are antiviral) and reduced tissue viral DNA (vDNA). The reduction in vDNA was further accompanied by higher innate proinflammatory plasma cytokines, expression of monocyte activation genes, IL-12-induced effector CD8+ T cell genes, increased heme/metabolic activity, and lower plasma TGF-β levels. Upon ATI, SIV-infected, ART-suppressed nonhuman primates treated with anti-IFN-α displayed lower levels of weight loss and improved erythroid function relative to untreated controls. Overall, these data demonstrated that IFN-α blockade during ART-treated SIV infection was safe and associated with the induction of immune/erythroid pathways that reduced viral persistence during ART while mitigating the weight loss and anemia that typically ensue after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca G. Albright
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samson Wong
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,HIV Frontiers/Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Cheng J, Myers TG, Levinger C, Kumar P, Kumar J, Goshu BA, Bosque A, Catalfamo M. IL-27 induces IFN/STAT1-dependent genes and enhances function of TIGIT + HIVGag-specific T cells. iScience 2022; 25:103588. [PMID: 35005538 PMCID: PMC8717455 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific T cells have diminished effector function and fail to control/eliminate the virus. IL-27, a member of the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine superfamily has been shown to inhibit HIV replication. However, whether or not IL-27 can enhance HIV-specific T cell function is largely unknown. In the present manuscript, we investigated the role of IL-27 signaling in human T cells by evaluating the global transcriptional changes related to the function of HIV-specific T cells. We found that T cells from people living with HIV (PLWH), expressed higher levels of STAT1 leading to enhanced STAT1 activation upon IL-27 stimulation. Observed IL-27 induced transcriptional changes were associated with IFN/STAT1-dependent pathways in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Importantly, IL-27 dependent modulation of T-bet expression promoted IFNγ secretion by TIGIT+HIVGag-specific T cells. This new immunomodulatory effect of IL-27 on HIV-specific T cell function suggests its potential therapeutic use in cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road, N.W, New Research Building, Room EG19A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Princy Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jai Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bruktawit A. Goshu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road, N.W, New Research Building, Room EG19A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road, N.W, New Research Building, Room EG19A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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11
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Zhu L, Qiu C, Dai L, Zhang L, Feng M, Yang Y, Qiu C, Zhang A, Huang J, Wang Y, Wan Y, Zhao C, Wu H, Lyu J, Zhang X, Xu J. Hsa-miR-31 Governs T-Cell Homeostasis in HIV Protection via IFN-γ-Stat1-T-Bet Axis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771279. [PMID: 34804062 PMCID: PMC8602903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains poorly defined whether any human miRNAs play protective roles during HIV infection. Here, focusing on a unique cohort of HIV-infected former blood donors, we identified miR-31 (hsa-miR-31) by comparative miRNA profiling as the only miRNA inversely correlating with disease progression. We further validated this association in two prospective cohort studies. Despite conservation during evolution, hsa-miR-31, unlike its mouse counterpart (mmu-miR-31), was downregulated in human T cell upon activation. Our ex vivo studies showed that inhibiting miR-31 in naïve CD4+ T cells promoted a transcriptional profile with activation signature. Consistent with this skewing effect, miR-31 inhibition led to remarkably increased susceptibility to HIV infection. The suppressive nature of miR-31 in CD4+ T cell activation was pinpointed to its ability to decrease T-bet, the key molecule governing IFN-γ production and activation of CD4+ T cells, by directly targeting the upstream STAT1 transcriptional factor for downregulation, thus blunting Th1 response. Our results implicated miR-31 as a useful biomarker for tracking HIV disease progression and, by demonstrating its importance in tuning the activation of CD4+ T cells, suggested that miR-31 may play critical roles in other physiological contexts where the CD4+ T cell homeostasis needs to be deliberately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqi Feng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anli Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Gill SE, Dos Santos CC, O'Gorman DB, Carter DE, Patterson EK, Slessarev M, Martin C, Daley M, Miller MR, Cepinskas G, Fraser DD. Transcriptional profiling of leukocytes in critically ill COVID19 patients: implications for interferon response and coagulation. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:75. [PMID: 33306162 PMCID: PMC7729690 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has been associated with severe inflammation leading to organ dysfunction and mortality. Our aim was to profile the transcriptome in leukocytes from critically ill patients positive for COVID19 compared to those negative for COVID19 to better understand the COVID19-associated host response. For these studies, all patients admitted to our tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU) suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, using standardized hospital screening methodologies, had blood samples collected at the time of admission to the ICU. Transcriptome profiling of leukocytes via ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNAseq) was then performed and differentially expressed genes as well as significantly enriched gene sets were identified. RESULTS We enrolled seven COVID19 + (PCR positive, 2 SARS-CoV-2 genes) and seven age- and sex-matched COVID19- (PCR negative) control ICU patients. Cohorts were well-balanced with the exception that COVID19- patients had significantly higher total white blood cell counts and circulating neutrophils and COVID19 + patients were more likely to suffer bilateral pneumonia. The mortality rate for this cohort of COVID19 + ICU patients was 29%. As indicated by both single-gene based and gene set (GSEA) approaches, the major disease-specific transcriptional responses of leukocytes in critically ill COVID19 + ICU patients were: (i) a robust overrepresentation of interferon-related gene expression; (ii) a marked decrease in the transcriptional level of genes contributing to general protein synthesis and bioenergy metabolism; and (iii) the dysregulated expression of genes associated with coagulation, platelet function, complement activation, and tumour necrosis factor/interleukin 6 signalling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that critically ill COVID19 + patients on day 1 of admission to the ICU display a unique leukocyte transcriptional profile that distinguishes them from COVID19- patients, providing guidance for future targeted studies exploring novel prognostic and therapeutic aspects of COVID19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Gill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Victoria Research Labs, Room A6-134, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and Keenan Center for Biomedical Research of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David E Carter
- London Regional Genomics Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marat Slessarev
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Martin
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Daley
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Miller
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,London Health Sciences Centre, Room C2-C82, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.
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13
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Wang S, Zhang Q, Hui H, Agrawal K, Karris MAY, Rana TM. An atlas of immune cell exhaustion in HIV-infected individuals revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2333-2347. [PMID: 32954948 PMCID: PMC7646563 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1826361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause progressive loss of immune cell function, or exhaustion, which impairs control of virus replication. However, little is known about the development and maintenance, as well as heterogeneity of immune cell exhaustion. Here, we investigated the effects of HIV infection on immune cell exhaustion at the transcriptomic level by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four healthy subjects (37,847 cells) and six HIV-infected donors (28,610 cells). We identified nine immune cell clusters and eight T cell subclusters, and three of these (exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and interferon-responsive CD8+ T cells) were detected only in samples from HIV-infected donors. An inhibitory receptor KLRG1 was identified in a HIV-1 specific exhausted CD8+ T cell population expressing KLRG1, TIGIT, and T-betdimEomeshi markers. Ex-vivo antibody blockade of KLRG1 restored the function of HIV-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells demonstrating the contribution of KLRG1+ population to T cell exhaustion and providing an immunotherapy target to treat HIV chronic infection. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of gene signatures associated with immune cell exhaustion during HIV infection, which could be useful in understanding exhaustion mechanisms and developing new cure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hui Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kriti Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maile Ann Young Karris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Dickinson M, Kliszczak AE, Giannoulatou E, Peppa D, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Drakesmith H, Borrow P. Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine Induction During HIV-1 Infection Are Distinct From Other Innate Cytokines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596841. [PMID: 33329587 PMCID: PMC7732468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers rapid induction of multiple innate cytokines including type I interferons, which play important roles in viral control and disease pathogenesis. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily is a pleiotropic innate cytokine family, some members of which (activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)) were recently demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika and hepatitis B and C viruses but are poorly studied in HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that TGF-β1 is systemically induced with very rapid kinetics (as early as 1-4 days after viremic spread begins) in acute HIV-1 infection, likely due to release from platelets, and remains upregulated throughout infection. Contrastingly, no substantial systemic upregulation of activins A and B or BMP-2 was observed during acute infection, although plasma activin levels trended to be elevated during chronic infection. HIV-1 triggered production of type I interferons but not TGF-β superfamily cytokines from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, putatively explaining their differing in vivo induction; whilst lipopolysaccharide (but not HIV-1) elicited activin A production from myeloid DCs. These findings underscore the need for better definition of the protective and pathogenic capacity of TGF-β superfamily cytokines, to enable appropriate modulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dickinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
In this brief review and perspective, we address the question of whether the immune responses that bring about immune control of acute HIV infection are the same as, or distinct from, those that maintain long-term viral suppression once control of viremia has been achieved. To this end, we describe the natural history of elite and post-treatment control, noting the lack of data regarding what happens acutely. We review the evidence suggesting that the two clinical phenotypes may differ in terms of the mechanisms required to achieve and maintain control, as well as the level of inflammation that persists once a steady state is achieved. We then describe the evidence from longitudinal studies of controllers who fail and studies of biologic sex (male versus female), age (children versus adults), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (pathogenic/experimental versus nonpathogenic/natural infection). Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the battle between the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways during acute infection has long-term consequences, both for the degree to which control is maintained and the health of the individual. Potent and stringent control of HIV may be required acutely, but once control is established, the chronic inflammatory response can be detrimental. Interventional approaches designed to bring about HIV cure and/or remission should be nuanced accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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16
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Reduced Chronic Lymphocyte Activation following Interferon Alpha Blockade during the Acute Phase of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01760-17. [PMID: 29467313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01760-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs) induces persistently high production of type I interferon (IFN-I), which is thought to contribute to disease progression. To elucidate the specific role of interferon alpha (IFN-α) in SIV pathogenesis, 12 RMs were treated prior to intravenous (i.v.) SIVmac239 infection with a high or a low dose of an antibody (AGS-009) that neutralizes most IFN-α subtypes and were compared with six mock-infused, SIV-infected controls. Plasma viremia was measured postinfection to assess the effect of IFN-α blockade on virus replication, and peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue samples were analyzed by immunophenotypic staining. Consistent with the known antiviral effect of IFN-I, high-dose AGS-009 treatment induced a modest increase in acute-phase viral loads versus controls. Four out of 6 RMs receiving a high dose of AGS-009 also experienced an early decline in CD4+ T cell counts that was associated with progression to AIDS. Interestingly, 50% of the animals treated with AGS-009 (6/12) developed AIDS within 1 year of infection compared with 17% (1/6) of untreated controls. Finally, blockade of IFN-α decreased the levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as B cells, as measured by PD-1 and/or Ki67 expression. The lower levels of activated lymphocytes in IFN-α-blockaded animals supports the hypothesis that IFN-α signaling contributes to lymphocyte activation during SIV infection and suggests that this signaling pathway is involved in controlling virus replication during acute infection. The potential anti-inflammatory effect of IFN-α blockade should be explored as a strategy to reduce immune activation in HIV-infected individuals.IMPORTANCE Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is a member of a family of molecules (type I interferons) that prevent or limit virus infections in mammals. However, IFN-α production may contribute to the chronic immune activation that is thought to be the primary cause of immune decline and AIDS in HIV-infected patients. The study presented here attempts to understand the contribution of IFN-α to the natural history and progression of SIV infection of rhesus macaques, the primary nonhuman primate model system for testing hypotheses about HIV infection in humans. Here, we show that blockade of IFN-α action promotes lower chronic immune activation but higher early viral loads, with a trend toward faster disease progression. This study has significant implications for new treatments designed to impact the type I interferon system.
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17
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Sustained IFN-I Expression during Established Persistent Viral Infection: A "Bad Seed" for Protective Immunity. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010012. [PMID: 29301196 PMCID: PMC5795425 DOI: 10.3390/v10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are one of the primary immune defenses against viruses. Similar to all other molecular mechanisms that are central to eliciting protective immune responses, IFN-I expression is subject to homeostatic controls that regulate cytokine levels upon clearing the infection. However, in the case of established persistent viral infection, sustained elevation of IFN-I expression bears deleterious effects to the host and is today considered as the major driver of inflammation and immunosuppression. In fact, numerous emerging studies place sustained IFN-I expression as a common nexus in the pathogenesis of multiple chronic diseases including persistent infections with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), as well as the rodent-borne lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV clone 13). In this review, we highlight recent studies illustrating the molecular dysregulation and resultant cellular dysfunction in both innate and adaptive immune responses driven by sustained IFN-I expression. Here, we place particular emphasis on the efficacy of IFN-I receptor (IFNR) blockade towards improving immune responses against viral infections given the emerging therapeutic approach of blocking IFNR using neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in chronically infected patients.
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18
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Le Saout C, Luckey MA, Villarino AV, Smith M, Hasley RB, Myers TG, Imamichi H, Park JH, O'Shea JJ, Lane HC, Catalfamo M. IL-7-dependent STAT1 activation limits homeostatic CD4+ T cell expansion. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96228. [PMID: 29202461 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-7 regulates homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the overall size of the T cell pool throughout life. We show that, under steady-state conditions, IL-7 signaling is principally mediated by activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5). In contrast, under lymphopenic conditions, there is a modulation of STAT1 expression resulting in an IL-7-dependent STAT1 and STAT5 activation. Consequently, the IL-7-induced transcriptome is altered with enrichment of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Moreover, STAT1 overexpression was associated with reduced survival in CD4+ T cells undergoing lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). We propose a model in which T cells undergoing LIP upregulate STAT1 protein, "switching on" an alternate IL-7-dependent program. This mechanism could be a physiological process to regulate the expansion and size of the CD4+ T cell pool. During HIV infection, the virus could exploit this pathway, leading to the homeostatic dysregulation of the T cell pools observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Catalfamo
- CMRS/Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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IL-23 signaling in Th17 cells is inhibited by HIV infection and is not restored by HAART: Implications for persistent immune activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186823. [PMID: 29091911 PMCID: PMC5665519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV infection causes a profound depletion of gut derived Th17 cells, contributing to loss of mucosal barrier function and an increase in microbial translocation, thus driving systemic immune activation. Despite normalization of circulating CD4+ T cell counts with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), Th17 frequency and function often remain impaired. Given the importance of interleukin (IL)-23 in the generation and stabilization of Th17 cells we hypothesized that impaired IL-23 signaling causes persistent Th17 dysfunction in HIV infection. METHODS The effects of in vitro HIV infection on responses to IL-23 in Th17 cells were examined. These included the production of IL-17, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and the transcription of retinoic acid orphan receptor C (RORC) gene. Blood derived Th17 cells from untreated and HAART-treated HIV-infected individuals were also examined for the IL-23 induced production of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and the expression of the IL-23 receptors. RESULTS In vitro HIV infection significantly inhibited IL-17 production and IL-23 induced pSTAT3 while expression of RORC RNA was unaffected. Th17 cells isolated from untreated and HAART-treated HIV-infected individuals showed complete loss of IL-23 induced pSTAT3 without a decrease in the expression of the IL-23 receptors. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate an effect of HIV on the IL-23 signaling pathway in Th17 cells. We show that in vitro and in vivo HIV infection results in impaired IL-23 signaling which is not reversed by HAART nor is it a result of reduced receptor expression, suggesting that HIV interferes with IL-23-activated signaling pathways. These findings may explain the inability of HAART to restore Th17 frequency and function and the resulting persistent chronic immune activation observed in HIV infected individuals.
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20
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Perreau M, Banga R, Pantaleo G. Targeted Immune Interventions for an HIV-1 Cure. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:945-961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Catalfamo M. miRNA-31 regulates the CD8 T cell response to type I IFNs during chronic infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 29532790 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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22
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Deeks SG, Odorizzi PM, Sekaly RP. The interferon paradox: can inhibiting an antiviral mechanism advance an HIV cure? J Clin Invest 2016; 127:103-105. [PMID: 27941242 DOI: 10.1172/jci91916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality of life and increased the life span of many HIV-infected individuals, this therapeutic strategy has several limitations, including a lack of efficacy in fully restoring immune function and a requirement for life-long treatment. Two studies in this issue of the JCI use a humanized mouse model and demonstrate that type I interferon (IFN) is induced early during HIV infection and that type I IFN-associated gene signatures persist, even during ART. Importantly, blockade of type I IFN improved immune function, reduced the HIV reservoir, and caused a delay in viral rebound after ART interruption. Together, these two studies support further evaluation of IFN blockade as a supplement to ART.
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23
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Gardinassi LG, Garcia GR, Costa CHN, Costa Silva V, de Miranda Santos IKF. Blood Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Immunological Signatures of Distinct States of Infection of Humans with Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005123. [PMID: 27828962 PMCID: PMC5102635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can be lethal if untreated; however, the majority of human infections with the etiological agents are asymptomatic. Using Illumina Bead Chip microarray technology, we investigated the patterns of gene expression in blood of active VL patients, asymptomatic infected individuals, patients under remission of VL and controls. Computational analyses based on differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, weighted gene co-expression networks and cell deconvolution generated data demonstrating discriminative transcriptional signatures. VL patients exhibited transcriptional profiles associated with pathways and gene modules reflecting activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I and type I interferon signaling, as well as an overall down regulation of pathways and gene modules related to myeloid cells, mainly due to differences in the relative proportions of monocytes and neutrophils. Patients under remission of VL presented heterogeneous transcriptional profiles associated with activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I, type I interferon signaling and cell cycle and, importantly, transcriptional activity correlated with activation of Notch signaling pathway and gene modules that reflected increased proportions of B cells after treatment of disease. Asymptomatic and uninfected individuals presented similar gene expression profiles, nevertheless, asymptomatic individuals exhibited particularities which suggest an efficient regulation of lymphocyte activation and a strong association with a type I interferon response. Of note, we validated a set of target genes by RT-qPCR and demonstrate the robustness of expression data acquired by microarray analysis. In conclusion, this study profiles the immune response during distinct states of infection of humans with Leishmania infantum with a novel strategy that indicates the molecular pathways that contribute to the progression of the disease, while also providing insights into transcriptional activity that can drive protective mechanisms. Infections of humans with the protozoan parasites L. donvani and L. infantum can lead to the development of the disease visceral leishmaniasis, but also to an asymptomatic status. However, the mechanisms that result in these clinical outcomes after infection are poorly understood. In this study, we applied a data-driven approach to obtain insights into the immunological processes linked to the progression of the disease or to protective mechanisms. For this purpose, we evaluated the patterns of expression for genes that code proteins from the entire human genome in the peripheral blood from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, from individuals who remained asymptomatic after infections with L. infantum, from patients who were recovering from disease after treatment and from uninfected individuals. By employing computational analysis to evaluate the blood transcriptional activity of each group, we identified transcriptional signatures that correlate with previous findings obtained through different analytical methods. Moreover, our analyses uncovered hitherto unidentified molecular pathways and gene networks associated with the transcriptional profiles of individuals recovering from disease or that did not develop symptoms after infection. This suggests that activation of protective responses can be useful targets for the development of new therapies for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Costa Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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24
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Stifter SA, Feng CG. Interfering with immunity: detrimental role of type I IFNs during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2455-65. [PMID: 25747907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are known to inhibit viral replication and mediate protection against viral infection. However, recent studies revealed that these cytokines play a broader and more fundamental role in host responses to infections beyond their well-established antiviral function. Type I IFN induction, often associated with microbial evasion mechanisms unique to virulent microorganisms, is now shown to increase host susceptibility to a diverse range of pathogens, including some viruses. This article presents an overview of the role of type I IFNs in infections with bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens and discusses the key mechanisms mediating the regulatory function of type I IFNs in pathogen clearance and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Stifter
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is able to suppress HIV-1 replication indefinitely in individuals who have access to these medications, are able to tolerate these drugs, and are motivated to take them daily for life. However, ART is not curative. HIV-1 persists indefinitely during ART as quiescent integrated DNA within memory CD4(+) T cells and perhaps other long-lived cellular reservoirs. In this Review, we discuss the role of the immune system in the establishment and maintenance of the latent HIV-1 reservoir. A detailed understanding of how the host immune system shapes the size and distribution of the viral reservoir should lead to the development of a new generation of immune-based therapeutics, which may eventually contribute to a curative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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