1
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Murray-Nerger LA, Lozano C, Burton EM, Liao Y, Ungerleider NA, Guo R, Gewurz BE. The nucleic acid binding protein SFPQ represses EBV lytic reactivation by promoting histone H1 expression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4156. [PMID: 38755141 PMCID: PMC11099029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) uses a biphasic lifecycle of latency and lytic reactivation to infect >95% of adults worldwide. Despite its central role in EBV persistence and oncogenesis, much remains unknown about how EBV latency is maintained. We used a human genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify that the nuclear protein SFPQ was critical for latency. SFPQ supported expression of linker histone H1, which stabilizes nucleosomes and regulates nuclear architecture, but has not been previously implicated in EBV gene regulation. H1 occupied latent EBV genomes, including the immediate early gene BZLF1 promoter. Upon reactivation, SFPQ was sequestered into sub-nuclear puncta, and EBV genomic H1 occupancy diminished. Enforced H1 expression blocked EBV reactivation upon SFPQ knockout, confirming it as necessary downstream of SFPQ. SFPQ knockout triggered reactivation of EBV in B and epithelial cells, as well as of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in B cells, suggesting a conserved gamma-herpesvirus role. These findings highlight SFPQ as a major regulator of H1 expression and EBV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Clarisel Lozano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eric M Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Rui Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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2
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Jang H, Kim S, Kim DY, Han JH, Park HH. TRAF1 from a Structural Perspective. Biomolecules 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38785916 PMCID: PMC11117997 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins play pivotal roles in a multitude of cellular signaling pathways, encompassing immune response, cell fate determination, development, and thrombosis. Their involvement in these processes hinges largely on their ability to interact directly with diverse receptors via the TRAF domain. Given the limited binding interface, understanding how specific TRAF domains engage with various receptors and how structurally similar binding interfaces of TRAF family members adapt their distinct binding partners has been the subject of extensive structural investigations over several decades. This review presents an in-depth exploration of the current insights into the structural and molecular diversity exhibited by the TRAF domain and TRAF-binding motifs across a range of receptors, with a specific focus on TRAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (H.J.); (S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (J.H.H.)
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3
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Wu K, Li Y, Ma K, Zhao W, Yao Z, Zheng Z, Sun F, Mu X, Liu Z, Zheng J. The microbiota and renal cell carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:397-413. [PMID: 37878209 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2% of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Recent studies emphasized the critical involvement of microbial populations in RCC from oncogenesis, tumor growth, and response to anticancer therapy. Microorganisms have been shown to be involved in various renal physiological and pathological processes by influencing the immune system function, metabolism of the host and pharmaceutical reactions. These findings have extended our understanding and provided more possibilities for the diagnostic or therapeutic development of microbiota, which could function as screening, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers, or be manipulated to prevent RCC progression, boost anticancer drug efficacy and lessen the side effects of therapy. This review aims to present an overview of the roles of microbiota in RCC, including pertinent mechanisms in microbiota-related carcinogenesis, the potential use of the microbiota as RCC biomarkers, and the possibility of modifying the microbiota for RCC prevention or treatment. According to these scientific findings, the clinical translation of microbiota is expected to improve the diagnosis and treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaorong Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangli Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixian Yao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Mu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Liao Y, Yan J, Beri NR, Giulino-Roth L, Cesarman E, Gewurz BE. Germinal center cytokine driven epigenetic control of Epstein-Barr virus latency gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011939. [PMID: 38683861 PMCID: PMC11081508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with multiple human lymphomas that express characteristic EBV latency programs used by the virus to navigate the B-cell compartment. Upon primary infection, the EBV latency III program, comprised of six Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) antigens, drives infected B-cells into germinal center (GC). By incompletely understood mechanisms, GC microenvironmental cues trigger the EBV genome to switch to the latency II program, comprised of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A and observed in GC-derived Hodgkin lymphoma. To gain insights into pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency reprogramming as EBV-infected B-cells encounter microenvironmental cues, we characterized GC cytokine effects on EBV latency protein expression and on the EBV epigenome. We confirmed and extended prior studies highlighting GC cytokine effects in support of the latency II transition. The T-follicular helper cytokine interleukin 21 (IL-21), which is a major regulator of GC responses, and to a lesser extent IL-4 and IL-10, hyper-induced LMP1 expression, while repressing EBNA expression. However, follicular dendritic cell cytokines including IL-15 and IL-27 downmodulate EBNA but not LMP1 expression. CRISPR editing highlighted that STAT3 and STAT5 were necessary for cytokine mediated EBNA silencing via epigenetic effects at the EBV genomic C promoter. By contrast, STAT3 was instead necessary for LMP1 promoter epigenetic remodeling, including gain of activating histone chromatin marks and loss of repressive polycomb repressive complex silencing marks. Thus, EBV has evolved to coopt STAT signaling to oppositely regulate the epigenetic status of key viral genomic promoters in response to GC cytokine cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinjie Yan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nina R. Beri
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Giehler F, Ostertag MS, Sommermann T, Weidl D, Sterz KR, Kutz H, Moosmann A, Feller SM, Geerlof A, Biesinger B, Popowicz GM, Kirchmair J, Kieser A. Epstein-Barr virus-driven B cell lymphoma mediated by a direct LMP1-TRAF6 complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:414. [PMID: 38195569 PMCID: PMC10776578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) drives viral B cell transformation and oncogenesis. LMP1's transforming activity depends on its C-terminal activation region 2 (CTAR2), which induces NF-κB and JNK by engaging TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The mechanism of TRAF6 recruitment to LMP1 and its role in LMP1 signalling remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that TRAF6 interacts directly with a viral TRAF6 binding motif within CTAR2. Functional and NMR studies supported by molecular modeling provide insight into the architecture of the LMP1-TRAF6 complex, which differs from that of CD40-TRAF6. The direct recruitment of TRAF6 to LMP1 is essential for NF-κB activation by CTAR2 and the survival of LMP1-driven lymphoma. Disruption of the LMP1-TRAF6 complex by inhibitory peptides interferes with the survival of EBV-transformed B cells. In this work, we identify LMP1-TRAF6 as a critical virus-host interface and validate this interaction as a potential therapeutic target in EBV-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Giehler
- Research Unit Signaling and Translation, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael S Ostertag
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidl
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai R Sterz
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Kutz
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Biesinger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnd Kieser
- Research Unit Signaling and Translation, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Yifei L, Jinjie Y, Beri NR, Roth LG, Ethel C, Benjamin E. G. Germinal Center Cytokines Driven Epigenetic Control of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Gene Expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573986. [PMID: 38260430 PMCID: PMC10802360 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with multiple human lymphomas that express characteristic EBV latency programs used by the virus to navigate the B-cell compartment. Upon primary infection, the EBV latency III program, comprised of six Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) antigens, drives infected B-cells into germinal center (GC). By incompletely understood mechanisms, GC microenvironmental cues trigger the EBV genome to switch to the latency II program, comprised of EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A and observed in GC-derived Hodgkin lymphoma. To gain insights into pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency reprogramming as EBV-infected B-cells encounter microenvironmental cues, we characterized GC cytokine effects on EBV latency protein expression and on the EBV epigenome. We confirmed and extended prior studies highlighting GC cytokine effects in support of the latency II transition. The T-follicular helper cytokine interleukin 21 (IL-21), which is a major regulator of GC responses, and to a lesser extent IL-4 and IL-10, hyper-induced LMP1 expression, while repressing EBNA expression. However, follicular dendritic cell cytokines including IL-15 and IL-27 downmodulate EBNA but not LMP1 expression. CRISPR editing highlighted that STAT3 and STAT5 were necessary for cytokine mediated EBNA silencing via epigenetic effects at the EBV genomic C promoter. By contrast, STAT3 was instead necessary for LMP1 promoter epigenetic remodeling, including gain of activating histone chromatin marks and loss of repressive polycomb repressive complex silencing marks. Thus, EBV has evolved to coopt STAT signaling to oppositely regulate the epigenetic status of key viral genomic promoters in response to GC cytokine cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Yifei
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yan Jinjie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nina R. Beri
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa G. Roth
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Gewurz Benjamin E.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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7
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Mitra B, Beri NR, Guo R, Burton EM, Murray-Nerger LA, Gewurz BE. Characterization of target gene regulation by the two Epstein-Barr virus oncogene LMP1 domains essential for B-cell transformation. mBio 2023; 14:e0233823. [PMID: 38009935 PMCID: PMC10746160 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02338-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes multiple human cancers, including B-cell lymphomas. In cell culture, EBV converts healthy human B-cells into immortalized ones that grow continuously, which model post-transplant lymphomas. Constitutive signaling from two cytoplasmic tail domains of the EBV oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is required for this transformation, yet there has not been systematic analysis of their host gene targets. We identified that only signaling from the membrane proximal domain is required for survival of these EBV-immortalized cells and that its loss triggers apoptosis. We identified key LMP1 target genes, whose abundance changed significantly with loss of LMP1 signals, or that were instead upregulated in response to switching on signaling by one or both LMP1 domains in an EBV-uninfected human B-cell model. These included major anti-apoptotic factors necessary for EBV-infected B-cell survival. Bioinformatics analyses identified clusters of B-cell genes that respond differently to signaling by either or both domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Rose Beri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric M. Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Mitra B, Beri NR, Guo R, Burton EM, Murray-Nerger LA, Gewurz BE. Characterization of Target Gene Regulation by the Two Epstein-Barr Virus Oncogene LMP1 Domains Essential for B-cell Transformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536234. [PMID: 37090591 PMCID: PMC10120669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mimics CD40 signaling and is expressed by multiple malignancies. Two LMP1 C-terminal cytoplasmic tail regions, termed transformation essential sites (TES) 1 and 2, are critical for EBV transformation of B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). However, TES1 versus TES2 B-cell target genes have remained incompletely characterized, and whether both are required for LCL survival has remained unknown. To define LCL LMP1 target genes, we profiled transcriptome-wide effects of acute LMP1 CRISPR knockout (KO) prior to cell death. To then characterize specific LCL TES1 and TES2 roles, we conditionally expressed wildtype, TES1 null, TES2 null or double TES1/TES2 null LMP1 alleles upon endogenous LMP1 KO. Unexpectedly, TES1 but not TES2 signaling was critical for LCL survival. The LCL dependency factor cFLIP, which plays obligatory roles in blockade of LCL apoptosis, was highly downmodulated by loss of TES1 signaling. To further characterize TES1 vs TES2 roles, we conditionally expressed wildtype, TES1 and/or TES2 null LMP1 alleles in two Burkitt models. Systematic RNAseq analyses revealed gene clusters that responded more strongly to TES1 versus TES2, that respond strongly to both or that are oppositely regulated. Robust TES1 effects on cFLIP induction were again noted. TES1 and 2 effects on expression of additional LCL dependency factors, including BATF and IRF4, and on EBV super-enhancers were identified. Collectively, these studies suggest a model by which LMP1 TES1 and TES2 jointly remodel the B-cell transcriptome and highlight TES1 as a key therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nina Rose Beri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Eric M. Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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9
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SoRelle ED, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Dai J, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus evades restrictive host chromatin closure by subverting B cell activation and germinal center regulatory loci. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112958. [PMID: 37561629 PMCID: PMC10559315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility fundamentally governs gene expression and biological response programs that can be manipulated by pathogens. Here we capture dynamic chromatin landscapes of individual B cells during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV+ cells that exhibit arrest via antiviral sensing and proliferation-linked DNA damage experience global accessibility reduction. Proliferative EBV+ cells develop expression-linked architectures and motif accessibility profiles resembling in vivo germinal center (GC) phenotypes. Remarkably, EBV elicits dark zone (DZ), light zone (LZ), and post-GC B cell chromatin features despite BCL6 downregulation. Integration of single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data enables genome-wide cis-regulatory predictions implicating EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) in phenotype-specific control of GC B cell activation, survival, and immune evasion. Knockouts validate bioinformatically identified regulators (MEF2C and NFE2L2) of EBV-induced GC phenotypes and EBNA-associated loci that regulate gene expression (CD274/PD-L1). These data and methods can inform high-resolution investigations of EBV-host interactions, B cell fates, and virus-mediated lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley P Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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10
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Glez-Vaz J, Azpilikueta A, Ochoa MC, Olivera I, Gomis G, Cirella A, Luri-Rey C, Álvarez M, Pérez-Gracia JL, Ciordia S, Eguren-Santamaria I, Alexandru R, Berraondo P, de Andrea C, Teijeira Á, Corrales F, Zapata JM, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) requires physically associated cIAPs for signal transduction and antitumor effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6692. [PMID: 37595047 PMCID: PMC11044178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB) is a member of the TNFR family that mediates potent T cell costimulatory signals upon ligation by CD137L or agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). CD137 agonists attain immunotherapeutic antitumor effects in cancer mouse models, and multiple agents of this kind are undergoing clinical trials. We show that cIAP1 and cIAP2 are physically associated with the CD137 signaling complex. Moreover, cIAPs are required for CD137 signaling toward the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and for costimulation of human and mouse T lymphocytes. Functional evidence was substantiated with SMAC mimetics that trigger cIAP degradation and by transfecting cIAP dominant-negative variants. Antitumor effects of agonist anti-CD137 mAbs are critically dependent on the integrity of cIAPs in cancer mouse models, and cIAPs are also required for signaling from CARs encompassing CD137's cytoplasmic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María C. Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gomis
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Asunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Pérez-Gracia
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, CNB-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren-Santamaria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raluca Alexandru
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos de Andrea
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, CNB-CSIC, Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBm), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology-Immunotherapy, Pathology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Cheng T, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhang H, Wang M. CD40/TRAF1 decreases synovial cell apoptosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis through JNK/NF-κB pathway. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:819-828. [PMID: 35960381 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A genome-wide association analysis revealed a rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-risk-associated genetic locus on chromosome 9, which contained the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1). However, the detail mechanism by TRAF1 signaled to fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) apoptosis remains to be fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synovial tissue of 10 RA patients and osteoarthritis patients were obtained during joint replacement surgery. We investigated TRAF1 level and FLSs apoptosis percentage in vivo and elucidated the mechanism involved in the regulation of apoptotic process in vitro. RESULTS We proved the significant increase of TRAF1 level in FLSs of RA patients and demonstrated that TRAF1 level correlated positively with DAS28 score and negatively with FLSs apoptosis. Treatment with siTRAF1 was able to decrease MMPs levels and the phosphorylated forms of JNK/NF-κB in vitro. Moreover, JNK inhibitor could attenuate expression of MMPs and increase percentage of apoptosis in RA-FLSs, while siTRAF1 could not promote apoptosis when RA-FLSs were pretreated with JNK activator. CONCLUSIONS High levels of TRAF1 in RA synovium play an important role in the synovial hyperplasia of RA by suppressing apoptosis through activating JNK/NF-kB-dependent signaling pathways in response to the engagement of CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Huayong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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12
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SoRelle ED, Dai J, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Time-resolved transcriptomes reveal diverse B cell fate trajectories in the early response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111286. [PMID: 36044865 PMCID: PMC9879279 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection of B lymphocytes elicits diverse host responses via well-adapted transcriptional control dynamics. Consequently, this host-pathogen interaction provides a powerful system to explore fundamental processes leading to consensus fate decisions. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to construct a genome-wide multistate model of B cell fates upon EBV infection. Additional single-cell data from human tonsils reveal correspondence of model states to analogous in vivo phenotypes within secondary lymphoid tissue, including an EBV+ analog of multipotent activated precursors that can yield early memory B cells. These resources yield exquisitely detailed perspectives of the transforming cellular landscape during an oncogenic viral infection that simulates antigen-induced B cell activation and differentiation. Thus, they support investigations of state-specific EBV-host dynamics, effector B cell fates, and lymphomagenesis. To demonstrate this potential, we identify EBV infection dynamics in FCRL4+/TBX21+ atypical memory B cells that are pathogenically associated with numerous immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Current address: Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
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13
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Siegmund D, Wagner J, Wajant H. TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 (TRAF2) Signaling in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164055. [PMID: 36011046 PMCID: PMC9406534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor. Based on a general description, how TRAF2 in concert with TRAF2-interacting proteins and other TRAF proteins act at the molecular level is discussed for its importance for tumor development and its potential usefulness as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) has been originally identified as a protein interacting with TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) but also binds to several other receptors of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). TRAF2, often in concert with other members of the TRAF protein family, is involved in the activation of the classical NFκB pathway and the stimulation of various mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades by TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs), but is also required to inhibit the alternative NFκB pathway. TRAF2 has also been implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, the regulation of autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. TRAF2 fulfills its functions by acting as a scaffold, bringing together the E3 ligase cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 with their substrates and various regulatory proteins, e.g., deubiquitinases. Furthermore, TRAF2 can act as an E3 ligase by help of its N-terminal really interesting new gene (RING) domain. The finding that TRAF2 (but also several other members of the TRAF family) interacts with the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) indicated early on that TRAF2 could play a role in the oncogenesis of B-cell malignancies and EBV-associated non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). TRAF2 can also act as an oncogene in solid tumors, e.g., in colon cancer by promoting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, tumor cell-expressed TRAF2 has been identified as a major factor-limiting cancer cell killing by cytotoxic T-cells after immune checkpoint blockade. However, TRAF2 can also be context-dependent as a tumor suppressor, presumably by virtue of its inhibitory effect on the alternative NFκB pathway. For example, inactivating mutations of TRAF2 have been associated with tumor development, e.g., in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In this review, we summarize the various TRAF2-related signaling pathways and their relevance for the oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities of TRAF2. Particularly, we discuss currently emerging concepts to target TRAF2 for therapeutic purposes.
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14
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Jiang C, Ward NP, Prieto-Farigua N, Kang YP, Thalakola A, Teng M, DeNicola GM. A CRISPR screen identifies redox vulnerabilities for KEAP1/NRF2 mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102358. [PMID: 35667246 PMCID: PMC9168196 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox regulator NRF2 is hyperactivated in a large percentage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases, which is associated with chemotherapy and radiation resistance. To identify redox vulnerabilities for KEAP1/NRF2 mutant NSCLC, we conducted a CRISPR-Cas9-based negative selection screen for antioxidant enzyme genes whose loss sensitized cells to sub-lethal concentrations of the superoxide (O2•-) -generating drug β-Lapachone. While our screen identified expected hits in the pentose phosphate pathway, the thioredoxin-dependent antioxidant system, and glutathione reductase, we also identified the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) as one of the top hits. Surprisingly, β-Lapachone did not generate mitochondrial O2•- but rather SOD2 loss enhanced the efficacy of β-Lapachone due to loss of iron-sulfur protein function, loss of mitochondrial ATP maintenance and deficient NADPH production. Importantly, inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport activity sensitized cells to β-Lapachone, demonstrating that these effects may be translated to increase ROS sensitivity therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jiang
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Nathan P Ward
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Nicolas Prieto-Farigua
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Anish Thalakola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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15
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The Central Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in EBV-Mediated Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030611. [PMID: 35158879 PMCID: PMC8833352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus, which contributes to the oncogenesis of many human cancers. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is a key player during EBV-mediated oncogenesis and has been developed as a crucial therapeutic target for treatment. In this review, we briefly describe how EBV antigens can modulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system for targeted protein degradation and how they are regulated in the EBV life cycle to mediate oncogenesis. Additionally, the developed proteasome inhibitors are discussed for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers. Abstract Deregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in the development of numerous human cancers. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first known human tumor virus, has evolved distinct molecular mechanisms to manipulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system, facilitate its successful infection, and drive opportunistic cancers. The interactions of EBV antigens with the ubiquitin–proteasome system can lead to oncogenesis through the targeting of cellular factors involved in proliferation. Recent studies highlight the central role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in EBV infection. This review will summarize the versatile strategies in EBV-mediated oncogenesis that contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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16
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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17
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Wang L, Howell MEA, Sparks-Wallace A, Zhao J, Hensley CR, Nicksic CA, Horne SR, Mohr KB, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. The Ubiquitin Sensor and Adaptor Protein p62 Mediates Signal Transduction of a Viral Oncogenic Pathway. mBio 2021; 12:e0109721. [PMID: 34488443 PMCID: PMC8546576 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein LMP1 serves as a paradigm that engages complicated ubiquitination-mediated mechanisms to activate multiple transcription factors. p62 is a ubiquitin sensor and a signal-transducing adaptor that has multiple functions in diverse contexts. However, the interaction between p62 and oncogenic viruses is poorly understood. We recently reported a crucial role for p62 in oncovirus-mediated oxidative stress by acting as a selective autophagy receptor. In this following pursuit, we further discovered that p62 is upregulated in EBV type 3 compared to type 1 latency, with a significant contribution from NF-κB and AP1 activities downstream of LMP1 signaling. In turn, p62 participates in LMP1 signal transduction through its interaction with TRAF6, promoting TRAF6 ubiquitination and activation. As expected, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown (KD) of p62 transcripts reduces LMP1-TRAF6 interaction and TRAF6 ubiquitination, as well as p65 nuclear translocation, which was assessed by Amnis imaging flow cytometry. Strikingly, LMP1-stimulated NF-κB, AP1, and Akt activities are all markedly reduced in p62-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and in EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines with CRISPR-mediated knockout (KO) of the p62-encoding gene. However, EBV-positive BL cell lines (type 3 latency) with CRISPR-mediated KO of the p62-encoding gene failed to survive. In consequence, shRNA-mediated p62 KD impairs the ability of LMP1 to regulate its target gene expression, promotes etoposide-induced apoptosis, and reduces the proliferation of lymphoblastic cell lines (LCLs). These important findings have revealed a previously unrecognized novel role for p62 in EBV latency and oncogenesis, which advances our understanding of the mechanism underlying virus-mediated oncogenesis. IMPORTANCE As a ubiquitin sensor and a signal-transducing adaptor, p62 is crucial for NF-κB activation, which involves the ubiquitin machinery, in diverse contexts. However, whether p62 is required for EBV LMP1 activation of NF-κB is an open question. In this study, we provide evidence that p62 is upregulated in EBV type 3 latency and, in turn, p62 mediates LMP1 signal transduction to NF-κB, AP1, and Akt by promoting TRAF6 ubiquitination and activation. In consequence, p62 deficiency negatively regulates LMP1-mediated gene expression, promotes etoposide-induced apoptosis, and reduces the proliferation of LCLs. These important findings identified p62 as a novel signaling component of the key viral oncogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary E. A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ayrianna Sparks-Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Culton R. Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Camri A. Nicksic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shanna R. Horne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kaylea B. Mohr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Edilova MI, Law JC, Zangiabadi S, Ting K, Mbanwi AN, Arruda A, Uehling D, Isaac M, Prakesch M, Al-Awar R, Minden MD, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. The PKN1- TRAF1 signaling axis as a potential new target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1943234. [PMID: 34589290 PMCID: PMC8475556 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1943234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF1 is a pro-survival adaptor molecule in TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF) signaling. TRAF1 is overexpressed in many B cell cancers including refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Little has been done to assess the role of TRAF1 in human cancer. Here we show that the protein kinase C related kinase Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) is required to protect TRAF1 from cIAP-mediated degradation during constitutive CD40 signaling in lymphoma. We show that the active phospho-Thr774 form of PKN1 is constitutively expressed in CLL but minimally detected in unstimulated healthy donor B cells. Through a screen of 700 kinase inhibitors, we identified two inhibitors, OTSSP167, and XL-228, that inhibited PKN1 in the nanomolar range and induced dose-dependent loss of TRAF1 in RAJI cells. OTSSP167 or XL-228 treatment of primary patient CLL samples led to a reduction in TRAF1, pNF-κB p65, pS6, pERK, Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins, and induction of activated caspase-3. OTSSP167 synergized with venetoclax in inducing CLL death, correlating with loss of TRAF1, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2. Although correlative, these findings suggest the PKN1-TRAF1 signaling axis as a potential new target for CLL. These findings also suggest the use of the orally available inhibitor OTSSP167 in combination treatment with venetoclax for TRAF1 overexpressing CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Safoura Zangiabadi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Ting
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Achire N Mbanwi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Methvin Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with 200,000 cancers annually, including B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed hosts. Hypomorphic mutations of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway enzyme cytidine 5′ triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1) suppress cell-mediated immunity, resulting in fulminant EBV infection and EBV+ central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas. Since CTP is a critical precursor for DNA, RNA, and phospholipid synthesis, this observation raises the question of whether the isozyme CTPS2 or cytidine salvage pathways help meet CTP demand in EBV-infected B cells. Here, we found that EBV upregulated CTPS1 and CTPS2 with distinct kinetics in newly infected B cells. While CRISPR CTPS1 knockout caused DNA damage and proliferation defects in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), which express the EBV latency III program observed in CNS lymphomas, double CTPS1/2 knockout caused stronger phenotypes. EBNA2, MYC, and noncanonical NF-κB positively regulated CTPS1 expression. CTPS1 depletion impaired EBV lytic DNA synthesis, suggesting that latent EBV may drive pathogenesis with CTPS1 deficiency. Cytidine rescued CTPS1/2 deficiency phenotypes in EBV-transformed LCLs and Burkitt B cells, highlighting CTPS1/2 as a potential therapeutic target for EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorders. Collectively, our results suggest that CTPS1 and CTPS2 have partially redundant roles in EBV-transformed B cells and provide insights into EBV pathogenesis with CTPS1 deficiency.
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20
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Small molecules targeting ubiquitination to control inflammatory diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2414-2422. [PMID: 33992766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitination and deubiquitination of proteins govern signal transduction in every aspect of physiology and pathology, especially in cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Rapid progress has been made in obtaining an in-depth understanding of the ubiquitination system since its first discovery during the 1970s. Manipulation of ubiquitination by small molecules is considered a novel therapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarize key applications of small molecules targeting ubiquitination enzymes and currently available technologies applied to the discovery of small molecules that control ubiquitination.
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21
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Fu PY, Hu B, Ma XL, Tang WG, Yang ZF, Sun HX, Yu MC, Huang A, Hu JW, Zhou CH, Fan J, Xu Y, Zhou J. Far upstream element-binding protein 1 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:950-960. [PMID: 31587040 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP1) plays an important role in various tumors including epatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of FUBP1 in liver cancer remains controversial, and the regulatory pathway by FUBP1 awaits to be determined. This study aims to identify the role of FUBP1 in HCC progression. Our result shows that the high level of FUBP1 expression in HCC predicts poor prognosis after surgery. Overexpression of FUBP1 promotes HCC proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway and enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. Inhibitor of Thrombospondin-1 (LSKL) could inhibit HCC proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo by blocking the activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway mediated by thrombospondin-1 (THBS1). Our study identified the critical role of FUBP1-THBS1-TGF-β signaling axis in HCC and provides potentially new therapeutic modalities in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yao Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Ma
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Shanghai Tumor Center of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Tang
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Fu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Cheng Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Wu Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Munroe ME, Anderson JR, Gross TF, Stunz LL, Bishop GA, James JA. Epstein-Barr Functional Mimicry: Pathogenicity of Oncogenic Latent Membrane Protein-1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:606936. [PMID: 33613527 PMCID: PMC7886997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases are propelled by immune dysregulation and pathogenic, disease-specific autoantibodies. Autoimmunity against the lupus autoantigen Sm is associated with cross-reactivity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). Additionally, EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), initially noted for its oncogenic activity, is an aberrantly active functional mimic of the B cell co-stimulatory molecule CD40. Mice expressing a transgene (Tg) for the mCD40-LMP1 hybrid molecule (containing the cytoplasmic tail of LMP1) have mild autoantibody production and other features of immune dysregulation by 2-3 months of age, but no overt autoimmune disease. This study evaluates whether exposure to the EBV molecular mimic, EBNA-1, stimulates antigen-specific and concurrently-reactive humoral and cellular immunity, as well as lupus-like features. After immunization with EBNA-1, mCD40-LMP1 Tg mice exhibited enhanced, antigen-specific, cellular and humoral responses compared to immunized WT congenic mice. EBNA-1 specific proliferative and inflammatory cytokine responses, including IL-17 and IFN-γ, were significantly increased (p<0.0001) in mCD40-LMP1 Tg mice, as well as antibody responses to amino- and carboxy-domains of EBNA-1. Of particular interest was the ability of mCD40-LMP1 to drive EBNA-1 associated molecular mimicry with the lupus-associated autoantigen, Sm. EBNA-1 immunized mCD40-LMP1 Tg mice exhibited enhanced proliferative and cytokine cellular responses (p<0.0001) to the EBNA-1 homologous epitope PPPGRRP and the Sm B/B' cross-reactive sequence PPPGMRPP. When immunized with the SLE autoantigen Sm, mCD40-LMP1 Tg mice again exhibited enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses to both Sm and EBNA-1. Cellular immune dysregulation with EBNA-1 immunization in mCD40-LMP1 Tg mice was accompanied by enhanced splenomegaly, increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and elevated anti-dsDNA and antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels (p<0.0001 compared to mCD40 WT mice). However, no evidence of immune-complex glomerulonephritis pathology was noted, suggesting that a combination of EBV and genetic factors may be required to drive lupus-associated renal disease. These data support that the expression of LMP1 in the context of EBNA-1 may interact to increase immune dysregulation that leads to pathogenic, autoantigen-specific lupus inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Munroe
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jourdan R. Anderson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Timothy F. Gross
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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23
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Fiil BK, Gyrd-Hansen M. The Met1-linked ubiquitin machinery in inflammation and infection. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:557-569. [PMID: 33473179 PMCID: PMC7816137 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational modification that regulates most cellular processes. The assembly of ubiquitin into polymeric chains by E3 ubiquitin ligases underlies the pleiotropic functions ubiquitin chains regulate. Ubiquitin chains assembled via the N-terminal methionine, termed Met1-linked ubiquitin chains or linear ubiquitin chains, have emerged as essential signalling scaffolds that regulate pro-inflammatory responses, anti-viral interferon responses, cell death and xenophagy of bacterial pathogens downstream of innate immune receptors. Met1-linked ubiquitin chains are exclusively assembled by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, LUBAC, and are disassembled by the deubiquitinases OTULIN and CYLD. Genetic defects that perturb the regulation of Met1-linked ubiquitin chains causes severe immune-related disorders, illustrating their potent signalling capacity. Here, we review the current knowledge about the cellular machinery that conjugates, recognises, and disassembles Met1-linked ubiquitin chains, and discuss the function of this unique posttranslational modification in regulating inflammation, cell death and immunity to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthe Katrine Fiil
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XLEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XLEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
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24
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The Role of Ubiquitination in NF-κB Signaling during Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020145. [PMID: 33498196 PMCID: PMC7908985 DOI: 10.3390/v13020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family are the master transcription factors that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, the expression of interferons and proinflammatory factors, and viral infection. During viral infection, host innate immune system senses viral products, such as viral nucleic acids, to activate innate defense pathways, including the NF-κB signaling axis, thereby inhibiting viral infection. In these NF-κB signaling pathways, diverse types of ubiquitination have been shown to participate in different steps of the signal cascades. Recent advances find that viruses also modulate the ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling pathways to activate viral gene expression or inhibit host NF-κB activation and inflammation, thereby facilitating viral infection. Understanding the role of ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling during viral infection will advance our knowledge of regulatory mechanisms of NF-κB signaling and pave the avenue for potential antiviral therapeutics. Thus, here we systematically review the ubiquitination in NF-κB signaling, delineate how viruses modulate the NF-κB signaling via ubiquitination and discuss the potential future directions.
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25
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Jahan AS, Elbæk CR, Damgaard RB. Met1-linked ubiquitin signalling in health and disease: inflammation, immunity, cancer, and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:473-492. [PMID: 33441937 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin (ubiquitination) provides a rapid and versatile mechanism for regulating cellular signalling systems. Met1-linked (or 'linear') ubiquitin chains have emerged as a key regulatory signal that controls cell death, immune signalling, and other vital cellular functions. The molecular machinery that assembles, senses, and disassembles Met1-linked ubiquitin chains is highly specific. In recent years, the thorough biochemical and genetic characterisation of the enzymes and proteins of the Met1-linked ubiquitin signalling machinery has paved the way for substantial advances in our understanding of how Met1-linked ubiquitin chains control cell signalling and biology. Here, we review current knowledge and recent insights into the role of Met1-linked ubiquitin chains in cell signalling with an emphasis on their role in disease biology. Met1-linked ubiquitin has potent regulatory functions in immune signalling, NF-κB transcription factor activation, and cell death. Importantly, mounting evidence shows that dysregulation of Met1-linked ubiquitin signalling is associated with multiple human diseases, including immune disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. We discuss the latest evidence on the cellular function of Met1-linked ubiquitin in the context of its associated diseases and highlight new emerging roles of Met1-linked ubiquitin chains in cell signalling, including regulation of protein quality control and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhee Sabiha Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Reiter Elbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Kang YP, Mockabee-Macias A, Jiang C, Falzone A, Prieto-Farigua N, Stone E, Harris IS, DeNicola GM. Non-canonical Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Activity Protects against Ferroptosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:174-189.e7. [PMID: 33357455 PMCID: PMC7839835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is required for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis in both normal and transformed cells. Deprivation of cysteine induces the iron-dependent form of cell death known as ferroptosis; however, the metabolic consequences of cysteine starvation beyond impairment of glutathione synthesis are poorly characterized. Here, we find that cystine starvation of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines induces an unexpected accumulation of γ-glutamyl-peptides, which are produced due to a non-canonical activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). This activity is enriched in cell lines with high levels of NRF2, a key transcriptional regulator of GCLC, but is also inducible in healthy murine tissues following cysteine limitation. γ-glutamyl-peptide synthesis limits the accumulation of glutamate, thereby protecting against ferroptosis. These results indicate that GCLC has a glutathione-independent, non-canonical role in the protection against ferroptosis by maintaining glutamate homeostasis under cystine starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pyo Kang
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee. Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee. Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Aimee Falzone
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee. Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Everett Stone
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Isaac S Harris
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee. Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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27
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ZHENG F, WANG Z. miRNA-1180 suppresses HCC cell activities via TRAF1/NF-κB signaling pathway. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng ZHENG
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China
| | - Zheng WANG
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China
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28
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of adults worldwide and causes infectious mononucleosis. EBV is associated with endemic Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, posttransplant lymphomas, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. In these cancers and in most infected B-cells, EBV maintains a state of latency, where nearly 80 lytic cycle antigens are epigenetically suppressed. To gain insights into host epigenetic factors necessary for EBV latency, we recently performed a human genome-wide CRISPR screen that identified the chromatin assembly factor CAF1 as a putative Burkitt latency maintenance factor. CAF1 loads histones H3 and H4 onto newly synthesized host DNA, though its roles in EBV genome chromatin assembly are uncharacterized. Here, we found that CAF1 depletion triggered lytic reactivation and virion secretion from Burkitt cells, despite also strongly inducing interferon-stimulated genes. CAF1 perturbation diminished occupancy of histones 3.1 and 3.3 and of repressive histone 3 lysine 9 and 27 trimethyl (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) marks at multiple viral genome lytic cycle regulatory elements. Suggestive of an early role in establishment of latency, EBV strongly upregulated CAF1 expression in newly infected primary human B-cells prior to the first mitosis, and histone 3.1 and 3.3 were loaded on the EBV genome by this time point. Knockout of CAF1 subunit CHAF1B impaired establishment of latency in newly EBV-infected Burkitt cells. A nonredundant latency maintenance role was also identified for the DNA synthesis-independent histone 3.3 loader histone regulatory homologue A (HIRA). Since EBV latency also requires histone chaperones alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked chromatin remodeler (ATRX) and death domain-associated protein (DAXX), EBV coopts multiple host histone pathways to maintain latency, and these are potential targets for lytic induction therapeutic approaches.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered as the first human tumor virus in endemic Burkitt lymphoma, the most common childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. In Burkitt lymphoma and in 200,000 EBV-associated cancers per year, epigenetic mechanisms maintain viral latency, during which lytic cycle factors are silenced. This property complicated EBV's discovery and facilitates tumor immunoevasion. DNA methylation and chromatin-based mechanisms contribute to lytic gene silencing. Here, we identified histone chaperones CAF1 and HIRA, which have key roles in host DNA replication-dependent and replication-independent pathways, respectively, as important for EBV latency. EBV strongly upregulates CAF1 in newly infected B-cells, where viral genomes acquire histone 3.1 and 3.3 variants prior to the first mitosis. Since histone chaperones ATRX and DAXX also function in maintenance of EBV latency, our results suggest that EBV coopts multiple histone pathways to reprogram viral genomes and highlight targets for lytic induction therapeutic strategies.
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29
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Kim CM, Park HH. Comparison of Target Recognition by TRAF1 and TRAF2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082895. [PMID: 32326186 PMCID: PMC7215387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although TRAF1 and TRAF2 share common receptors and have extremely conserved amino acid residues, recent studies have shown that key differences in receptor binding preferences with different affinities exist, which might be important for their different functions in TRAF-mediated signal transduction. To better understand TRAF1 and TRAF2 signaling, we analyzed and compared their receptor binding-affinities. Our study revealed that TRADD, TANK, and caspase-2 bind to both TRAF1 and TRAF2 with different affinities in vitro. Sequence and structural analyses revealed that S454 on TRAF2 (corresponding to A369 of TRAF1) is critical for the binding of TRADD, and F347 on TRAF1 (corresponding to L432 of TRAF2) is a critical determinant for high affinity binding of TANK and caspase-2.
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30
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Guo R, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Govande A, Trudeau SJ, Chen F, Fry CJ, Puri R, Wolinsky E, Schineller M, Frost TC, Gebre M, Zhao B, Giulino-Roth L, Doench JG, Teng M, Gewurz BE. MYC Controls the Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Switch. Mol Cell 2020; 78:653-669.e8. [PMID: 32315601 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple human malignancies. To evade immune detection, EBV switches between latent and lytic programs. How viral latency is maintained in tumors or in memory B cells, the reservoir for lifelong EBV infection, remains incompletely understood. To gain insights, we performed a human genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in Burkitt lymphoma B cells. Our analyses identified a network of host factors that repress lytic reactivation, centered on the transcription factor MYC, including cohesins, FACT, STAGA, and Mediator. Depletion of MYC or factors important for MYC expression reactivated the lytic cycle, including in Burkitt xenografts. MYC bound the EBV genome origin of lytic replication and suppressed its looping to the lytic cycle initiator BZLF1 promoter. Notably, MYC abundance decreases with plasma cell differentiation, a key lytic reactivation trigger. Our results suggest that EBV senses MYC abundance as a readout of B cell state and highlights Burkitt latency reversal therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chang Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Apurva Govande
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Trudeau
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Rishi Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emma Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Molly Schineller
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas C Frost
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Makda Gebre
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Giulino-Roth
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Bai W, Wang Q, Deng Z, Li T, Xiao H, Wu Z. TRAF1 suppresses antifungal immunity through CXCL1-mediated neutrophil recruitment during Candida albicans intradermal infection. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:30. [PMID: 32093731 PMCID: PMC7038620 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic human fungal pathogen. The chemokine ligand CXCL1 plays a protective role in fungal infection through the recruitment of neutrophils. TRAF1 (tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 1) can be highly induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as LPS and TNF and has been implicated in septic shock. However, the role of TRAF1 in infection, especially fungal infection, remains elusive. Herein, we reveal that TRAF1 suppresses the antifungal immune response to Candida albicans intradermal infection through the regulation of CXCL1 induction and neutrophil recruitment. Methods A mouse model of C. albicans intradermal infection was established. The Traf1−/− mice and Traf1−/− immortalized human keratinocytes were generated. The p65 inhibitor triptolide, STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine, neutrophil-depletion antibody Ly6G, and neutralizing antibody for CXCL1 were utilized. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA, and the activation of signaling molecules was analyzed by Western blotting. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid Schiff staining were used for histology or fungal detection, respectively. The immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analyses were employed in the assessment of immune cell infiltration. Bone marrow transplantation and adoptive transfer experiments were conducted to establish a role for TRAF1 in the macrophage compartment in fungal skin infection. Results TRAF1-deficient mice demonstrated improved control of Candida albicans intradermal infection, and concomitant increase in neutrophil recruitment and reduction in fungal burden. The chemokine CXCL1 was upregulated in the TRAF1-deficient macrophages treated with heat-killed C. albicans. Mechanistically, TRAF1-deficient macrophages showed increased activation of transcription factor NFκB p65. The human CXCL8 was also highly induced in the TRAF1-deficient human keratinocytes upon TNF stimulation through decreasing the activation of transcription factor STAT1. TRAF1-deficient macrophages played a critical role in containing the C. albicans skin infection in vivo. Conclusion TRAF1-deficient mice can better control fungal infection in the skin, a process attributable to the CXCL-neutrophil axis. Mechanistically, TRAF1 likely regulates CXCL1 expression in both macrophages and keratinocytes through the transcriptional factor NFκB and STAT1, respectively. Our finding offers new insight into the understanding of the immune regulatory mechanisms in host defense against C. albicans infection. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Bai
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center,
- Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihou Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center,
- Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
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A central role of IKK2 and TPL2 in JNK activation and viral B-cell transformation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32019925 PMCID: PMC7000802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IκB kinase 2 (IKK2) is well known for its pivotal role as a mediator of the canonical NF-κB pathway, which has important functions in inflammation and immunity, but also in cancer. Here we identify a novel and critical function of IKK2 and its co-factor NEMO in the activation of oncogenic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, induced by the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Independent of its kinase activity, the TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) mediates LMP1 signaling complex formation, NEMO ubiquitination and subsequent IKK2 activation. The tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) kinase is induced by LMP1 via IKK2 and transmits JNK activation signals downstream of IKK2. The IKK2-TPL2-JNK axis is specific for LMP1 and differs from TNFα, Interleukin-1 and CD40 signaling. This pathway mediates essential LMP1 survival signals in EBV-transformed human B cells and post-transplant lymphoma, and thus qualifies as a target for treatment of EBV-induced cancer.
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van Huizen M, Kikkert M. The Role of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains in the Regulation of the Antiviral Innate Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:392. [PMID: 32039206 PMCID: PMC6987411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that polyubiquitin chains, in particular those linked through K48 and K63, play a key role in the regulation of the antiviral innate immune response. However, the role of the atypical chains linked via any of the other lysine residues (K6, K11, K27, K29, and K33) and the M1-linked linear chains have not been investigated very well yet in this context. This is partially due to a lack of tools to study these linkages in their biological context. Interestingly though, recent findings underscore the importance of the atypical chains in the regulation of the antiviral immune response. This review will highlight the most important advances in the study of the role of atypical ubiquitin chains, particularly in the regulation of intracellular antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. We will also discuss the development of new tools and how these can increase our knowledge of the role of atypical ubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska van Huizen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, LUMC Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, LUMC Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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34
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Zhu S, Chen J, Xiong Y, Kamara S, Gu M, Tang W, Chen S, Dong H, Xue X, Zheng ZM, Zhang L. Novel EBV LMP-2-affibody and affitoxin in molecular imaging and targeted therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008223. [PMID: 31905218 PMCID: PMC6964910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely linked to several human malignancies including endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC). Latent membrane protein 2 (LMP-2) of EBV plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of EBV-related tumors and thus, is a potential target for diagnosis and targeted therapy of EBV LMP-2+ malignant cancers. Affibody molecules are developing as imaging probes and tumor-targeted delivery of small molecules. In this study, four EBV LMP-2-binding affibodies (ZEBV LMP-212, ZEBV LMP-2132, ZEBV LMP-2137, and ZEBV LMP-2142) were identified by screening a phage-displayed LMP-2 peptide library for molecular imaging and targeted therapy in EBV xenograft mice model. ZEBV LMP-2 affibody has high binding affinity for EBV LMP-2 and accumulates in mouse tumor derived from EBV LMP-2+ xenografts for 24 h after intravenous (IV) injection. Subsequent fusion of Pseudomonas exotoxin PE38KDEL to the ZEBV LMP-2 142 affibody led to production of Z142X affitoxin. This fused Z142X affitoxin exhibits high cytotoxicity specific for EBV+ cells in vitro and significant antitumor effect in mice bearing EBV+ tumor xenografts by IV injection. The data provide the proof of principle that EBV LMP-2-speicifc affibody molecules are useful for molecular imaging diagnosis and have potentials for targeted therapy of LMP-2-expressing EBV malignancies. Molecular imaging diagnosis and targeted therapy have been successfully used for several types of tumors, but not yet applied to diagnose or treat EBV-associated NPC. Affibody molecules are small proteins engineered to bind to a large number of target proteins with high affinity, and therefore, can be developed as potential biopharmaceutical drugs for molecular diagnosis and therapeutic applications. In the present study, we screened and characterized EBV LMP-2-specific affibodies and evaluated their usage in molecular imaging of LMP-2 expressing cells and EBV LMP-2 tumor-bearing mice. Subsequently, we engineered and obtained an EBV LMP-2 affitoxin based on EBV LMP-2-binding affibodies and demonstrated its targeted cytotoxicity for EBV+ cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that the EBV LMP-2-specific affibody and its derived affitoxin are useful for diagnosis of LMP-2 expressing cells and targeted therapy of EBV-derived, LMP-2+ malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yirong Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Saidu Kamara
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Meiping Gu
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wanlin Tang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shao Chen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haiyan Dong
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZMZ); (LZ)
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZMZ); (LZ)
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Huo H, Hu G. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated LMP1 knockout inhibits Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:30. [PMID: 31673282 PMCID: PMC6816172 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A strong association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been widely recognized in recent decades. The aim of the present study was to investigate latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) regulation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) CNE-2 cell growth and then examine the effects of LMP1-knockout with CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and CNE-2 cell growth. Methods Human NPC CNE-2 cells were infected with the recombinant LMP1- and LMP2A-carrying lentivirus, and then examined for cell growth with the colony forming assay as well as for the activation of transcription of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) with reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of LMP1 or LMP2A was performed with a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting sequences within LMP1 or LMP2A. The knockout effect and the EBV proliferation were examined with RT-qPCR, western blot and cell growth assay. Results LMP1 overexpression promoted CNE-2 cell growth, compared to LMP2A overexpression. Loss-of-function experiments confirmed that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) upregulation mediated this effect. LMP1 knockout significantly inhibited EBV proliferation in CNE-2 cells and markedly inhibited LMP1-mediated promotion of cell growth. The knockout of either LMP1 or LMP2A blocked the eIF4E activation, which is induced either by the EBV infection or by the overexpression of LMP1 or LMP2A. Conclusion We confirmed the LMP1-mediated promotion of NPC cell growth. Such promotion can be effectively blocked by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated LMP1 knockout. Precise LMP1 knockout might be a promising method for targeted inhibition of EBV infection and NPC cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Guohua Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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36
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Qi YF, Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu W, Xiao H, Luo B. EBV down-regulates COX-2 expression via TRAF2 and ERK signal pathway in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Virus Res 2019; 272:197735. [PMID: 31473273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) accounts for nearly 10% of gastric cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a crucial role in cancer progression. However, there is no experimental study on the regulation mechanism of EBV on COX-2 in EBVaGC. To understand more about the tumorigenic mechanism of EBVaGC, the study investigated the role of EBV encode latent membrane protein LMP1 and LMP2A in the regulation of COX-2. The expression of COX-2 was examined in EBVaGC and EBV negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC) cell lines. The plasmids were transfected in SGC7901 to overexpress LMP1/2A. Small interfering RNA (si-RNA) targeting LMP1/2A in GT38 and targeting TRAF2 in SGC7901 were used to detect the expression of COX-2. Furthermore, si-ERK1/2 and the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 were used to investigate whether p-ERK participate in the regulation of COX-2 in SGC7901. The overexpression of LMP1 or LMP2A in SGC7901 down-regulates both COX-2 and TRAF2 expression, and knockdown of LMP1 or LMP2A in GT38 resulted in a certain recovery of COX-2 and TRAF2 expression. Moreover, si-TRAF2 indicated that a sharp down-regulation of COX-2. And the decrease of p-ERK also mediates the inhibitory effect of LMP1 on COX-2. In summary, overexpression of LMP1 and LMP2A inhibits COX-2, which is mediated by a decrease of TRAF2, and p-ERK is involved in the inhibition of COX-2 by LMP1 in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Qi
- Department of Medical microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 19 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medical microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Zibo, 19 Gongqingtuan Road, ZiBo, 255036, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Medical microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Medical microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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Zhang Y, Luo J, Tang N, Teng M, Reddy VRAP, Moffat K, Shen Z, Nair V, Yao Y. Targeted Editing of the pp38 Gene in Marek's Disease Virus-Transformed Cell Lines Using CRISPR/Cas9 System. Viruses 2019; 11:E391. [PMID: 31027375 PMCID: PMC6563304 DOI: 10.3390/v11050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a lymphotropic α-herpesvirus associated with T-cell lymphomas in chickens, is an excellent model for herpesvirus biology and virus-induced oncogenesis. Marek's disease (MD) is also one of the cancers against which a vaccine was first used. In the lymphomas and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from them, MDV establishes latent infection with limited gene expression. Although LCLs are valuable for interrogating viral and host gene functions, molecular determinants associated with the maintenance of MDV latency and lytic switch remain largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of tools for in situ manipulation of the genomes in these cell lines. Here we describe the first application of CRISPR/Cas9 editing approach for precise editing of the viral gene phosphoprotein 38 (pp38), a biomarker for latent/lytic switch in MDV-transformed LCLs MDCC-MSB-1 (Marek's disease cell line MSB-1) and MDCC-HP8. Contradictory to the previous reports suggesting that pp38 is involved in the maintenance of transformation of LCL MSB-1 cells, we show that pp38-deleted cells proliferated at a significant higher rate, suggesting that pp38 is dispensable for the transformed state of these cell lines. Application of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing of MDV-transformed cell lines in situ opens up further opportunities towards a better understanding of MDV pathogenesis and virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Na Tang
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, China.
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou 256600, China.
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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38
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Edilova MI, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. TRAF1 Signaling in Human Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2969. [PMID: 30619326 PMCID: PMC6305416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a signaling adaptor first identified as part of the TNFR2 signaling complex. TRAF1 plays a key role in pro-survival signaling downstream of TNFR superfamily members such as TNFR2, LMP1, 4-1BB, and CD40. Recent studies have uncovered another role for TRAF1, independent of its role in TNFR superfamily signaling, in negatively regulating Toll-like receptor and Nod-like receptor signaling, through sequestering the linear ubiquitin assembly complex, LUBAC. TRAF1 has diverse roles in human disease. TRAF1 is overexpressed in many B cell related cancers and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TRAF1 have been linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Genome wide association studies have identified an association between SNPs in the 5' untranslated region of the TRAF1 gene with increased incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. The loss of TRAF1 from chronically stimulated CD8 T cells results in desensitization of the 4-1BB signaling pathway, thereby contributing to T cell exhaustion during chronic infection. These apparently opposing roles of TRAF1 as both a positive and negative regulator of immune signaling have led to some confusion in the literature. Here we review the role of TRAF1 as a positive and negative regulator in different signaling pathways. Then we discuss the role of TRAF1 in human disease, attempting to reconcile seemingly contradictory roles based on current knowledge of TRAF1 signaling and biology. We also discuss avenues for future research to further clarify the impact of TRAF1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zapata JM, Perez-Chacon G, Carr-Baena P, Martinez-Forero I, Azpilikueta A, Otano I, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) Signalosome: Complexity Is a Matter of TRAFs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2618. [PMID: 30524423 PMCID: PMC6262405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, Tnsfr9) is a member of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) superfamily without known intrinsic enzymatic activity in its cytoplasmic domain. Hence, akin to other members of the TNFR family, it relies on the TNFR-Associated-Factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins to build the CD137 signalosome for transducing signals into the cell. Thus, upon CD137 activation by binding of CD137L trimers or by crosslinking with agonist monoclonal antibodies, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 are readily recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of CD137, likely as homo- and/or heterotrimers with different configurations, initiating the construction of the CD137 signalosome. The formation of TRAF2-RING dimers between TRAF2 molecules from contiguous trimers would help to establish a multimeric structure of TRAF-trimers that is probably essential for CD137 signaling. In addition, available studies have identified a large number of proteins that are recruited to CD137:TRAF complexes including ubiquitin ligases and proteases, kinases, and modulatory proteins. Working in a coordinated fashion, these CD137-signalosomes will ultimately promote CD137-mediated T cell proliferation and survival and will endow T cells with stronger effector functions. Current evidence allows to envision the molecular events that might take place in the early stages of CD137-signalosome formation, underscoring the key roles of TRAFs and of K63 and K48-ubiquitination of target proteins in the signaling process. Understanding the composition and fine regulation of CD137-signalosomes assembly and disassembly will be key to improve the therapeutic activities of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) encompassing the CD137 cytoplasmic domain and a new generation of CD137 agonists for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Perez-Chacon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carr-Baena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Martinez-Forero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Otano
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Departamento de Inmunologia and Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,MSD, London, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Inmunologia e Inmunoterapia, Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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40
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2111. [PMID: 30294322 PMCID: PMC6158389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M. Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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41
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Jiang S, Zhou H, Liang J, Gerdt C, Wang C, Ke L, Schmidt SCS, Narita Y, Ma Y, Wang S, Colson T, Gewurz B, Li G, Kieff E, Zhao B. The Epstein-Barr Virus Regulome in Lymphoblastoid Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:561-573.e4. [PMID: 29024646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms B cells to continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), which represent an experimental model for EBV-associated cancers. EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) and LMP1 are EBV transcriptional regulators that are essential for LCL establishment, proliferation, and survival. Starting with the 3D genome organization map of LCL, we constructed a comprehensive EBV regulome encompassing 1,992 viral/cellular genes and enhancers. Approximately 30% of genes essential for LCL growth were linked to EBV enhancers. Deleting EBNA2 sites significantly reduced their target gene expression. Additional EBV super-enhancer (ESE) targets included MCL1, IRF4, and EBF. MYC ESE looping to the transcriptional stat site of MYC was dependent on EBNAs. Deleting MYC ESEs greatly reduced MYC expression and LCL growth. EBNA3A/3C altered CDKN2A/B spatial organization to suppress senescence. EZH2 inhibition decreased the looping at the CDKN2A/B loci and reduced LCL growth. This study provides a comprehensive view of the spatial organization of chromatin during EBV-driven cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizun Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hufeng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Gerdt
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liangru Ke
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Stefanie C S Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Narita
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yijie Ma
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuangqi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tyler Colson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Gewurz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guoliang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhang H, Li H, Shaikh A, Caudle Y, Yao B, Yin D. Inhibition of MicroRNA-23b Attenuates Immunosuppression During Late Sepsis Through NIK, TRAF1, and XIAP. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:300-311. [PMID: 29506272 PMCID: PMC6009583 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background microRNA-23b (miR-23b) is a multiple functional miRNA. We hypothesize that miR-23b plays a role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Our study investigated the effect of miR-23b on sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Methods Mice were treated with miR-23b inhibitors by tail vein injection 2 days after cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Apoptosis in spleens and apoptotic signals were investigated, and survival was monitored. T-cell immunoreactivities were examined during late sepsis. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase (NIK), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1), and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), the putative targets of miR-23b, were identified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results miR-23b expression is upregulated and sustained during sepsis. The activation of the TLR4/TLR9/p38 MAPK/STAT3 signal pathway contributes to the production of miR-23b in CLP-induced sepsis. miR-23b inhibitor decreased the number of spleen cells positive by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and improved survival. miR-23b inhibitor restored the immunoreactivity by alleviating the development of T-cell exhaustion and producing smaller amounts of immunosuppressive interleukin 10 and interleukin 4 during late sepsis. We demonstrated that miR-23b mediated immunosuppression during late sepsis by inhibiting the noncanonical NF-κB signal and promoting the proapoptotic signal pathway by targeting NIK, TRAF1, and XIAP. Conclusions Inhibition of miR-23b reduces late-sepsis-induced immunosuppression and improves survival. miR-23b might be a target for immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiju Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
| | - Aamir Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
| | - Baozhen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
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43
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Robust imaging and gene delivery to study human lymphoblastoid cell lines. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:945-955. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Wen X, Wang B, Feng T, Yuan W, Zhou J, Fang T. TNF receptor-associated factor 1 as a biomarker for assessment of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis and overall survival. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29528567 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which comprises 80%-85% of all lung cancer cases, is one of the most common human malignancies. Despite great improvements in diagnostic technology and the introduction of new therapeutic agents in recent years, the 5-year survival rate of NSCLC is still low. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) plays an important role in the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) associated signal pathway. METHODS In this study, we aim to illuminate the function of TRAF1 in NSCLC. Toward that end, TRAF1 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in specimens from 200 NSCLC patients. The function of TRAF1 in the A549 and H1299 cell lines was evaluated by colony formation and MTT assays. RESULTS Our data showed that TRAF1 was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues. TRAF1 expression was positively associated with NSCLC lymphatic metastasis and clinical stage and was negatively associated with overall patient survival. TRAF1 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation CONCLUSION: TRAF1 expression was positively associated with NSCLC lymphatic metastasis and histological grade and was negatively associated with overall patient survival. TRAF1 may be an important therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Wen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Research Institute of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
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45
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CRISPR-Cas9 Genetic Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020055. [PMID: 29385696 PMCID: PMC5850362 DOI: 10.3390/v10020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has greatly expanded the ability to genetically probe virus–host interactions. CRISPR systems enable focused or systematic, genomewide studies of nearly all aspects of a virus lifecycle. Combined with its relative ease of use and high reproducibility, CRISPR is becoming an essential tool in studies of the host factors important for viral pathogenesis. Here, we review the use of CRISPR–Cas9 for the loss-of-function analysis of host dependency factors. We focus on the use of CRISPR-pooled screens for the systematic identification of host dependency factors, particularly in Epstein–Barr virus-transformed B cells. We also discuss the use of CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and gain-of-function CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) approaches to probe virus–host interactions. Finally, we comment on the future directions enabled by combinatorial CRISPR screens.
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46
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Wang L, Howell ME, McPeak B, Riggs K, Kohne C, Yohanon JU, Foxler DE, Sharp TV, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. LIMD1 is induced by and required for LMP1 signaling, and protects EBV-transformed cells from DNA damage-induced cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6282-6297. [PMID: 29464072 PMCID: PMC5814212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIMD1 (LIM domain-containing protein 1) is considered as a tumor suppressor, being deregulated in many cancers to include hematological malignancies; however, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms of its deregulation and its roles in carcinogenesis. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with a panel of malignancies of lymphocytic and epithelial origin. Using high throughput expression profiling, we have previously identified LIMD1 as a common marker associated with the oncogenic transcription factor IRF4 in EBV-related lymphomas and other hematological malignancies. In this study, we have identified potential conserved IRF4- and NFκB-binding motifs in the LIMD1 gene promoter, and both are demonstrated functional by promoter-reporter assays. We further show that LIMD1 is partially upregulated by EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via IRF4 and NFκB in EBV latency. As to its role in the setting of EBV latent infection, we show that LIMD1 interacts with TRAF6, a crucial mediator of LMP1 signal transduction. Importantly, LIMD1 depletion impairs LMP1 signaling and functions, potentiates ionomycin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis, and inhibits p62-mediated selective autophagy. Taken together, these results show that LIMD1 is upregulated in EBV latency and plays an oncogenic role rather than that of a tumor suppressor. Our findings have identified LIMD1 as a novel player in EBV latency and oncogenesis, and open a novel research avenue, in which LIMD1 and p62 play crucial roles in linking DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis, and autophagy and their potential interplay during viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Mary E.A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Brooke McPeak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Katrina Riggs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Carissa Kohne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Jether Uel Yohanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Daniel E. Foxler
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tyson V. Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
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47
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Jiang S, Wang LW, Walsh MJ, Trudeau SJ, Gerdt C, Zhao B, Gewurz BE. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed Lymphoblastoid B-Cell Lines. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 121:31.12.1-31.12.23. [PMID: 29337376 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) efficiently transforms primary human B cells into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), which are extensively used in human genetic, immunological and virological studies. LCLs provide unlimited sources of DNA for genetic investigation, but can be difficult to manipulate, for instance because low retroviral or lentiviral transduction frequencies hinder experiments that require co-expression of multiple components. This unit details Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 engineering for robust LCL genome editing. We describe the generation and delivery of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), or dual-targeting sgRNAs, via lentiviral transduction of LCLs that stably express Cas9 protein. CRISPR/Cas9 editing allows LCL loss-of-function studies, including knock-out of protein-coding genes or deletion of DNA regulatory elements, and can be adapted for large-scale screening approaches. Low transfection efficiencies are a second barrier to performing CRISPR editing in LCLs, which are not typically lipid-transfectable. To circumvent this barrier, we provide an optimized protocol for LCL nucleofection of Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) as an alternative route to achieve genome editing in LCLs. These editing approaches can also be employed in other B-cell lines, including Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells, and are highly reproducible. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizun Jiang
- Harvard Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Present Address: Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Liang Wei Wang
- Harvard Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Harvard Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Trudeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Gerdt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Harvard Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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The interactome of EBV LMP1 evaluated by proximity-based BioID approach. Virology 2018; 516:55-70. [PMID: 29329079 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 is an oncoprotein required for immortalizing B lymphocytes and also plays important roles in transforming non-lymphoid tissue. The discovery of LMP1 protein interactions will likely generate targets to treat EBV-associated cancers. Here, we define the broader LMP1 interactome using the recently developed BioID method. Combined with mass spectrometry, we identified over 1000 proteins across seven independent experiments with direct or indirect relationships to LMP1. Pathway analysis suggests that a significant number of the proteins identified are involved in signal transduction and protein or vesicle trafficking. Interestingly, a large number of proteins thought to be important in the formation of exosomes and protein targeting were recognized as probable LMP1 interacting partners, including CD63, syntenin-1, ALIX, TSG101, HRS, CHMPs, and sorting nexins. Therefore, it is likely that LMP1 modifies protein trafficking and exosome biogenesis pathways. In support of this, knock-down of syntenin-1 and ALIX resulted in reduced exosomal LMP1.
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49
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 30294322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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50
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in multiple human malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin and immunosuppression-associated lymphomas. LMP1 mimics CD40 signaling to activate multiple growth and survival pathways, in particular, NF-κB. LMP1 has critical roles in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell transformation, and its expression causes fatal lymphoproliferative disease in immunosuppressed mice. Here, we review recent developments in studies of LMP1 signaling, LMP1-induced host dependency factors, mouse models of LMP1 lymphomagenesis, and anti-LMP1 immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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