1
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Chen Y, Quirk NF, Tan S. Shining a light on bacterial environmental cue integration and its relation to metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:71-74. [PMID: 37433048 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a bacterium to successfully colonize its host is dependent on proper adaptation to its local environment. Environmental cues are diverse in nature, ranging from ions to bacterial-produced signals, and to host immune responses that can also be exploited by the bacteria as cues. Simultaneously, bacterial metabolism must be matched to the carbon and nitrogen sources available at a given time and location. While initial characterization of a bacterium's response to a given environmental cue or its ability to utilize a particular carbon/nitrogen source requires study of the signal in question in isolation, actual infection poses a situation where multiple signals are present concurrently. This perspective focuses on the untapped potential in uncovering and understanding how bacteria integrate their response to multiple concurrent environmental cues, and in elucidating the possible intrinsic coordination of bacterial environmental response with its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalia F Quirk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Chen R, Zhang D, Qi S, Liu Y. Metabolite interactions between host and microbiota during health and disease: Which feeds the other? Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114295. [PMID: 36709600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites produced by the host and microbiota play a crucial role in how human bodies develop and remain healthy. Most of these metabolites are produced by microbiota and hosts in the digestive tract. Metabolites in the gut have important roles in energy metabolism, cellular communication, and host immunity, among other physiological activities. Although numerous host metabolites, such as free fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins, are found in the intestine, metabolites generated by gut microbiota are equally vital for intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, microbiota in the gut is the sole source of some metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Metabolites produced by microbiota, such as neurotransmitters and hormones, may modulate and significantly affect host metabolism. The gut microbiota is becoming recognized as a second endocrine system. A variety of chronic inflammatory disorders have been linked to aberrant host-microbiota interplays, but the precise mechanisms underpinning these disturbances and how they might lead to diseases remain to be fully elucidated. Microbiome-modulated metabolites are promising targets for new drug discovery due to their endocrine function in various complex disorders. In humans, metabolotherapy for the prevention or treatment of various disorders will be possible if we better understand the metabolic preferences of bacteria and the host in specific tissues and organs. Better disease treatments may be possible with the help of novel complementary therapies that target host or bacterial metabolism. The metabolites, their physiological consequences, and functional mechanisms of the host-microbiota interplays will be highlighted, summarized, and discussed in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anethesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - DuoDuo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Qi
- Department of Anethesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause severe invasive infections upon ingestion with contaminated food. Clinically, listerial disease, or listeriosis, most often presents as bacteremia, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, and pregnancy-associated infections manifesting as miscarriage or neonatal sepsis. Invasive listeriosis is life-threatening and a main cause of foodborne illness leading to hospital admissions in Western countries. Sources of contamination can be identified through international surveillance systems for foodborne bacteria and strains' genetic data sharing. Large-scale whole genome studies have increased our knowledge on the diversity and evolution of L. monocytogenes, while recent pathophysiological investigations have improved our mechanistic understanding of listeriosis. In this article, we present an overview of human listeriosis with particular focus on relevant features of the causative bacterium, epidemiology, risk groups, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M Koopmans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José A Vázquez-Boland
- Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Kashif M, Subbarao N. Identification of potential novel inhibitors against glutamine synthetase enzyme of Leishmania major by using computational tools. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13914-13922. [PMID: 36744549 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2175382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine Synthetase (GS) is functionally important in many pathogens, so its viability as a drug target has been widely investigated. We identified Leishmania major glutamine synthetase (Lm-GS) as an appealing target for developing potential leishmaniasis inhibitors. Comparative modeling, virtual screening, MD simulations along with MM-PBSA analyses were performed and two FDA approved compounds namely Chlortalidone (id ZINC00020253) and Ciprofloxacin (id ZINC00020220) were identified as potential inhibitor among the screened library. These compounds may be used as a lead molecule, although additional in vitro and in vivo testing is required to establish its anti-leishmanial effect. Hence, the goal of this study was to locate and identify certain medications that were previously FDA-approved for definite disorders and that might show anti-leishmanial effect. Due to GS's presence in additional Leishmania species, a novel medication docked with Lm-GS may have broad anti-leishmania efficacy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kashif
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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5
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Effects of Softening Dry Food with Water on Stress Response, Intestinal Microbiome, and Metabolic Profile in Beagle Dogs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111124. [PMID: 36422265 PMCID: PMC9697261 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Softening dry food with water is believed to be more beneficial to the intestinal health and nutrients absorption of dogs by some owners, but there appears to be little scientific basis for this belief. Thus, this study aimed to compare feeding dry food (DF) and water-softened dry food (SDF) on stress response, intestinal microbiome, and metabolic profile in dogs. Twenty healthy 5-month-old beagle dogs were selected and divided into two groups according to their gender and body weight using a completely randomized block design. Both groups were fed the same basal diet, with one group fed DF and the other fed SDF. The trial lasted for 21 days. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, inflammatory cytokines, stress hormones, heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branch-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), and metabolomics were measured. Results showed that there was no significant difference in body weight, ATTD, and SCFAs between the DF and SDF groups (p > 0.05), whereas feeding with SDF caused a significant increase in serum cortisol level (p < 0.05) and tended to have higher interleukin-2 (p = 0.062) and HSP-70 (p = 0.097) levels. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing found that the SDF group had higher alpha diversity indices (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the SDF group had higher levels of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia_Shigella, and lower levels of Faecalibacterium (p < 0.05). Serum and fecal metabolomics further showed that feeding with SDF significantly influenced the purine metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism (p < 0.05). Overall, feeding with SDF caused higher cortisol level and generated effects of higher intestinal microbial diversity in dogs, but it caused an increase in some pathogenic bacteria, which may result in intestinal microbiome disturbance and metabolic disorder in dogs. In conclusion, feeding with SDF did not provide digestive benefits but caused some stress and posed a potential threat to the intestinal health of dogs. Thus, SDF is not recommended in the feeding of dogs.
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6
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Diguanylate Cyclase (DGC) Implicated in the Synthesis of Multiple Bacteriocins via the Flagellar-Type III Secretion System Produced by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105649. [PMID: 35628457 PMCID: PMC9144310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (previously Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) causes soft rot and stem rot diseases in a variety of crops, including Chinese cabbage, potato, and tomato. The flagellar-type III secretion systems were used by Pcc’s virulence mechanism to export proteins or bacteriocins to the outside of the cell. DGC, a virulence factor that cyclizes c-di-GMP, a common secondary signal in physiological processes and toxin control systems of many bacteria, was discovered in Pcc’s genomic DNA. The dgc gene in Pcc was blocked using the method of homologous recombination in our study. In the in vivo setting, the results demonstrated that the dgc knockout strain does not release low molecular weight bacteriocins. The bacteriocin gene (carocin S2, carocin S3, carocin S4) and the flagellar-type III secretion system genes were also unable to be transcribed by the dgc knockout strain in the transcription experiment. We also observed that the amount of bacteriocin expressed changed when the amount of L-glutamine in the environment exceeded a particular level. These data suggested that L-glutamine influenced physiological processes in Pcc strains in some way. We hypothesized a relationship between dgc and the genes involved in Pcc LMWB external export via the flagellar-type secretion system based on these findings. In this study, the current findings led us to propose a mechanism in which DGC’s cyclic di-GMP might bind to receptor proteins and positively regulate bacteriocin transcription as well as the synthesis, mobility, and transport of toxins.
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7
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Listeria monocytogenes TcyKLMN Cystine/Cysteine Transporter Facilitates Glutathione Synthesis and Virulence Gene Expression. mBio 2022; 13:e0044822. [PMID: 35435705 PMCID: PMC9239247 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00448-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens sense the repertoire of metabolites in the mammalian niche and use this information to shift into the pathogenic state to accomplish a successful infection. Glutathione is a virulence-activating signal that is synthesized by
L. monocytogenes
during infection of mammalian cells.
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8
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Rosenberg G, Riquelme S, Prince A, Avraham R. Immunometabolic crosstalk during bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:497-507. [PMID: 35365784 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following detection of bacteria, macrophages switch their metabolism from oxidative respiration through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. This immunometabolic shift enables pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses and is facilitated by the accumulation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid-derived metabolites and catabolism of amino acids. Recent studies have shown that these immunometabolites are co-opted by pathogens as environmental cues for expression of virulence genes. We review mechanisms by which host immunometabolites regulate bacterial pathogenicity and discuss opportunities for the development of therapeutics targeting metabolic host-pathogen crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alice Prince
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Zhao G, Li P, Mu H, Li N, Peng Y. L-Ascorbic Acid Shapes Bovine Pasteurella multocida Serogroup A Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:687922. [PMID: 34307527 PMCID: PMC8295749 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.687922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pasteurella multocida serogroup A (bovine PmA) is one of the most important pathogens causing fatal pneumonia in cattle. However, it is largely unknown how nutrition shapes bovine PmA infection. Here, we discovered that the infected lung held the highest bacterial density than other tissues during infection. By screening the different metabolites between high (lung)- and low (liver)-bacterial density tissues, the present work revealed that L-ascorbic acid and L-aspartic acid directly influenced bovine P. multocida growth. Interestingly, L-ascorbic acid, which is expressed at higher levels in the infected livers, inhibited bovine PmA growth as well as virulence factor expression and promoted macrophage bactericidal activity in vitro. In addition, ascorbic acid synthesis was repressed upon bovine PmA infection, and supplementation with exogenous L-ascorbic acid significantly reduced the bacterial burden of the infected lungs and mouse mortality. Collectively, our study has profiled the metabolite difference of the murine lung and liver during bovine PmA infection. The screened L-ascorbic acid showed repression of bovine PmA growth and virulence expression in vitro and supplementation could significantly increase the survival rate of mice and reduce the bacterial load in vivo, which implied that L-ascorbic acid could serve as a potential protective agent for bovine PmA infection in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Mu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivorce, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Ploetz E, Schuurman-Wolters GK, Zijlstra N, Jager AW, Griffith DA, Guskov A, Gouridis G, Poolman B, Cordes T. Structural and biophysical characterization of the tandem substrate-binding domains of the ABC importer GlnPQ. Open Biol 2021; 11:200406. [PMID: 33823661 PMCID: PMC8025302 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter GlnPQ is an essential uptake system that transports glutamine, glutamic acid and asparagine in Gram-positive bacteria. It features two extra-cytoplasmic substrate-binding domains (SBDs) that are linked in tandem to the transmembrane domain of the transporter. The two SBDs differ in their ligand specificities, binding affinities and their distance to the transmembrane domain. Here, we elucidate the effects of the tandem arrangement of the domains on the biochemical, biophysical and structural properties of the protein. For this, we determined the crystal structure of the ligand-free tandem SBD1-2 protein from Lactococcus lactis in the absence of the transporter and compared the tandem to the isolated SBDs. We also used isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the ligand-binding affinity of the SBDs and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to relate ligand binding to conformational changes in each of the domains of the tandem. We show that substrate binding and conformational changes are not notably affected by the presence of the adjoining domain in the wild-type protein, and changes only occur when the linker between the domains is shortened. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we combine smFRET with protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE–FRET) and show that a decrease in SBD linker length is observed as a linear increase in donor-brightness for SBD2 while we can still monitor the conformational states (open/closed) of SBD1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PIFE–FRET to monitor protein–protein interactions and conformational states simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ploetz
- Molecular Microscopy Research Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanosciences (CeNS) and Center for Integrated Proteins Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gea K Schuurman-Wolters
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Zijlstra
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amarins W Jager
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas A Griffith
- Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Albert Guskov
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Giorgos Gouridis
- Molecular Microscopy Research Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Bert Poolman
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorben Cordes
- Molecular Microscopy Research Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Physical and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Kumar V, Ghosh S, Roy K, Pal C, Singh S. Deletion of Glutamine Synthetase Gene Disrupts the Survivability and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:622266. [PMID: 33732662 PMCID: PMC7959746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is one of the most important metabolic enzymes which catalyzes ligation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine. Previous studies from our lab had revealed significant differences in parasite and host GS enzyme which warranted us to further work on its relevance in parasite. To analyze glutamine synthetase function in Leishmania, we generated GS overexpressors and knockout mutants and evaluated their ability to grow in vitro in monocyte differentiated macrophage and in vivo by infections in BALB/c mice. GS knocked out strain showed significant growth retardation with delayed cell cycle progression and morphological alteration. Null mutants exhibited attenuated infectivity both in in vitro and in vivo experiments and the effect was reverted back when infected with GS complemented parasites. This indicated that the alterations in phenotype observed were indeed due to GS knockout. GS knockout also made the parasite increasingly sensitive to Miltefosine. Detailed investigation of mode of parasite death upon Miltefosine treatment by dual staining with Annexin-V conjugated FITC and propidium iodide, pointed towards apoptotic or necrotic mode of cell death. This is the first report to confirm that GS is essential for the survivability and infectivity of Leishmania donovani, and can be exploited as a potential drug-target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Kamalika Roy
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
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12
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Renick PJ, Mulgaonkar A, Co CM, Wu CY, Zhou N, Velazquez A, Pennington J, Sherwood A, Dong H, Castellino L, Öz OK, Tang L, Sun X. Imaging of Actively Proliferating Bacterial Infections by Targeting the Bacterial Metabolic Footprint with d-[5- 11C]-Glutamine. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:347-361. [PMID: 33476123 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since most d-amino acids (DAAs) are utilized by bacterial cells but not by mammalian eukaryotic hosts, recently DAA-based molecular imaging strategies have been extensively explored for noninvasively differentiating bacterial infections from the host's inflammatory responses. Given glutamine's pivotal role in bacterial survival, cell growth, biofilm formation, and even virulence, here we report a new positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach using d-5-[11C]glutamine (d-[5-11C]-Gln) for potential clinical assessment of bacterial infection through a comparative study with its l-isomer counterpart, l-[5-11C]-Gln. In both control and infected mice, l-[5-11C]-Gln had substantially higher uptake levels than d-[5-11C]-Gln in most organs except the kidneys, showing the expected higher use of l-[5-11C]-Gln by mammalian tissues and more efficient renal excretion of d-[5-11C]-Gln. Importantly, our work demonstrates that PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln is capable of detecting infections induced by both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a dual-infection murine myositis model with significantly higher infection-to-background contrast than with l-[5-11C]-Gln (in E. coli, 1.64; in MRSA, 2.62, p = 0.0004). This can be attributed to the fact that d-[5-11C]-Gln is utilized by bacteria while being more efficiently cleared from the host tissues. We confirmed the bacterial infection imaging specificity of d-[5-11C]-Gln by comparing its uptake in active bacterial infections versus sterile inflammation and with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]FDG). These results together demonstrate the translational potential of PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln for the noninvasive detection of bacterial infectious diseases in humans.
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13
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Cao Y, Liu J, Zhu W, Qin N, Ren X, Zhu B, Xia X. Impact of dietary components on enteric infectious disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4010-4035. [PMID: 33455435 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1871587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diets impact host health in multiple ways and an unbalanced diet could contribute to the initiation or progression of a variety of diseases. Although a wealth of information exists on the connections between diet and chronic metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, etc., how diet influences enteric infectious disease still remain underexplored. The review summarizes the current findings on the link between various dietary components and diverse enteric infectious diseases. Dietary ingredients discussed include macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals), and other dietary ingredients (phytonutrients and probiotic supplements). We first describe the importance of enteric infectious diseases and the direct and indirect relationship between diet and enteric infectious diseases. Then we discuss the effects of different dietary components on the susceptibility to or progression of enteric infectious disease. Finally, we delineate current knowledge gap and highlighted future research directions. The literature review revealed that different dietary components affect host resistance to enteric infections through a variety of mechanisms. Dietary components may directly inhibit or bind to enteric pathogens, or indirectly influence enteric infections through modulating immune function and gut microbiota. Elucidating the unique repercussions of different diets on enteric infections in this review may help provide dietary guidelines or design dietary interventions to prevent or alleviate enteric infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxiu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ningbo Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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14
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Villoria Recio M, Lee BH, Lillebæk EMS, Kallipolitis BH, Gahan CGM, Ingmer H, Larsen MH. Chitin Attenuates Expression of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Genes in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588906. [PMID: 33343529 PMCID: PMC7744463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
External signals are crucial for bacteria to sense their immediate environment and fine-tune gene expression accordingly. The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes senses a range of environmental cues in order to activate or deactivate the virulence-inducing transcriptional factor PrfA during transition between infectious and saprophytic lifecycles. Chitin is an abundant biopolymer formed from linked β-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues associated with fungi, the exoskeleton of insects and often incorporated into foods as a thickener or stabilizer. L. monocytogenes evolved to hydrolyse chitin, presumably, to facilitate nutrient acquisition from competitive environments such as soil where the polymer is abundant. Since mammals do not produce chitin, we reasoned that the polymer could serve as an environmental signal contributing to repression of L. monocytogenes PrfA-dependent expression. This study shows a significant downregulation of the core PrfA-regulon during virulence-inducing conditions in vitro in the presence of chitin. Our data suggest this phenomenon occurs through a mechanism that differs from PTS-transport of oligosaccharides generated from either degradation or chitinase-mediated hydrolysis of the polymer. Importantly, an indication that chitin can repress virulence expression of a constitutively active PrfA∗ mutant is shown, possibly mediated via a post-translational modification inhibiting PrfA∗ activity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that chitin is reported as a molecule with anti-virulence properties against a pathogenic bacterium. Thus, our findings identify chitin as a signal which may downregulate the virulence potential of the pathogen and may provide an alternative approach toward reducing disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Villoria Recio
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Food Safety and Zoonoses-University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Alimentary Pharmabotic Centre Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Bo-Hyung Lee
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Birgitte H Kallipolitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabotic Centre Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Food Safety and Zoonoses-University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Halberg Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Food Safety and Zoonoses-University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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15
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Leseigneur C, Lê-Bury P, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Dussurget O. Emerging Evasion Mechanisms of Macrophage Defenses by Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:577559. [PMID: 33102257 PMCID: PMC7545029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.577559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages participate to the first line of defense against infectious agents. Microbial pathogens evolved sophisticated mechanisms to escape macrophage killing. Here, we review recent discoveries and emerging concepts on bacterial molecular strategies to subvert macrophage immune responses. We focus on the expanding number of fascinating subversive tools developed by Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and pathogenic Yersinia spp., illustrating diversity and commonality in mechanisms used by microorganisms with different pathogenic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Leseigneur
- Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lê-Bury
- Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,National Reference Laboratory Plague & Other Yersiniosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,WHO Collaborative Research & Reference Centre for Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Role of GlnR in Controlling Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Genes in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00209-20. [PMID: 32690554 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00209-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a fastidious bacterial pathogen that can utilize only a limited number of nitrogen sources for growth. Both glutamine and ammonium are common nitrogen sources used in listerial defined growth media, but little is known about the regulation of their uptake or utilization. The functional role of L. monocytogenes GlnR, the transcriptional regulator of nitrogen metabolism genes in low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria, was determined using transcriptome sequencing and real-time reverse transcription-PCR experiments. The GlnR regulon included transcriptional units involved in ammonium transport (amtB glnK) and biosynthesis of glutamine (glnRA) and glutamate (gdhA) from ammonium. As in other bacteria, GlnR proved to be an autoregulatory repressor of the glnRA operon. Unexpectedly, GlnR was most active during growth with ammonium as the nitrogen source and less active in the glutamine medium, apparently because listerial cells perceive growth with glutamine as a nitrogen-limiting condition. Therefore, paradoxically, expression of the glnA gene, encoding glutamine synthetase, was highest in the glutamine medium. For the amtB glnK operon, GlnR served as both a negative regulator in the presence of ammonium and a positive regulator in the glutamine medium. The gdhA gene was subject to a third mode of regulation that apparently required an elevated level of GlnR for repression. Finally, activity of glutamate dehydrogenase encoded by the gdhA gene appeared to correlate inversely with expression of gltAB, the operon that encodes the other major glutamate-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate synthase. Both gdhA and amtB were also regulated, in a negative manner, by the global transcriptional regulator CodY.IMPORTANCE L. monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen. Nitrogen-containing compounds, such as the glutamate-containing tripeptide, glutathione, and glutamine, have been shown to be important for expression of L. monocytogenes virulence genes. In this work, we showed that a transcriptional regulator, GlnR, controls expression of critical listerial genes of nitrogen metabolism that are involved in ammonium uptake and biosynthesis of glutamine and glutamate. A different mode of GlnR-mediated regulation was found for each of these three pathways.
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17
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Mahmud SA, Qureshi MA, Sapkota M, Pellegrino MW. A pathogen branched-chain amino acid catabolic pathway subverts host survival by impairing energy metabolism and the mitochondrial UPR. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008918. [PMID: 32997715 PMCID: PMC7549759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a stress-activated pathway promoting mitochondrial recovery and defense against infection. In C. elegans, the UPRmt is activated during infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa-but only transiently. As this may reflect a pathogenic strategy to target a pathway required for host survival, we conducted a P. aeruginosa genetic screen to uncover mechanisms associated with this temporary activation. Here, we find that loss of the P. aeruginosa acyl-CoA dehydrogenase FadE2 prolongs UPRmt activity and extends host survival. FadE2 shows substrate preferences for the coenzyme A intermediates produced during the breakdown of the branched-chain amino acids valine and leucine. Our data suggests that during infection, FadE2 restricts the supply of these catabolites to the host hindering host energy metabolism in addition to the UPRmt. Thus, a metabolic pathway in P. aeruginosa contributes to pathogenesis during infection through manipulation of host energy status and mitochondrial stress signaling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraje Arif Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Adnan Qureshi
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madhab Sapkota
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
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18
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Krypotou E, Scortti M, Grundström C, Oelker M, Luisi BF, Sauer-Eriksson AE, Vázquez-Boland J. Control of Bacterial Virulence through the Peptide Signature of the Habitat. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1815-1827.e5. [PMID: 30759392 PMCID: PMC6389498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize fitness, pathogens selectively activate their virulence program upon host entry. Here, we report that the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes exploits exogenous oligopeptides, a ubiquitous organic N source, to sense the environment and control the activity of its virulence transcriptional activator, PrfA. Using a genetic screen in adsorbent-treated (PrfA-inducing) medium, we found that PrfA is functionally regulated by the balance between activating and inhibitory nutritional peptides scavenged via the Opp transport system. Activating peptides provide essential cysteine precursor for the PrfA-inducing cofactor glutathione (GSH). Non-cysteine-containing peptides cause promiscuous PrfA inhibition. Biophysical and co-crystallization studies reveal that peptides inhibit PrfA through steric blockade of the GSH binding site, a regulation mechanism directly linking bacterial virulence and metabolism. L. monocytogenes mutant analysis in macrophages and our functional data support a model in which changes in the balance of antagonistic Opp-imported oligopeptides promote PrfA induction intracellularly and PrfA repression outside the host. Listeria PrfA virulence regulation is controlled by antagonistic nutritional peptides Opp-imported peptides regulate PrfA upstream of the activating cofactor GSH PrfA is activated by peptides that provide essential cysteine for GSH biosynthesis Blockade of PrfA’s GSH binding site by peptides inhibits virulence gene activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Krypotou
- Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences) and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Mariela Scortti
- Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences) and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Christin Grundström
- Department of Chemistry and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melanie Oelker
- Department of Chemistry and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ben F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - José Vázquez-Boland
- Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences) and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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19
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Sabrialabed S, Yang JG, Yariv E, Ben-Tal N, Lewinson O. Substrate recognition and ATPase activity of the E. coli cysteine/cystine ABC transporter YecSC-FliY. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5245-5256. [PMID: 32144203 PMCID: PMC7170509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is essential for biological processes such as amino acid biogenesis, iron-sulfur cluster formation, and redox homeostasis. To acquire sulfur-containing compounds from the environment, bacteria have evolved high-affinity uptake systems, predominant among which is the ABC transporter family. Theses membrane-embedded enzymes use the energy of ATP hydrolysis for transmembrane transport of a wide range of biomolecules against concentration gradients. Three distinct bacterial ABC import systems of sulfur-containing compounds have been identified, but the molecular details of their transport mechanism remain poorly characterized. Here we provide results from a biochemical analysis of the purified Escherichia coli YecSC-FliY cysteine/cystine import system. We found that the substrate-binding protein FliY binds l-cystine, l-cysteine, and d-cysteine with micromolar affinities. However, binding of the l- and d-enantiomers induced different conformational changes of FliY, where the l- enantiomer-substrate-binding protein complex interacted more efficiently with the YecSC transporter. YecSC had low basal ATPase activity that was moderately stimulated by apo FliY, more strongly by d-cysteine-bound FliY, and maximally by l-cysteine- or l-cystine-bound FliY. However, at high FliY concentrations, YecSC reached maximal ATPase rates independent of the presence or nature of the substrate. These results suggest that FliY exists in a conformational equilibrium between an open, unliganded form that does not bind to the YecSC transporter and closed, unliganded and closed, liganded forms that bind this transporter with variable affinities but equally stimulate its ATPase activity. These findings differ from previous observations for similar ABC transporters, highlighting the extent of mechanistic diversity in this large protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwar Sabrialabed
- Department of Biochemistry and the Rappaport Institute for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Janet G Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117
| | - Elon Yariv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | - Oded Lewinson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Rappaport Institute for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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20
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Kumar V, Sushma Sri N, Tripathi N, Sharma VK, Bharatam PV, Garg P, Singh S. Structural exploration of glutamine synthetase from Leishmania donovani: Insights from in silico and in vitro analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:860-874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Nimnoi P, Pongsilp N. Distribution and expression of virulence genes in potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from seafood in Thailand. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1842502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pongrawee Nimnoi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Neelawan Pongsilp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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22
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Cross Talk between SigB and PrfA in Listeria monocytogenes Facilitates Transitions between Extra- and Intracellular Environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:83/4/e00034-19. [PMID: 31484692 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00034-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can modulate its transcriptome and proteome to ensure its survival during transmission through vastly differing environmental conditions. While L. monocytogenes utilizes a large array of regulators to achieve survival and growth in different intra- and extrahost environments, the alternative sigma factor σB and the transcriptional activator of virulence genes protein PrfA are two key transcriptional regulators essential for responding to environmental stress conditions and for host infection. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that the shift from extrahost environments to the host gastrointestinal tract and, subsequently, to intracellular environments requires regulatory interplay between σB and PrfA at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein activity levels. Here, we review the current evidence for cross talk and interplay between σB and PrfA and their respective regulons and highlight the plasticity of σB and PrfA cross talk and the role of this cross talk in facilitating successful transition of L. monocytogenes from diverse extrahost to diverse extra- and intracellular host environments.
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23
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Tang R, Zhao L, Xu X, Huang L, Qin Y, Su Y, Yan Q. Dual RNA-Seq uncovers the function of an ABC transporter gene in the host-pathogen interaction between Epinephelus coioides and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:45-53. [PMID: 31129188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an important pathogen in aquaculture, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida has caused heavy losses. The expression of an ABC transporter gene-L321_23611 of P. plecoglossicida at 18 °C was found significant higher than those at 28 °C by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. RNAi significantly reduced the content of L321_23611 mRNA in P. plecoglossicida with a maximal decrease of 89.2%. Compared with the wild type strain, the infection of L321_23611-RNAi strain resulted in the reduction in mortality and the onset time delay of a kind of marine teleosts, Epinephelus coioides. The results of dual RNA-seq showed that the RNAi of L321_23611 resulted in a significant change in both pathogen and host transcriptome in the spleens of infected E. coioides. The result of GO and KEGG analysis from dual RNA-seq data showed both host genes of chemokine signaling pathway, coagulation and complement system, hematopoietic cell lineage pathway as well as hemoglobin complex GO term and pathogenic genes of bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell mortality GO term and flagellar assembly, biosynthesis of amino acids and lysine biosynthesis systems pathways were mainly affected by L321_23611 gene of P. plecoglossicida. The results indicated that: 1. ABC transporter gene-L321_23611 was a virulent gene of P. plecoglossicida. 2. Both the activation of the host immune pathways and depression of pathogenic virulence-related pathways facilitated E. coioides to remove L321_23611-RNAi strain than the wild type strain of P. plecoglossicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Tang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, China.
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24
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Abstract
Bacterial metabolism represents the biochemical space that bacteria can manipulate to produce energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks for replication. Gram-positive pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, show remarkable flexibility, which allows for exploitation of diverse biological niches from the soil to the intracytosolic space. Although the human host represents a potentially rich source for nutrient acquisition, competition for nutrients with the host and hostile host defenses can constrain bacterial metabolism by various mechanisms, including nutrient sequestration. Here, we review metabolism in the model Gram-positive bacterium, L. monocytogenes, and highlight pathways that enable the replication, survival, and virulence of this bacterial pathogen.
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25
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Li Z, Quan G, Jiang X, Yang Y, Ding X, Zhang D, Wang X, Hardwidge PR, Ren W, Zhu G. Effects of Metabolites Derived From Gut Microbiota and Hosts on Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:314. [PMID: 30276161 PMCID: PMC6152485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metabolites participate in various physiological processes, including energy metabolism, cell-to-cell communication, and host immunity. These metabolites mainly originate from gut microbiota and hosts. Although many host metabolites are dominant in intestines, such as free fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins, the metabolites derived from gut microbiota are also essential for intestinal homeostasis. In addition, some metabolites are only generated and released by gut microbiota, such as bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, and quorum-sensing autoinducers. In this review, we summarize recent studies regarding the crosstalk between pathogens and metabolites from different sources, including the influence on bacterial development and the activation/inhibition of immune responses of hosts. All of these functions would affect the colonization of and infection by pathogens. This review provides clear ideas and directions for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms and effects of metabolites on pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guomei Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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26
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Yang M, Livnat Levanon N, Acar B, Aykac Fas B, Masrati G, Rose J, Ben-Tal N, Haliloglu T, Zhao Y, Lewinson O. Single-molecule probing of the conformational homogeneity of the ABC transporter BtuCD. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:715-722. [PMID: 29915236 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move molecules through cellular membranes. They are directly linked to human diseases, cancer multidrug resistance, and bacterial virulence. Very little is known of the conformational dynamics of ABC transporters, especially at the single-molecule level. Here, we combine single-molecule spectroscopy and a novel molecular simulation approach to investigate the conformational dynamics of the ABC transporter BtuCD. We observe a single dominant population of molecules in each step of the transport cycle and tight coupling between conformational transitions and ligand binding. We uncover transient conformational changes that allow substrate to enter the transporter. This is followed by a 'squeezing' motion propagating from the extracellular to the intracellular side of the translocation cavity. This coordinated sequence of events provides a mechanism for the unidirectional transport of vitamin B12 by BtuCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nurit Livnat Levanon
- Department of Biochemistry and the Rappaport Institute for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Burçin Acar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Aykac Fas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gal Masrati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jessica Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and the Rappaport Institute for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Turkan Haliloglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Oded Lewinson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Rappaport Institute for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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27
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Catabolic activity and biofilm formation of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes strains. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Tanaka KJ, Song S, Mason K, Pinkett HW. Selective substrate uptake: The role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) importers in pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:868-877. [PMID: 28847505 PMCID: PMC5807212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of nutrients, including metals, amino acids and peptides are required for many biological processes. Pathogenic bacteria scavenge these essential nutrients from microenvironments to survive within the host. Pathogens must utilize a myriad of mechanisms to acquire these essential nutrients from the host while mediating the effects of toxicity. Bacteria utilize several transport proteins, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to import and expel substrates. ABC transporters, conserved across all organisms, are powered by the energy from ATP to move substrates across cellular membranes. In this review, we will focus on nutrient uptake, the role of ABC importers at the host-pathogen interface, and explore emerging therapies to combat pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Beyond the Structure-Function Horizon of Membrane Proteins edited by Ute Hellmich, Rupak Doshi and Benjamin McIlwain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Saemee Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kevin Mason
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather W Pinkett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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29
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Controlled branched-chain amino acids auxotrophy in Listeria monocytogenes allows isoleucine to serve as a host signal and virulence effector. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29529043 PMCID: PMC5864092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a saprophyte and intracellular pathogen. Transition to the pathogenic state relies on sensing of host-derived metabolites, yet it remains unclear how these are recognized and how they mediate virulence gene regulation. We previously found that low availability of isoleucine signals Lm to activate the virulent state. This response is dependent on CodY, a global regulator and isoleucine sensor. Isoleucine-bound CodY represses metabolic pathways including branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) biosynthesis, however under BCAA depletion, as occurs during infection, BCAA biosynthesis is upregulated and isoleucine-unbound CodY activates virulence genes. While isoleucine was revealed as an important input signal, it was not identified how internal levels are controlled during infection. Here we show that Lm regulates BCAA biosynthesis via CodY and via a riboregulator located upstream to the BCAA biosynthesis genes, named Rli60. rli60 is transcribed when BCAA levels drop, forming a ribosome-mediated attenuator that cis-regulates the downstream genes according to BCAA supply. Notably, we found that Rli60 restricts BCAA production, essentially starving Lm, a mechanism that is directly linked to virulence, as it controls the internal isoleucine pool and thereby CodY activity. This controlled BCAA auxotrophy likely evolved to enable isoleucine to serve as a host signal and virulence effector. Bacterial pathogens must adapt to their host environment to carry out a successful infection. Sensing host-derived signals precedes adaptation, and triggers switching to the virulent state. Within mammalian cells L. monocytogenes responds to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) deficiency by inducing virulence gene expression. In this study, we provide compelling evidence that fine tuning BCAA biosynthesis in L. monocytogenes allows the bacteria to sense isoleucine as a host-specific signal. Tightly controlled BCAA production depends on Rli60, a riboregulator, which is transcribed upstream to the BCAA biosynthesis genes. Rli60 functions as a ribosome mediated attenuator that cis-regulates BCAA production under limiting conditions. This study highlights the remarkable cross-regulation of metabolism and virulence in bacterial pathogens.
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30
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Ren W, Rajendran R, Zhao Y, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Zhu G, Peng Y, Huang X, Deng J, Yin Y. Amino Acids As Mediators of Metabolic Cross Talk between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535717 PMCID: PMC5835074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and pathogen decidedly shapes the outcome of an infection, thus understanding this interaction is critical to the treatment of a pathogen-induced infection. Although research in this area of cell biology has yielded surprising findings regarding interactions between host and pathogen, understanding of the metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen is limited. At the site of infection, host and pathogen share similar or identical nutritional substrates and generate common metabolic products, thus metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen could profoundly affect the pathogenesis of an infection. In this review, we present results of a recent discovery of a metabolic interaction between host and pathogen from an amino acid (AA) metabolism-centric point of view. The host depends on AA metabolism to support defensive responses against pathogens, while the pathogens modulate AA metabolism for its own advantage. Some AA, such as arginine, asparagine, and tryptophan, are central points of competition between the host and pathogen. Thus, a better understanding of AA-mediated metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen will provide insight into fruitful therapeutic approaches to manipulate and prevent progression of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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The VirAB ABC Transporter Is Required for VirR Regulation of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence and Resistance to Nisin. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00901-17. [PMID: 29263107 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00901-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that causes a severe invasive disease. Upon infecting a host cell, L. monocytogenes upregulates the transcription of numerous factors necessary for productive infection. VirR is the response regulator component of a two-component regulatory system in L. monocytogenes In this report, we have identified the putative ABC transporter encoded by genes lmo1746-lmo1747 as necessary for VirR function. We have designated lmo1746-lmo1747 virAB We constructed an in-frame deletion of virAB and determined that the ΔvirAB mutant exhibited reduced transcription of VirR-regulated genes. The ΔvirAB mutant also showed defects in in vitro plaque formation and in vivo virulence that were similar to those of a ΔvirR deletion mutant. Since VirR is important for innate resistance to antimicrobial agents, we determined the MICs of nisin and bacitracin for ΔvirAB bacteria. We found that VirAB expression was necessary for nisin resistance but was dispensable for resistance to bacitracin. This result suggested a VirAB-independent mechanism of VirR regulation in response to bacitracin. Lastly, we found that the ΔvirR and ΔvirAB mutants had no deficiency in growth in broth culture, intracellular replication, or production of the ActA surface protein, which facilitates actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread. However, the ΔvirR and ΔvirAB mutants produced shorter actin tails during intracellular infection, which suggested that these mutants have a reduced ability to move and spread via actin-based motility. These findings have demonstrated that L. monocytogenes VirAB functions in a pathway with VirR to regulate the expression of genes necessary for virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents.
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32
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Sprenger M, Kasper L, Hensel M, Hube B. Metabolic adaptation of intracellular bacteria and fungi to macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:215-227. [PMID: 29150190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature phagosome of macrophages is a hostile environment for the vast majority of phagocytosed microbes. In addition to active destruction of the engulfed microbes by antimicrobial compounds, restriction of essential nutrients in the phagosomal compartment contributes to microbial growth inhibition and killing. However, some pathogenic microorganisms have not only developed various strategies to efficiently withstand or counteract antimicrobial activities, but also to acquire nutrients within macrophages for intracellular replication. Successful intracellular pathogens are able to utilize host-derived amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids as well as trace metals and vitamins during intracellular growth. This requires sophisticated strategies such as phagosome modification or escape, efficient nutrient transporters and metabolic adaptation. In this review, we discuss the metabolic adaptation of facultative intracellular bacteria and fungi to the intracellular lifestyle inside macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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33
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Abstract
Upon entry into the host cell cytosol, the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes coordinates the expression of numerous essential virulence factors by allosteric binding of glutathione (GSH) to the Crp-Fnr family transcriptional regulator PrfA. Here, we report that robust virulence gene expression can be recapitulated by growing bacteria in a synthetic medium containing GSH or other chemical reducing agents. Bacteria grown under these conditions were 45-fold more virulent in an acute murine infection model and conferred greater immunity to a subsequent lethal challenge than bacteria grown in conventional media. During cultivation in vitro, PrfA activation was completely dependent on the intracellular levels of GSH, as a glutathione synthase mutant (ΔgshF) was activated by exogenous GSH but not reducing agents. PrfA activation was repressed in a synthetic medium supplemented with oligopeptides, but the repression was relieved by stimulation of the stringent response. These data suggest that cytosolic L. monocytogenes interprets a combination of metabolic and redox cues as a signal to initiate robust virulence gene expression in vivo. Intracellular pathogens are responsible for much of the worldwide morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. These pathogens have evolved various strategies to proliferate within individual cells of the host and avoid the host immune response. Through cellular invasion or the use of specialized secretion machinery, all intracellular pathogens must access the host cell cytosol to establish their replicative niches. Determining how these pathogens sense and respond to the intracellular compartment to establish a successful infection is critical to our basic understanding of the pathogenesis of each organism and for the rational design of therapeutic interventions. Listeria monocytogenes is a model intracellular pathogen with robust in vitro and in vivo infection models. Studies of the host-sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms evolved by L. monocytogenes often describe themes of pathogenesis that are broadly applicable to less tractable pathogens. Here, we describe how bacteria use external redox states as a cue to activate virulence.
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Chen GY, Pensinger DA, Sauer JD. Listeria monocytogenes cytosolic metabolism promotes replication, survival, and evasion of innate immunity. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:10.1111/cmi.12762. [PMID: 28656691 PMCID: PMC5587384 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, is an intracellular pathogen that is exquisitely evolved to survive and replicate in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells typically restrict bacteria from colonising the cytosol, likely through a combination of cell autonomous defences, nutritional immunity, and innate immune responses including induction of programmed cell death. This suggests that L. monocytogenes and other professional cytosolic pathogens possess unique metabolic adaptations, not only to support replication but also to facilitate resistance to host-derived stresses/defences and avoidance of innate immune activation. In this review, we outline our current understanding of L. monocytogenes metabolism in the host cytosol and highlight major metabolic processes which promote intracellular replication and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grischa Y. Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daniel A. Pensinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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35
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Qasem-Abdullah H, Perach M, Livnat-Levanon N, Lewinson O. ATP binding and hydrolysis disrupt the high-affinity interaction between the heme ABC transporter HmuUV and its cognate substrate-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14617-14624. [PMID: 28710276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, ABC transporters catalyze the trans-membrane transport of molecules. In bacteria, these transporters partner with a high-affinity substrate-binding protein (SBP) to import essential micronutrients. ATP binding by Type I ABC transporters (importers of amino acids, sugars, peptides, and small ions) stabilizes the interaction between the transporter and the SBP, thus allowing transfer of the substrate from the latter to the former. In Type II ABC transporters (importers of trace elements, e.g. vitamin B12, heme, and iron-siderophores) the role of ATP remains debatable. Here we studied the interaction between the Yersinia pestis ABC heme importer (HmuUV) and its partner substrate-binding protein (HmuT). Using real-time surface plasmon resonance experiments and interaction studies in membrane vesicles, we find that in the absence of ATP the transporter and the SBP tightly bind. Substrate in excess inhibits this interaction, and ATP binding by the transporter completely abolishes it. To release the stable docked SBP from the transporter hydrolysis of ATP is required. Based on these results we propose a mechanism for heme acquisition by HmuUV-T where the substrate-loaded SBP docks to the nucleotide-free outward-facing conformation of the transporter. ATP binding leads to formation of an occluded state with the substrate trapped in the trans-membrane translocation cavity. Subsequent ATP hydrolysis leads to substrate delivery to the cytoplasm, release of the SBP, and resetting of the system. We propose that other Type II ABC transporters likely share the fundamentals of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Qasem-Abdullah
- From the Department of Biochemistry, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michal Perach
- From the Department of Biochemistry, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Nurit Livnat-Levanon
- From the Department of Biochemistry, The Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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36
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David DJV, Cossart P. Recent advances in understanding Listeria monocytogenes infection: the importance of subcellular and physiological context. F1000Res 2017; 6. [PMID: 28781746 PMCID: PMC5516218 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11363.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes (
Lm) is the causative agent of listeriosis, a rare but fatal foodborne disease. During infection,
Lm can traverse several host barriers and enter the cytosol of a variety of cell types. Thus, consideration of the extracellular and intracellular niches of
Lm is critical for understanding the infection process. Here, we review advances in our understanding of
Lm infection and highlight how the interactions between the host and the pathogen are context dependent. We discuss discoveries of how
Lm senses entry into the host cell cytosol. We present findings concerning how the nature of the various cytoskeleton components subverted by
Lm changes depending on both the stage of infection and the subcellular context. We present discoveries of critical components required for
Lm traversal of physiological barriers. Interactions between the host gut microbiota and
Lm will be briefly discussed. Finally, the importance of
Lm biodiversity and post-genomics approaches as a promising way to discover novel virulence factors will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J V David
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Metabolic Genetic Screens Reveal Multidimensional Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression in Listeria monocytogenes and an Aminopeptidase That Is Critical for PrfA Protein Activation. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00027-17. [PMID: 28396325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00027-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an environmental saprophyte and intracellular bacterial pathogen. Upon invading mammalian cells, the bacterium senses abrupt changes in its metabolic environment, which are rapidly transduced to regulation of virulence gene expression. To explore the relationship between L. monocytogenes metabolism and virulence, we monitored virulence gene expression dynamics across a library of genetic mutants grown under two metabolic conditions known to activate the virulent state: charcoal-treated rich medium containing glucose-1-phosphate and minimal defined medium containing limiting concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). We identified over 100 distinct mutants that exhibit aberrant virulence gene expression profiles, the majority of which mapped to nonessential metabolic genes. Mutants displayed enhanced, decreased, and early and late virulence gene expression profiles, as well as persistent levels, demonstrating a high plasticity in virulence gene regulation. Among the mutants, one was noteworthy for its particularly low virulence gene expression level and mapped to an X-prolyl aminopeptidase (PepP). We show that this peptidase plays a role in posttranslational activation of the major virulence regulator, PrfA. Specifically, PepP mediates recruitment of PrfA to the cytoplasmic membrane, a step identified as critical for PrfA protein activation. This study establishes a novel step in the complex mechanism of PrfA activation and further highlights the cross regulation of metabolism and virulence.
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