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Taira CL, Dos Santos Dias L, Lichtenberger S, Whitehead AJ, Kischkel B, Netea MG, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Vaccination with O-linked Mannans Protects against Systemic Candidiasis through Innate Lymphocyte Populations. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:843-852. [PMID: 39109925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Candida spp. are the fourth leading cause of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients and the most common cause of invasive fungal infection. No vaccine against Candida spp. or other fungal pathogens of humans is available. We recently discovered the Blastomyces Dectin-2 ligand endoglucanase 2 that harbors antigenic and adjuvant functions and can function as a protective vaccine against that fungus. We also reported that the adjuvant activity, which is mediated by O-mannans decorating the C terminus of Blastomyces Dectin-2 ligand endoglucanase 2, can augment peptide Ag-induced vaccine immunity against heterologous agents, including Cryptococcus, Candida, and influenza. In this article, we report that the O-linked mannans alone, in the absence of any antigenic peptide, can also protect against systemic candidiasis, reducing kidney fungal load and increasing survival in a Dectin-2-dependent manner. We found that this long-term glycan-induced protection is mediated by innate lymphocyte populations including TCR-γδ+ T cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells that subsequently activate and release reactive oxygen species from neutrophils and monocytes. Our findings suggest that Blastomyces O-mannan displayed by Eng2 induces a form of protective trained immunity mediated by innate lymphocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleison Ledesma Taira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Lucas Dos Santos Dias
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah Lichtenberger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Alexander J Whitehead
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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2
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Gong X, Wani MY, Al-Bogami AS, Ahmad A, Robinson K, Khan A. The Road Ahead: Advancing Antifungal Vaccines and Addressing Fungal Infections in the Post-COVID World. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39255073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In impoverished nations, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a widespread occurrence of deadly fungal diseases like mucormycosis. The limited availability of effective antifungal treatments and the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further exacerbate the situation. Factors such as systemic steroid use, intravenous drug misuse, and overutilization of broad-spectrum antimicrobials contribute to the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections caused by drug-resistant fungi. Fungal infections exploit compromised immune status and employ intricate mechanisms to evade immune surveillance. The immune response involves the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to phagocytic and complement-mediated elimination of fungi. However, resistance to antifungals poses a challenge, highlighting the importance of antifungal prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccination. Understanding the host-fungal immunological interactions and developing vaccines are vital in combating fungal infections. Further research is needed to address the high mortality and morbidity associated with multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens and to develop innovative treatment drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the global epidemiological burden of fungal infections, host-fungal immunological interactions, recent advancements in vaccine development and the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gong
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Keven Robinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amber Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Tuor M, Stappers MH, Ruchti F, Desgardin A, Sparber F, Orr SJ, Gow NA, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Card9 and MyD88 differentially regulate Th17 immunity to the commensal yeast Malassezia in the murine skin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603211. [PMID: 39071334 PMCID: PMC11275786 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The fungal community of the skin microbiome is dominated by a single genus, Malassezia. Besides its symbiotic lifestyle at the host interface, this commensal yeast has also been associated with diverse inflammatory skin diseases in humans and pet animals. Stable colonization is maintained by antifungal type 17 immunity. The mechanisms driving Th17 responses to Malassezia remain, however, unclear. Here, we show that the C-type lectin receptors Mincle, Dectin-1, and Dectin-2 recognize conserved patterns in the cell wall of Malassezia and induce dendritic cell activation in vitro, while only Dectin-2 is required for Th17 activation during experimental skin colonization in vivo. In contrast, Toll-like receptor recognition was redundant in this context. Instead, inflammatory IL-1 family cytokines signaling via MyD88 were also implicated in Th17 activation in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Taken together, we characterized the pathways contributing to protective immunity against the most abundant member of the skin mycobiome. This knowledge contributes to the understanding of barrier immunity and its regulation by commensals and is relevant considering how aberrant immune responses are associated with severe skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Tuor
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark H.T. Stappers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Desgardin
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selinda J. Orr
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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4
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Wang Z, Shao J. Fungal vaccines and adjuvants: a tool to reveal the interaction between host and fungi. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:293. [PMID: 38850421 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are incurring high risks in a range from superficial mucosal discomforts (such as oropharyngeal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) to disseminated life-threatening diseases (such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcal meningitis) and becoming a global health problem in especially immunodeficient population. The major obstacle to conquer fungal harassment lies in the presence of increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents used in newly clinically isolated strains. Although recombinant cytokines and mono-/poly-clonal antibodies are added into antifungal armamentarium, more effective antimycotic drugs are exceedingly demanded. It is comforting that the development of fungal vaccines and adjuvants opens up a window to brighten the prospective way in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fungal assaults. In this review, we focus on the progression of several major fungal vaccines devised for the control of Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp., Blastomyces spp., Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis spp. as well as the adjuvants adopted. We then expound the interaction between fungal vaccines/adjuvants and host innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), humoral (IgG, IgM and IgA) and cellular (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tc17) immune responses which generally experience immune recognition of pattern recognition receptors, activation of immune cells, and clearance of invaded fungi. Furthermore, we anticipate an in-depth understanding of immunomodulatory properties of univalent and multivalent vaccines against diverse opportunistic fungi, providing helpful information in the design of novel fungal vaccines and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Koehler MA, Song L, Grill FJ, Shubitz LF, Powell DA, Galgiani JN, Orbach MJ, Robb EJ, Chung Y, Williams SA, Murugan V, Park JG, LaBaer J, Lake DF, Magee DM. Discovery of a Unique Set of Dog-Seroreactive Coccidioides Proteins Using Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:307. [PMID: 38786662 PMCID: PMC11121964 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Valley Fever (VF), caused by fungi in the genus Coccidioides, is a prevalent disease in southwestern and western parts of the United States that affects both humans and animals, such as dogs. Although the immune responses to infection with Coccidioides spp. are not fully characterized, antibody-detection assays are used in conjunction with clinical presentation and radiologic findings to aid in the diagnosis of VF. These assays often use Complement Fixation (CF) and Tube Precipitin (TP) antigens as the main targets of IgG and IgM reactivity, respectively. Our group previously reported evidence of over 800 genes expressed at the protein level in C. posadasii. However, antibody reactivity to the majority of these proteins has never been explored. Using a new, high-throughput screening technology, the Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA), we screened serum specimens from dogs against 708 of these previously identified proteins for IgG reactivity. Serum from three separate groups of dogs was analyzed and revealed a small panel of proteins to be further characterized for immuno-reactivity. In addition to CF/CTS1 antigen, sera from most infected dogs showed antibody reactivity to endo-1,3-betaglucanase, peroxisomal matrix protein, and another novel reactive protein, CPSG_05795. These antigens may provide additional targets to aid in antibody-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Koehler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Lusheng Song
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Lisa F. Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Daniel A. Powell
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - John N. Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Marc J. Orbach
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Yunro Chung
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Stacy A. Williams
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Vel Murugan
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin-gyoon Park
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Douglas F. Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Cactus Bio, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
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6
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Reis E Sousa C, Yamasaki S, Brown GD. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in innate immune recognition. Immunity 2024; 57:700-717. [PMID: 38599166 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by myeloid cells constitute a versatile family of receptors that play a key role in innate immune recognition. Myeloid CLRs exhibit a remarkable ability to recognize an extensive array of ligands, from carbohydrates and beyond, and encompass pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and markers of altered self. These receptors, classified into distinct subgroups, play pivotal roles in immune recognition and modulation of immune responses. Their intricate signaling pathways orchestrate a spectrum of cellular responses, influencing processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. Beyond their contributions to host defense in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, myeloid CLRs have been implicated in non-infectious diseases such as cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity. A nuanced understanding of myeloid CLR interactions with endogenous and microbial triggers is starting to uncover the context-dependent nature of their roles in innate immunity, with implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano Reis E Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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7
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Ruchti F, Tuor M, Mathew L, McCarthy NE, LeibundGut-Landmann S. γδ T cells respond directly and selectively to the skin commensal yeast Malassezia for IL-17-dependent fungal control. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011668. [PMID: 38215167 PMCID: PMC10810444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable microbial colonization of the skin depends on tight control by the host immune system. The lipid-dependent yeast Malassezia typically colonizes skin as a harmless commensal and is subject to host type 17 immunosurveillance, but this fungus has also been associated with diverse skin pathologies in both humans and animals. Using a murine model of Malassezia exposure, we show that Vγ4+ dermal γδ T cells expand rapidly and are the major source of IL-17A mediating fungal control in colonized skin. A pool of memory-like Malassezia-responsive Vγ4+ T cells persisted in the skin, were enriched in draining lymph nodes even after fungal clearance, and were protective upon fungal re-exposure up to several weeks later. Induction of γδT17 immunity depended on IL-23 and IL-1 family cytokine signalling, whereas Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors were dispensable. Furthermore, Vγ4+ T cells from Malassezia-exposed hosts were able to respond directly and selectively to Malassezia-derived ligands, independently of antigen-presenting host cells. The fungal moieties detected were shared across diverse species of the Malassezia genus, but not conserved in other Basidiomycota or Ascomycota. These data provide novel mechanistic insight into the induction and maintenance of type 17 immunosurveillance of skin commensal colonization that has significant implications for cutaneous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meret Tuor
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liya Mathew
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Cardoso-Miguel MDRD, Bürgel PH, de Castro RJA, Marina CL, de Oliveira SA, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I, Bocca AL, Tavares AH. Dectin-2 is critical for phagocyte function and resistance to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in mice. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad117. [PMID: 37960963 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, particularly C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), are essential for phagocytes to sense invading fungal cells. Among CLRs, Dectin-2 (encoded by Clec4n) plays a critical role in the antifungal immune response as it recognizes high-mannose polysaccharides on the fungal cell wall, triggering phagocyte functional activities and ultimately determining adaptive responses. Here, we assessed the role of Dectin-2 on the course of primary Paracoccidioides brasiliensis systemic infection in mice with Dectin-2-targeted deletion. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis constitutes the principal etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prominent invasive mycosis in Latin American countries. The deficiency of Dectin-2 resulted in shortened survival rates, high lung fungal burden, and increased lung pathology in mice infected with P. brasiliensis. Consistently, dendritic cells (DCs) from mice lacking Dectin-2 infected ex vivo with P. brasiliensis showed impaired secretion of several proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Additionally, when cocultured with splenic lymphocytes, DCs were less efficient in promoting a type 1 cytokine pattern secretion (i.e., IFN-γ). In macrophages, Dectin-2-mediated signaling was required to ensure phagocytosis and fungicidal activity associated with nitric oxide production. Overall, Dectin-2-mediated signaling is critical to promote host protection against P. brasiliensis infection, and its exploitation might lead to the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Resende Damas Cardoso-Miguel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Raffael Júnio Araújo de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Clara Luna Marina
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephan Alberto de Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aldo Henrique Tavares
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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9
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Abstract
The respiratory tree maintains sterilizing immunity against human fungal pathogens. Humans inhale ubiquitous filamentous molds and geographically restricted dimorphic fungal pathogens that form small airborne conidia. In addition, pathogenic yeasts, exemplified by encapsulated Cryptococcus species, and Pneumocystis pose significant fungal threats to the lung. Classically, fungal pneumonia occurs in immune compromised individuals, specifically in patients with HIV/AIDS, in patients with hematologic malignancies, in organ transplant recipients, and in patients treated with corticosteroids and targeted biologics that impair fungal immune surveillance in the lung. The emergence of fungal co-infections during severe influenza and COVID-19 underscores the impairment of fungus-specific host defense pathways in the lung by respiratory viruses and by medical therapies to treat viral infections. Beyond life-threatening invasive syndromes, fungal antigen exposure can exacerbate allergenic disease in the lung. In this review, we discuss emerging principles of lung-specific antifungal immunity, integrate the contributions and cooperation of lung epithelial, innate immune, and adaptive immune cells to mucosal barrier immunity, and highlight the pathogenesis of fungal-associated allergenic disease. Improved understanding of fungus-specific immunity in the respiratory tree has paved the way to develop improved diagnostic, pre-emptive, therapeutic, and vaccine approaches for fungal diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Heung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darin L Wiesner
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Keyi Wang
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Woodring T, Deepe GS, Levitz SM, Wuethrich M, Klein BS. They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101673. [PMID: 36459927 PMCID: PMC10311222 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous commensals, seasoned predators, and important agents of emerging infectious diseases [1 ]. The immune system assumes the essential responsibility for responding intelligently to the presence of known and novel fungi to maintain host health. In this Review, we describe the immune responses to pathogenic fungi and the varied array of fungal agents confronting the vertebrate host within the broader context of fungal and animal evolution. We provide an overview of the mechanistic details of innate and adaptive antifungal immune responses, as well as ways in which these basic mechanisms support the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Woodring
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA.
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11
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Som Gowda Nanjappa
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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12
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging diseases that kill over 1.5 million people per year worldwide. With the increase of immunocompromised populations, the incidence of invasive fungal infections is expected to continue to rise. Vaccines for viral and bacterial infectious diseases have had a transformative impact on human health worldwide. However, no fungal vaccines are currently in clinical use. Recently, interest in fungal vaccines has grown significantly. One Candida vaccine has completed phase 2 clinical trials, and research on vaccines against coccidioidomycosis continues to advance. Additionally, multiple groups have discovered various Cryptococcus mutant strains that promote protective responses to subsequent challenge in mouse models. There has also been progress in antibody-mediated fungal vaccines. In this review, we highlight recent fungal vaccine research progress, outline the wealth of data generated, and summarize current research for both fungal biology and immunology studies relevant to fungal vaccine development. We also review technological advancements in vaccine development and highlight the future prospects of a human vaccine against invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
| | - Jennifer Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
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13
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dos Santos Dias L, Dobson HE, Bakke BK, Kujoth GC, Huang J, Kohn EM, Taira CL, Wang H, Supekar NT, Fites JS, Gates D, Gomez CL, Specht CA, Levitz SM, Azadi P, Li L, Suresh M, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Structural basis of Blastomyces Endoglucanase-2 adjuvancy in anti-fungal and -viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009324. [PMID: 33735218 PMCID: PMC8009368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe subunit vaccines requires adjuvants that augment immunogenicity of non-replicating protein-based antigens. Current vaccines against infectious diseases preferentially induce protective antibodies driven by adjuvants such as alum. However, the contribution of antibody to host defense is limited for certain classes of infectious diseases such as fungi, whereas animal studies and clinical observations implicate cellular immunity as an essential component of the resolution of fungal pathogens. Here, we decipher the structural bases of a newly identified glycoprotein ligand of Dectin-2 with potent adjuvancy, Blastomyces endoglucanase-2 (Bl-Eng2). We also pinpoint the developmental steps of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T responses augmented by Bl-Eng2 including expansion, differentiation and tissue residency. Dectin-2 ligation led to successful systemic and mucosal vaccination against invasive fungal infection and Influenza A infection, respectively. O-linked glycans on Bl-Eng2 applied at the skin and respiratory mucosa greatly augment vaccine subunit- induced protective immunity against lethal influenza and fungal pulmonary challenge. Fungal disease remains a challenging clinical and public health problem in part because there is no commercial vaccine available. The lack of suitable adjuvants is a critical barrier to developing safe and effective vaccines against fungal pathogens. Current adjuvants such as alum preferentially induce antibody responses which may be limited in mediating protection against fungi. Clinical observations and animal studies implicate cellular immunity as the essential component for the resolution of fungal infections. We have recently discovered an adjuvant that augments cell mediated immune responses and vaccine induced protection against fungi. Here, we identified the structural and mechanistic requirements by which this newly discovered adjuvant induces cell mediated immunity against fungi. As a proof of principle we also demonstrate that the adjuvant drives cellular immune responses against viruses such as influenza. We anticipate that our adjuvant can be used for vaccination with safe subunit vaccines against many microbial pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, fungi and parasites that require cell mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas dos Santos Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Kujoth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cleison Ledesma Taira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daisy Gates
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Deparment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fites JS, Shlezinger N, Hohl TM, Klein BS. Fungal Bioreporters to Monitor Outcomes of Blastomyces: Host-Cell Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2260:111-119. [PMID: 33405033 PMCID: PMC10269547 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1182-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based techniques enable researchers to monitor physiologic processes, specifically fungal cell viability and death, during cellular encounters with the mammalian immune system with single event resolution. By incorporating two independent fluorescent probes in fungal organisms either prior to, or ensuing experimental infection in mice or in cultured leukocytes, it is possible to distinguish and quantify live and killed fungal cells to interrogate genetic, pharmacologic, and cellular determinants that shape host-fungal cell outcomes. This chapter reviews the techniques and applications of fluorescent fungal reporters of viability, with emphasis on the North American endemic dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neta Shlezinger
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Puerta-Arias JD, Mejía SP, González Á. The Role of the Interleukin-17 Axis and Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Endemic and Systemic Mycoses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595301. [PMID: 33425780 PMCID: PMC7793882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic and endemic mycoses are considered life-threatening respiratory diseases which are caused by a group of dimorphic fungal pathogens belonging to the genera Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, Talaromyces, and the newly described pathogen Emergomyces. T-cell mediated immunity, mainly T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses, are essential for protection against these dimorphic fungi; thus, IL-17 production is associated with neutrophil and macrophage recruitment at the site of infection accompanied by chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines production, a mechanism that is mediated by some pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Dectin-1, Dectine-2, TLRs, Mannose receptor (MR), Galectin-3 and NLPR3, and the adaptor molecules caspase adaptor recruitment domain family member 9 (Card9), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). However, these PRRs play distinctly different roles for each pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils have been confirmed as a source of IL-17, and different neutrophil subsets and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have also been described as participating in the inflammatory process in these fungal infections. However, both the Th17/IL-17 axis and neutrophils appear to play different roles, being beneficial mediating fungal controls or detrimental promoting disease pathologies depending on the fungal agent. This review will focus on highlighting the role of the IL-17 axis and neutrophils in the main endemic and systemic mycoses: histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Puerta-Arias
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Susana P Mejía
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ángel González
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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16
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Ueno K, Yanagihara N, Shimizu K, Miyazaki Y. Vaccines and Protective Immune Memory against Cryptococcosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:230-239. [PMID: 32009111 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease caused by fungal pathogens including Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex. These fungal pathogens live in the environment and are associated with certain tree species and bird droppings. This infectious disease is not contagious, and healthy individuals may contract cryptococcal infections by inhaling the airborne pathogens from the environment. Although cleaning a contaminated environment is a feasible approach to control environmental fungal pathogens, prophylactic immunization is also considered a promising method to regulate cryptococcal infections. We review the history of the development of cryptococcal vaccines, vaccine components, and the various forms of immune memory induced by cryptococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Nao Yanagihara
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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17
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Kirkland TN, Fierer J. Innate Immune Receptors and Defense Against Primary Pathogenic Fungi. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E303. [PMID: 32545735 PMCID: PMC7350247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is critical for natural resistance to all pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi. The innate response plays a vital role in resistance to infections before the antigen-specific immune response and also influences antigen-specific adaptive immunity. There are many different receptors for the innate immune response to fungi, and some receptors have been found to play a significant role in the response to human infections with opportunistic fungi. Most human infections are caused by opportunistic fungi, but a small number of organisms are capable of causing infections in normal hosts. The primary pathogenic fungi that cause invasive infections include Blastomyces spp., Cryptococcus gattii, Coccidioides spp., Histoplasma spp., and Paracoccidioides spp. In this review of innate immune receptors that play a role in infections caused by these organisms, we find that innate immunity differs between organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo N. Kirkland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Joshua Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
- VA HealthCare San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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18
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Dobson HE, Dias LDS, Kohn EM, Fites S, Wiesner DL, Dileepan T, Kujoth GC, Abraham A, Ostroff GR, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Antigen discovery unveils resident memory and migratory cell roles in antifungal resistance. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:518-529. [PMID: 31900406 PMCID: PMC7183437 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Priming at the site of natural infection typically elicits a protective T cell response against subsequent pathogen encounter. Here, we report the identification of a novel fungal antigen that we harnessed for mucosal vaccination and tetramer generation to test whether we can elicit protective, antigen-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD4+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. In contrast to expectations, CD69+, CXCR3+, CD103- Trm cells failed to protect against a lethal pulmonary fungal infection. Surprisingly, systemic vaccination induced a population of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells enriched within the pulmonary vasculature, and expressing CXCR3 and CX3CR1, that migrated to the lung tissue upon challenge and efficiently protected mice against infection. Mucosal vaccine priming of Trm may not reliably protect against mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Dobson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas Dos Santos Dias
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine M Kohn
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott Fites
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Darin L Wiesner
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory C Kujoth
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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19
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C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antifungal Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:1-30. [PMID: 32152941 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most fungal species are harmless to humans and some exist as commensals on mucocutaneous surfaces. Yet many fungi are opportunistic pathogens, causing life-threatening invasive infections when the immune system becomes compromised. The fungal cell wall contains conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which allow the immune system to distinguish between self (endogenous molecular patterns) and foreign material. Sensing of invasive microbial pathogens is achieved through recognition of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One of the predominant fungal-sensing PRRs is the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family. These receptors bind to structures present on the fungal cell wall, eliciting various innate immune responses as well as shaping adaptive immunity. In this chapter, we specifically focus on the four major human fungal pathogens, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii, reviewing our current understanding of the CLRs that are involved in their recognition and protection of the host.
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20
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Höft MA, Hoving JC, Brown GD. Signaling C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antifungal Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 429:63-101. [PMID: 32936383 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We are all exposed to fungal organisms daily, and although many of these organisms are not harmful, billions of people a year contract a fungal infection. Most of these infections are not fatal and can be cleared by the host immune response. However, due to an increase in high-risk populations, the global fungal burden has increased, with more than 1.5 million deaths per year caused by invasive fungal infections. The fungal cell wall is an important surface for interacting with the host immune system as it contains pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are detected as being foreign by the host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors are a group of PRRs that play a central role in the protection against invasive fungal infections. Following the recognition of fungal PAMPs, CLRs trigger various innate and adaptive immune responses. In this chapter, we specifically focus on C-type lectin receptors capable of activating downstream signaling pathways, resulting in protective antifungal immune responses. The current roles that these signaling CLRs play in protection against four of the most prevalent fungal infections affecting humans are reviewed. These include Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A Höft
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at the University of Cape Town, Werner & Beit South Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at the University of Cape Town, Werner & Beit South Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK.
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21
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Kottom TJ, Hebrink DM, Monteiro JT, Lepenies B, Carmona EM, Wuethrich M, Santo Dias LD, Limper AH. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors that recognize fungal mannans interact with Pneumocystis organisms and major surface glycoprotein. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1649-1654. [PMID: 31609198 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are innate immune recognition molecules that bind to microorganisms via their carbohydrate recognition domains. In this study, we utilized a library of CLRs that recognize fungal mannans. We used this library to screen against Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) homogenates or purified Pc major surface glycoprotein (Msg) present on Pneumocystis. The results demonstrated that all of the mammalian CLR hFc-fusions tested displayed significant interaction/binding with Pc organisms, and furthermore to isolated Msg. Highest Pc organism and Msg binding activities were with CLR members Mincle, Dectin-2, DC-SIGN and MCL. An immunofluorescence assay with the respective CLR hFc-fusions against whole Pc life forms corroborated these findings. Although some of these CLRs have been implicated previously as important for Pneumocystis pathogenesis (Dectin-1/Dectin-2/Mincle), this is the first analysis of head-to-head comparison of known fungal mannan binding CLR-hFc fusions with Pc. Lastly, heat treatment resulted in reducted CLR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Deanne M Hebrink
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joao T Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany, Hannover
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany, Hannover
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas Dos Santo Dias
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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22
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Ueno K, Otani Y, Yanagihara N, Nakamura T, Shimizu K, Yamagoe S, Miyazaki Y. Cryptococcus gattii alters immunostimulatory potential in response to the environment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220989. [PMID: 31398236 PMCID: PMC6688814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a capsular fungal pathogen, which causes life-threatening cryptococcosis in immunocompetent individuals. This emerging pathogen is less likely to be recognized by innate immunity compared to traditional Cryptococcus neoformans strains. Previous studies indicate that C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), including dectin-1 and dectin-2, play a role in recognizing cryptococcal cells; however, it remains to be elucidated whether the receptors physically associate with C. gattii yeast cell surfaces. Based on the previous findings, we hypothesized that culture conditions influence the expression or exposure of CLR ligands on C. gattii. Therefore, in the present study, we first investigated the culture conditions that induce exposure of CLR ligands on C. gattii yeast cells via the binding assay using recombinant fusion proteins of mouse CLR and IgG Fc, Fc dectin-1 and Fc dectin-2. Common fungal culture media, such as yeast extract–peptone–dextrose (YPD) broth, Sabouraud broth, and potato dextrose agar, did not induce the exposure of dectin-1 ligands, including β-1,3-glucan, on both capsular and acapsular C. gattii strains, in contrast to Fc dectin-1 and Fc dectin-2 bound to C. gattii cells growing in the conventional synthetic dextrose (SD) medium [may also be referred to as a yeast nitrogen base with glucose medium]. The medium also induced the exposure of dectin-1 ligands on C. neoformans, whereas all tested media induced dectin-1 and dectin-2 ligands in a control fungus Candida albicans. Notably, C. gattii did not expose dectin-1 ligands in SD medium supplemented with yeast extract or neutral buffer. In addition, compared to YPD medium-induced C. gattii, SD medium-induced C. gattii more efficiently induced the phosphorylation of Syk, Akt, and Erk1/2 in murine dendritic cells (DCs). Afterwards, the cells were considerably engulfed by DCs and remarkably induced DCs to secrete the inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the findings suggest that C. gattii alters its immunostimulatory potential in response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiko Otani
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Yanagihara
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamagoe
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Decout A, Silva-Gomes S, Drocourt D, Blattes E, Rivière M, Prandi J, Larrouy-Maumus G, Caminade AM, Hamasur B, Källenius G, Kaur D, Dobos KM, Lucas M, Sutcliffe IC, Besra GS, Appelmelk BJ, Gilleron M, Jackson M, Vercellone A, Tiraby G, Nigou J. Deciphering the molecular basis of mycobacteria and lipoglycan recognition by the C-type lectin Dectin-2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16840. [PMID: 30443026 PMCID: PMC6237770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin involved in the recognition of several pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Schistosoma mansonii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis that triggers Th17 immune responses. Identifying pathogen ligands and understanding the molecular basis of their recognition is one of the current challenges. Purified M. tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) was shown to induce signaling via Dectin-2, an activity that requires the (α1 → 2)-linked mannosides forming the caps. Here, using isogenic M. tuberculosis mutant strains, we demonstrate that ManLAM is a bona fide and actually the sole ligand mediating bacilli recognition by Dectin-2, although M. tuberculosis produces a variety of cell envelope mannoconjugates, such as phosphatidyl-myo-inositol hexamannosides, lipomannan or manno(lipo)proteins, that bear (α1 → 2)-linked mannosides. In addition, we found that Dectin-2 can recognize lipoglycans from other bacterial species, such as Saccharotrix aerocolonigenes or the human opportunistic pathogen Tsukamurella paurometabola, suggesting that lipoglycans are prototypical Dectin-2 ligands. Finally, from a structure/function relationship perspective, we show, using lipoglycan variants and synthetic mannodendrimers, that dimannoside caps and multivalent interaction are required for ligand binding to and signaling via Dectin-2. Better understanding of the molecular basis of ligand recognition by Dectin-2 will pave the way for the rational design of potent adjuvants targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexiane Decout
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France.,InvivoGen, Research Department, 31400, Toulouse, France.,Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France.,GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Stevenage Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Emilyne Blattes
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Innovative Medecine for Tuberculosis (iM4TB), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rivière
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France.,Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biopromic AB, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Solna 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Devinder Kaur
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA.,Massachusetts Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, MA, 0213, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Megan Lucas
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ben J Appelmelk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Alain Vercellone
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Tiraby
- InvivoGen, Research Department, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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24
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McBride JA, Gauthier GM, Klein BS. Turning on virulence: Mechanisms that underpin the morphologic transition and pathogenicity of Blastomyces. Virulence 2018. [PMID: 29532714 PMCID: PMC6779398 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1449506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the mechanisms underlying temperature adaptation and virulence of the etiologic agents of blastomycosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Blastomyces gilchristii, and Blastomyces percursus. In response to temperature, Blastomyces undergoes a reversible morphologic switch between hyphae and yeast known as the phase transition. The conversion to yeast for Blastomyces and related thermally dimorphic fungi is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, Blastomyces upregulates the essential virulence factor, BAD1, which promotes attachment to host cells, impairs activation of immune cells, and blunts cytokine release. Blastomyces yeast also secrete dipeptidyl-peptidase IVA (DPPIVA), a serine protease that blunts the action of cytokines released from host immune cells. In vivo transcriptional profiling of Blastomyces yeast has uncovered genes such as PRA1 and ZRT1 involved in zinc scavenging that contribute to virulence during murine pulmonary infection. The discovery and characterization of genes important for virulence has led to advances at the bedside regarding novel diagnostics, vaccine development, and new targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A McBride
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA
| | - Gregory M Gauthier
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1550 Linden Drive, Madison , WI , USA
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25
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McDermott AJ, Klein BS. Helper T-cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections. Immunology 2018; 155:155-163. [PMID: 29781185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the respiratory tract encounters microbes, such as fungal particles, with every inhaled breath. When pathogenic fungi breach the physical barrier and innate immune system within the lung to establish an infection, adaptive immunity is engaged, often in the form of helper CD4 T-cell responses. Type 1 responses, characterized by interferon-γ production from CD4 cells, promote clearance of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Likewise, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production from Th17 cells promotes immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides species infection by recruiting neutrophils. In contrast the development of T helper type 2 responses, characterized by IL-5 production from T cells and eosinophil influx into the lungs, drives allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and poor outcomes during C. neoformans infection. Experimental vaccines against several endemic mycoses, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus and Blastomyces dermatitidis, induce protective T-cell responses and foreshadow the development of vaccines against pulmonary fungal infections for use in humans. Additionally, recent work using antifungal T cells as immunotherapy to protect immune-compromised patients from opportunist fungal infections also shows great promise. This review covers the role of T-cell responses in driving protection and pathology in response to pulmonary fungal infections, and highlights promising therapeutic applications of antifungal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDermott
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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26
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Fites JS, Gui M, Kernien JF, Negoro P, Dagher Z, Sykes DB, Nett JE, Mansour MK, Klein BS. An unappreciated role for neutrophil-DC hybrids in immunity to invasive fungal infections. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007073. [PMID: 29782541 PMCID: PMC5983859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are classically defined as terminally differentiated, short-lived cells; however, neutrophils can be long-lived with phenotypic plasticity. During inflammation, a subset of neutrophils transdifferentiate into a population called neutrophil-DC hybrids (PMN-DCs) having properties of both neutrophils and dendritic cells. While these cells ubiquitously appear during inflammation, the role of PMN-DCs in disease remains poorly understood. We observed the differentiation of PMN-DCs in pre-clinical murine models of fungal infection: blastomycosis, aspergillosis and candidiasis. Using reporter strains of fungal viability, we found that PMN-DCs associate with fungal cells and kill them more efficiently than undifferentiated canonical neutrophils. During pulmonary blastomycosis, PMN-DCs comprised less than 1% of leukocytes yet contributed up to 15% of the fungal killing. PMN-DCs displayed higher expression of pattern recognition receptors, greater phagocytosis, and heightened production of reactive oxygen species compared to canonical neutrophils. PMN-DCs also displayed prominent NETosis. To further study PMN-DC function, we exploited a granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP) cell line, generated PMN-DCs to over 90% purity, and used them for adoptive transfer and antigen presentation studies. Adoptively transferred PMN-DCs from the GMP line enhanced protection against systemic infection in vivo. PMN-DCs pulsed with antigen activated fungal calnexin-specific transgenic T cells in vitro and in vivo, promoting the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 in these CD4+ T cells. Through direct fungal killing and induction of adaptive immunity, PMN-DCs are potent effectors of antifungal immunity and thereby represent innovative cell therapeutic targets in treating life-threatening fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Gui
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John F. Kernien
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paige Negoro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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27
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Kujoth GC, Sullivan TD, Merkhofer R, Lee TJ, Wang H, Brandhorst T, Wüthrich M, Klein BS. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Disruption Reveals the Importance of Zinc Metabolism for Fitness of the Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis. mBio 2018; 9:e00412-18. [PMID: 29615501 PMCID: PMC5885028 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00412-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastomyces dermatitidis is a human fungal pathogen of the lung that can lead to disseminated disease in healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Genetic analysis of this fungus is hampered by the relative inefficiency of traditional recombination-based gene-targeting approaches. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to Blastomyces, including to simultaneously target multiple genes. We created targeting plasmid vectors expressing Cas9 and either one or two single guide RNAs and introduced these plasmids into Blastomyces via Agrobacterium gene transfer. We succeeded in disrupting several fungal genes, including PRA1 and ZRT1, which are involved in scavenging and uptake of zinc from the extracellular environment. Single-gene-targeting efficiencies varied by locus (median, 60% across four loci) but were approximately 100-fold greater than traditional methods of Blastomyces gene disruption. Simultaneous dual-gene targeting proceeded with efficiencies similar to those of single-gene-targeting frequencies for the respective targets. CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of PRA1 or ZRT1 had a variable impact on growth under zinc-limiting conditions, showing reduced growth at early time points in low-passage-number cultures and growth similar to wild-type levels by later passage. Individual impairment of PRA1 or ZRT1 resulted in a reduction of the fungal burden in a mouse model of Blastomyces infection by a factor of ~1 log (range, up to 3 logs), and combined disruption of both genes had no additional impact on the fungal burden. These results underscore the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 for efficient gene disruption in dimorphic fungi and reveal a role for zinc metabolism in Blastomyces fitness in vivo IMPORTANCE Blastomyces is a human fungal pathogen that can cause serious, even fatal, lung infections. Genetic analysis of this fungus is possible but inefficient. We applied a recently developed gene editing technology, CRISPR/Cas9, to dramatically improve the efficiency with which gene disruptions are introduced into Blastomyces We used this system to disrupt genes involved in zinc uptake and found that this reduced the fitness of the fungus upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Kujoth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas D Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Merkhofer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Taek-Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tristan Brandhorst
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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