1
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Kleiner VA, Fearns R. How does the polymerase of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses commit to transcription or genome replication? J Virol 2024; 98:e0033224. [PMID: 39078194 PMCID: PMC11334523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mononegavirales, or non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses (nsNSVs), includes significant human pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Ebola virus, and rabies virus. Although these viruses differ widely in their pathogenic properties, they are united by each having a genome consisting of a single strand of negative-sense RNA. Consistent with their shared genome structure, the nsNSVs have evolved similar ways to transcribe their genome into mRNAs and replicate it to produce new genomes. Importantly, both mRNA transcription and genome replication are performed by a single virus-encoded polymerase. A fundamental and intriguing question is: how does the nsNSV polymerase commit to being either an mRNA transcriptase or a replicase? The polymerase must become committed to one process or the other either before it interacts with the genome template or in its initial interactions with the promoter sequence at the 3´ end of the genomic RNA. This review examines the biochemical, molecular biology, and structural biology data regarding the first steps of transcription and RNA replication that have been gathered over several decades for different families of nsNSVs. These findings are discussed in relation to possible models that could explain how an nsNSV polymerase initiates and commits to either transcription or genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Kleiner
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Ross SJ, Hume AJ, Olejnik J, Turcinovic J, Honko AN, McKay LGA, Connor JH, Griffiths A, Mühlberger E, Cifuentes D. Low-Input, High-Resolution 5' Terminal Filovirus RNA Sequencing with ViBE-Seq. Viruses 2024; 16:1064. [PMID: 39066227 PMCID: PMC11281615 DOI: 10.3390/v16071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been instrumental in determining the genomic sequences of emerging RNA viruses, de novo sequence determination often lacks sufficient coverage of the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genomes. Since the genome ends of RNA viruses contain the transcription and genome replication promoters that are essential for viral propagation, a lack of terminal sequence information hinders the efforts to study the replication and transcription mechanisms of emerging and re-emerging viruses. To circumvent this, we have developed a novel method termed ViBE-Seq (Viral Bona Fide End Sequencing) for the high-resolution sequencing of filoviral genome ends using a simple yet robust protocol with high fidelity. This technique allows for sequence determination of the 5' end of viral RNA genomes and mRNAs with as little as 50 ng of total RNA. Using the Ebola virus and Marburg virus as prototypes for highly pathogenic, re-emerging viruses, we show that ViBE-Seq is a reliable technique for rapid and accurate 5' end sequencing of filovirus RNA sourced from virions, infected cells, and tissue obtained from infected animals. We also show that ViBE-Seq can be used to determine whether distinct reverse transcriptases have terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity. Overall, ViBE-Seq will facilitate the access to complete sequences of emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Ross
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adam J. Hume
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Cifuentes
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.J.R.); (A.J.H.); (J.O.); (J.T.); (A.N.H.); (L.G.A.M.); (J.H.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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3
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Bonneux B, Shareef A, Tcherniuk S, Anson B, de Bruyn S, Verheyen N, Thys K, Conceição-Neto N, Van Ginderen M, Kwanten L, Ysebaert N, Vranckx L, Peeters E, Lanckacker E, Gallup JM, Sitthicharoenchai P, Alnajjar S, Ackermann MR, Adhikary S, Bhaumik A, Patrick A, Fung A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Decroly E, Mason SW, Lançois D, Deval J, Jin Z, Eléouët JF, Fearns R, Koul A, Roymans D, Rigaux P, Herschke F. JNJ-7184, a respiratory syncytial virus inhibitor targeting the connector domain of the viral polymerase. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105907. [PMID: 38772503 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pulmonary complications in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. While two vaccines and two prophylactic monoclonal antibodies are now available, treatment options are still needed. JNJ-7184 is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the RSV-Large (L) polymerase, displaying potent inhibition of both RSV-A and -B strains. Resistance selection and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments suggest JNJ-7184 binds RSV-L in the connector domain. JNJ-7184 prevents RSV replication and transcription by inhibiting initiation or early elongation. JNJ-7184 is effective in air-liquid interface cultures and therapeutically in neonatal lambs, acting to drastically reverse the appearance of lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Bonneux
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsbaan 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sergey Tcherniuk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM, UMR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brandon Anson
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Suzanne de Bruyn
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kim Thys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elien Peeters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lanckacker
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Suraj Adhikary
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Anusarka Bhaumik
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Aaron Patrick
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Priscila Sutto-Ortiz
- AFMB, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | | | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM, UMR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anil Koul
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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4
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Passchier TC, White JBR, Maskell DP, Byrne MJ, Ranson NA, Edwards TA, Barr JN. The cryoEM structure of the Hendra henipavirus nucleoprotein reveals insights into paramyxoviral nucleocapsid architectures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14099. [PMID: 38890308 PMCID: PMC11189427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the first cryoEM structure of the Hendra henipavirus nucleoprotein in complex with RNA, at 3.5 Å resolution, derived from single particle analysis of a double homotetradecameric RNA-bound N protein ring assembly exhibiting D14 symmetry. The structure of the HeV N protein adopts the common bi-lobed paramyxoviral N protein fold; the N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains are bisected by an RNA binding cleft containing six RNA nucleotides and are flanked by the N-terminal and C-terminal arms, respectively. In common with other paramyxoviral nucleocapsids, the lateral interface between adjacent Ni and Ni+1 protomers involves electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions mediated primarily through the N-terminal arm and globular domains with minor contribution from the C-terminal arm. However, the HeV N multimeric assembly uniquely identifies an additional protomer-protomer contact between the Ni+1 N-terminus and Ni-1 C-terminal arm linker. The model presented here broadens the understanding of RNA-bound paramyxoviral nucleocapsid architectures and provides a platform for further insight into the molecular biology of HeV, as well as the development of antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim C Passchier
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Joshua B R White
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel P Maskell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matthew J Byrne
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Exscientia, The Schrödinger Building Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Avenue, Miami, FL, 33169, USA.
| | - John N Barr
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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5
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Xie J, Ouizougun-Oubari M, Wang L, Zhai G, Wu D, Lin Z, Wang M, Ludeke B, Yan X, Nilsson T, Gao L, Huang X, Fearns R, Chen S. Structural basis for dimerization of a paramyxovirus polymerase complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3163. [PMID: 38605025 PMCID: PMC11009304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcription and replication processes of non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs) are catalyzed by a multi-functional polymerase complex composed of the large protein (L) and a cofactor protein, such as phosphoprotein (P). Previous studies have shown that the nsNSV polymerase can adopt a dimeric form, however, the structure of the dimer and its function are poorly understood. Here we determine a 2.7 Å cryo-EM structure of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) L-P complex with the connector domain (CD') of a second L built, while reconstruction of the rest of the second L-P obtains a low-resolution map of the ring-like L core region. This study reveals detailed atomic features of nsNSV polymerase active site and distinct conformation of hPIV3 L with a unique β-strand latch. Furthermore, we report the structural basis of L-L dimerization, with CD' located at the putative template entry of the adjoining L. Disruption of the L-L interface causes a defect in RNA replication that can be overcome by complementation, demonstrating that L dimerization is necessary for hPIV3 genome replication. These findings provide further insight into how nsNSV polymerases perform their functions, and suggest a new avenue for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed Ouizougun-Oubari
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglei Zhai
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Daitze Wu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohu Lin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Manfu Wang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd., 214437, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Barbara Ludeke
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd., 214437, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tobias Nilsson
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Yu X, Abeywickrema P, Bonneux B, Behera I, Anson B, Jacoby E, Fung A, Adhikary S, Bhaumik A, Carbajo RJ, De Bruyn S, Miller R, Patrick A, Pham Q, Piassek M, Verheyen N, Shareef A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Ysebaert N, Van Vlijmen H, Jonckers THM, Herschke F, McLellan JS, Decroly E, Fearns R, Grosse S, Roymans D, Sharma S, Rigaux P, Jin Z. Structural and mechanistic insights into the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus polymerase by a non-nucleoside inhibitor. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1074. [PMID: 37865687 PMCID: PMC10590419 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex, consisting of the polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P), catalyzes nucleotide polymerization, cap addition, and cap methylation via the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, capping, and Methyltransferase domains on L. Several nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors have been reported to inhibit this polymerase complex, but the structural details of the exact inhibitor-polymerase interactions have been lacking. Here, we report a non-nucleoside inhibitor JNJ-8003 with sub-nanomolar inhibition potency in both antiviral and polymerase assays. Our 2.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure revealed that JNJ-8003 binds to an induced-fit pocket on the capping domain, with multiple interactions consistent with its tight binding and resistance mutation profile. The minigenome and gel-based de novo RNA synthesis and primer extension assays demonstrated that JNJ-8003 inhibited nucleotide polymerization at the early stages of RNA transcription and replication. Our results support that JNJ-8003 binding modulates a functional interplay between the capping and RdRp domains, and this molecular insight could accelerate the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Pravien Abeywickrema
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Brecht Bonneux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ishani Behera
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Brandon Anson
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Amy Fung
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Suraj Adhikary
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Anusarka Bhaumik
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen-Cilag, Discovery Chemistry S.A. Río Jarama, 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Robyn Miller
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Aaron Patrick
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Quyen Pham
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Madison Piassek
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
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7
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Abduljalil JM, Elfiky AA, Sayed ESTA, AlKhazindar MM. In silico structural elucidation of Nipah virus L protein and targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain by nucleoside analogs. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8215-8229. [PMID: 36205638 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2130987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
The large (L) protein of Mononegavirales is a multi-domain protein that performs transcription and genome replication. One of the important domains in L is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a promising target for antiviral drugs. In this work, we employed rigorous computational comparative modeling to predict the structure of L protein of Nipah virus (NiV). The RdRp domain was targeted by a panel of nucleotide analogs, previously reported to inhibit different viral RNA polymerases, using molecular docking. Best binder compounds were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to validate their binding. Molecular mechanics/generalized-born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations estimated the binding free energy. The predicted model of NiV L has an excellent quality as judged by physics- and knowledge-based validation tests. Galidesivir, AT-9010 and Norov-29 scored the top nucleotide analogs to bind to the RdRp. Their binding free energies obtained by MM/GBSA (-31.01 ± 3.9 to -38.37 ± 4.8 kcal/mol) ranked Norov-29 as the best potential inhibitor. Purine nucleotide analogs are expected to harbor the scaffold for an effective drug against NiV. Finally, this study is expected to provide a start point for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery campaigns toward identification of effective chemotherapeutic agent(s) against NiV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Abduljalil
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed T A Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha M AlKhazindar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Abstract
The nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs), also known as the order Mononegavirales, have a genome consisting of a single strand of negative-sense RNA. Integral to the nsNSV replication cycle is the viral polymerase, which is responsible for transcribing the viral genome, to produce an array of capped and polyadenylated messenger RNAs, and replicating it to produce new genomes. To perform the different steps that are necessary for these processes, the nsNSV polymerases undergo a series of coordinated conformational transitions. While much is still to be learned regarding the intersection of nsNSV polymerase dynamics, structure, and function, recently published polymerase structures, combined with a history of biochemical and molecular biology studies, have provided new insights into how nsNSV polymerases function as dynamic machines. In this review, we consider each of the steps involved in nsNSV transcription and replication and suggest how these relate to solved polymerase structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ouizougun-Oubari
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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9
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Kleiner VA, O Fischmann T, Howe JA, Beshore DC, Eddins MJ, Hou Y, Mayhood T, Klein D, Nahas DD, Lucas BJ, Xi H, Murray E, Ma DY, Getty K, Fearns R. Conserved allosteric inhibitory site on the respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Commun Biol 2023; 6:649. [PMID: 37337079 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are related RNA viruses responsible for severe respiratory infections and resulting disease in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised adults1-3. Therapeutic small molecule inhibitors that bind to the RSV polymerase and inhibit viral replication are being developed, but their binding sites and molecular mechanisms of action remain largely unknown4. Here we report a conserved allosteric inhibitory site identified on the L polymerase proteins of RSV and HMPV that can be targeted by a dual-specificity, non-nucleoside inhibitor, termed MRK-1. Cryo-EM structures of the inhibitor in complexes with truncated RSV and full-length HMPV polymerase proteins provide a structural understanding of how MRK-1 is active against both viruses. Functional analyses indicate that MRK-1 inhibits conformational changes necessary for the polymerase to engage in RNA synthesis initiation and to transition into an elongation mode. Competition studies reveal that the MRK-1 binding pocket is distinct from that of a capping inhibitor with an overlapping resistance profile, suggesting that the polymerase conformation bound by MRK-1 may be distinct from that involved in mRNA capping. These findings should facilitate optimization of dual RSV and HMPV replication inhibitors and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying their polymerase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Kleiner
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Hou
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - He Xi
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Sutto-Ortiz P, Eléouët JF, Ferron F, Decroly E. Biochemistry of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Embedding RNA Polymerase and Capping Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020341. [PMID: 36851554 PMCID: PMC9960070 DOI: 10.3390/v15020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is the major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly population, and immunocompromised individuals. There is still no approved vaccine or antiviral treatment against RSV disease, but new monoclonal prophylactic antibodies are yet to be commercialized, and clinical trials are in progress. Hence, urgent efforts are needed to develop efficient therapeutic treatments. RSV RNA synthesis comprises viral transcription and replication that are catalyzed by the large protein (L) in coordination with the phosphoprotein polymerase cofactor (P), the nucleoprotein (N), and the M2-1 transcription factor. The replication/transcription is orchestrated by the L protein, which contains three conserved enzymatic domains: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the polyribonucleotidyl transferase (PRNTase or capping), and the methyltransferase (MTase) domain. These activities are essential for the RSV replicative cycle and are thus considered as attractive targets for the development of therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize recent findings about RSV L domains structure that highlight how the enzymatic activities of RSV L domains are interconnected, discuss the most relevant and recent antivirals developments that target the replication/transcription complex, and conclude with a perspective on identified knowledge gaps that enable new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, F78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - François Ferron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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11
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Sourimant J, Lieber CM, Yoon JJ, Toots M, Govindarajan M, Udumula V, Sakamoto K, Natchus MG, Patti J, Vernachio J, Plemper RK. Orally efficacious lead of the AVG inhibitor series targeting a dynamic interface in the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2236. [PMID: 35749502 PMCID: PMC9232112 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and the immunocompromised, yet no efficient therapeutic exists. We have identified the AVG class of allosteric inhibitors of RSV RNA synthesis. Here, we demonstrate through biolayer interferometry and in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) assays that AVG compounds bind to the viral polymerase, stalling the polymerase in initiation conformation. Resistance profiling revealed a unique escape pattern, suggesting a discrete docking pose. Affinity mapping using photoreactive AVG analogs identified the interface of polymerase core, capping, and connector domains as a molecular target site. A first-generation lead showed nanomolar potency against RSV in human airway epithelium organoids but lacked in vivo efficacy. Docking pose-informed synthetic optimization generated orally efficacious AVG-388, which showed potent efficacy in the RSV mouse model when administered therapeutically. This study maps a druggable target in the RSV RdRP and establishes clinical potential of the AVG chemotype against RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sourimant
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Carolin M. Lieber
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mart Toots
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Venkata Udumula
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael G. Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joseph Patti
- Aviragen Therapeutics Inc, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA
| | | | - Richard K. Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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12
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Cressey TN, Shareef AM, Kleiner VA, Noton SL, Byrne PO, McLellan JS, Mühlberger E, Fearns R. Distinctive features of the respiratory syncytial virus priming loop compared to other non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010451. [PMID: 35731802 PMCID: PMC9255747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo initiation by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases often requires a polymerase priming residue, located within a priming loop, to stabilize the initiating NTPs. Polymerase structures from three different non-segmented negative strand RNA virus (nsNSV) families revealed putative priming loops in different conformations, and an aromatic priming residue has been identified in the rhabdovirus polymerase. In a previous study of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) polymerase, we found that Tyr1276, the L protein aromatic amino acid residue that most closely aligns with the rhabdovirus priming residue, is not required for RNA synthesis but two nearby residues, Pro1261 and Trp1262, were required. In this study, we examined the roles of Pro1261 and Trp1262 in RNA synthesis initiation. Biochemical studies showed that substitution of Pro1261 inhibited RNA synthesis initiation without inhibiting back-priming, indicating a defect in initiation. Biochemical and minigenome experiments showed that the initiation defect incurred by a P1261A substitution could be rescued by factors that would be expected to increase the stability of the initiation complex, specifically increased NTP concentration, manganese, and a more efficient promoter sequence. These findings indicate that Pro1261 of the RSV L protein plays a role in initiation, most likely in stabilizing the initiation complex. However, we found that substitution of the corresponding proline residue in a filovirus polymerase had no effect on RNA synthesis initiation or elongation. These results indicate that despite similarities between the nsNSV polymerases, there are differences in the features required for RNA synthesis initiation. RSV has a significant impact on human health. It is the major cause of respiratory disease in infants and exerts a significant toll on the elderly and immunocompromised. RSV is a member of the Mononegavirales, the non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs). Like other viruses in this order, RSV encodes an RNA dependent RNA polymerase, which is responsible for transcribing and replicating the viral genome. Due to its essential role during the viral replication cycle, the polymerase is a promising candidate target for antiviral inhibitors and so a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis of its activities could aid antiviral drug development. In this study, we identified an amino acid residue within the RSV polymerase that appears to stabilize the RNA synthesis initiation complex and showed that it plays a role in both transcription and RNA replication. However, the corresponding residue in a different nsNSV polymerase does not appear to play a similar role. This work reveals a key feature of the RSV polymerase but identifies differences with the polymerases of other related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N. Cressey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Afzaal M. Shareef
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Kleiner
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick O. Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ogino M, Green TJ, Ogino T. GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase domain of vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase regulates leader-promoter escape and polyadenylation-coupled termination during stop-start transcription. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010287. [PMID: 35108335 PMCID: PMC8843114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unconventional mRNA capping enzyme (GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase, PRNTase) domain of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) L protein possesses a dual-functional "priming-capping loop" that governs terminal de novo initiation for leader RNA synthesis and capping of monocistronic mRNAs during the unique stop-start transcription cycle. Here, we investigated the roles of basic amino acid residues on a helix structure directly connected to the priming-capping loop in viral RNA synthesis and identified single point mutations that cause previously unreported defective phenotypes at different steps of stop-start transcription. Mutations of residue R1183 (R1183A and R1183K) dramatically reduced the leader RNA synthesis activity by hampering early elongation, but not terminal de novo initiation or productive elongation, suggesting that the mutations negatively affect escape from the leader promoter. On the other hand, mutations of residue R1178 (R1178A and R1178K) decreased the efficiency of polyadenylation-coupled termination of mRNA synthesis at the gene junctions, but not termination of leader RNA synthesis at the leader-to-N-gene junction, resulting in the generation of larger amounts of aberrant polycistronic mRNAs. In contrast, both the R1183 and R1178 residues are not essential for cap-forming activities. The R1183K mutation was lethal to VSV, whereas the R1178K mutation attenuated VSV and triggered the production of the polycistronic mRNAs in infected cells. These observations suggest that the PRNTase domain plays multiple roles in conducting accurate stop-start transcription beyond its known role in pre-mRNA capping. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an animal rhabdovirus closely related to rabies virus, has served as a paradigm for understanding the basic molecular mechanisms of transcription and replication by rhabdoviruses (e.g., rabies) and other non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses, such as measles and Ebola. NNS RNA viral polymerases sequentially synthesize the non-coding leader RNA and monocistronic mRNAs from the 3′-terminal leader region and internal genes, respectively, on their genomes by the stop-start transcription mechanism. A hallmark of NNS RNA viral polymerases is the presence of a unique enzymatic domain, called GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase), which catalyzes pre-mRNA 5′-capping, one of the essential mRNA modifications. Our recent study revealed that the VSV PRNTase domain directs transcription initiation at the 3′-end of the genome as well as pre-mRNA capping with the dual functional priming-capping loop during stop-start transcription. Here, we further show that a helix structure flanked by the priming-capping loop regulates not only transcription elongation at an early phase of leader RNA synthesis but also polyadenylation-coupled transcription termination at gene junctions. These findings indicate that the PRNTase domain acts as a key regulatory domain for stop-start transcription as well as a catalytic domain for pre-mRNA capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ogino
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tomoaki Ogino
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Conley MJ, Short JM, Burns AM, Streetley J, Hutchings J, Bakker SE, Power BJ, Jaffery H, Haney J, Zanetti G, Murcia PR, Stewart M, Fearns R, Vijayakrishnan S, Bhella D. Helical ordering of envelope-associated proteins and glycoproteins in respiratory syncytial virus. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109728. [PMID: 34935163 PMCID: PMC8804925 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory illness in children and the elderly. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography combined with computational image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction, we show that there is extensive helical ordering of the envelope-associated proteins and glycoproteins of RSV filamentous virions. We calculated a 16 Å resolution sub-tomogram average of the matrix protein (M) layer that forms an endoskeleton below the viral envelope. These data define a helical lattice of M-dimers, showing how M is oriented relative to the viral envelope. Glycoproteins that stud the viral envelope were also found to be helically ordered, a property that was coordinated by the M-layer. Furthermore, envelope glycoproteins clustered in pairs, a feature that may have implications for the conformation of fusion (F) glycoprotein epitopes that are the principal target for vaccine and monoclonal antibody development. We also report the presence, in authentic virus infections, of N-RNA rings packaged within RSV virions. These data provide molecular insight into the organisation of the virion and the mechanism of its assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela J Conley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Judith M Short
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew M Burns
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - James Streetley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Joshua Hutchings
- Department of Biological SciencesBirkbeck CollegeLondonUK
- Present address:
Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Saskia E Bakker
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - B Joanne Power
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Huck Center for Malaria ResearchPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Hussain Jaffery
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Joanne Haney
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Department of Biological SciencesBirkbeck CollegeLondonUK
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Murray Stewart
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
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15
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Comparison of RNA synthesis initiation properties of non-segmented negative strand RNA virus polymerases. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010151. [PMID: 34914795 PMCID: PMC8717993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that the promoters of non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs) direct the polymerase to initiate RNA synthesis exclusively opposite the 3´ terminal nucleotide of the genome RNA by a de novo (primer independent) initiation mechanism. However, recent studies have revealed that there is diversity between different nsNSVs with pneumovirus promoters directing the polymerase to initiate at positions 1 and 3 of the genome, and ebolavirus polymerases being able to initiate at position 2 on the template. Studies with other RNA viruses have shown that polymerases that engage in de novo initiation opposite position 1 typically have structural features to stabilize the initiation complex and ensure efficient and accurate initiation. This raised the question of whether different nsNSV polymerases have evolved fundamentally different structural properties to facilitate initiation at different sites on their promoters. Here we examined the functional properties of polymerases of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pneumovirus, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), a paramyxovirus, and Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus, both on their cognate promoters and on promoters of other viruses. We found that in contrast to the RSV polymerase, which initiated at positions 1 and 3 of its promoter, the PIV-3 and MARV polymerases initiated exclusively at position 1 on their cognate promoters. However, all three polymerases could recognize and initiate from heterologous promoters, with the promoter sequence playing a key role in determining initiation site selection. In addition to examining de novo initiation, we also compared the ability of the RSV and PIV-3 polymerases to engage in back-priming, an activity in which the promoter template is folded into a secondary structure and nucleotides are added to the template 3´ end. This analysis showed that whereas the RSV polymerase was promiscuous in back-priming activity, the PIV-3 polymerase generated barely detectable levels of back-primed product, irrespective of promoter template sequence. Overall, this study shows that the polymerases from these three nsNSV families are fundamentally similar in their initiation properties, but have differences in their abilities to engage in back-priming.
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16
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Pyle JD, Whelan SPJ, Bloyet LM. Structure and function of negative-strand RNA virus polymerase complexes. Enzymes 2021; 50:21-78. [PMID: 34861938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses with negative-strand RNA genomes (NSVs) include many highly pathogenic and economically devastating disease-causing agents of humans, livestock, and plants-highlighted by recent Ebola and measles virus epidemics, and continuously circulating influenza virus. Because of their protein-coding orientation, NSVs face unique challenges for efficient gene expression and genome replication. To overcome these barriers, NSVs deliver a large and multifunctional RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into infected host cells. NSV-encoded polymerases contain all the enzymatic activities required for transcription and replication of their genome-including RNA synthesis and mRNA capping. Here, we review the structures and functions of NSV polymerases with a focus on key domains responsible for viral replication and gene expression. We highlight shared and unique features among polymerases of NSVs from the Mononegavirales, Bunyavirales, and Articulavirales orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Pyle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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17
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Braun MR, Noton SL, Blanchard EL, Shareef A, Santangelo PJ, Johnson WE, Fearns R. Respiratory syncytial virus M2-1 protein associates non-specifically with viral messenger RNA and with specific cellular messenger RNA transcripts. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009589. [PMID: 34003848 PMCID: PMC8162694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. RSV is a non-segmented negative strand RNA virus. The viral M2-1 protein plays a key role in viral transcription, serving as an elongation factor to enable synthesis of full-length mRNAs. M2-1 contains an unusual CCCH zinc-finger motif that is conserved in the related human metapneumovirus M2-1 protein and filovirus VP30 proteins. Previous biochemical studies have suggested that RSV M2-1 might bind to specific virus RNA sequences, such as the transcription gene end signals or poly A tails, but there was no clear consensus on what RSV sequences it binds. To determine if M2-1 binds to specific RSV RNA sequences during infection, we mapped points of M2-1:RNA interactions in RSV-infected cells at 8 and 18 hours post infection using crosslinking immunoprecipitation with RNA sequencing (CLIP-Seq). This analysis revealed that M2-1 interacts specifically with positive sense RSV RNA, but not negative sense genome RNA. It also showed that M2-1 makes contacts along the length of each viral mRNA, indicating that M2-1 functions as a component of the transcriptase complex, transiently associating with nascent mRNA being extruded from the polymerase. In addition, we found that M2-1 binds specific cellular mRNAs. In contrast to the situation with RSV mRNA, M2-1 binds discrete sites within cellular mRNAs, with a preference for A/U rich sequences. These results suggest that in addition to its previously described role in transcription elongation, M2-1 might have an additional role involving cellular RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Braun
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emmeline L. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - W. Evan Johnson
- Division of Computational Biomedicine and Bioinformatics Program and Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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18
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Fearns R. Negative‐strand RNA Viruses. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Cox RM, Sourimant J, Toots M, Yoon JJ, Ikegame S, Govindarajan M, Watkinson RE, Thibault P, Makhsous N, Lin MJ, Marengo JR, Sticher Z, Kolykhalov AA, Natchus MG, Greninger AL, Lee B, Plemper RK. Orally efficacious broad-spectrum allosteric inhibitor of paramyxovirus polymerase. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1232-1246. [PMID: 32661315 PMCID: PMC7529989 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses such as human parainfluenza virus type-3 (HPIV3) and measles virus (MeV) are a substantial health threat. In a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of HPIV3 (a major cause of acute respiratory infection), we identified GHP-88309-a non-nucleoside inhibitor of viral polymerase activity that possesses unusual broad-spectrum activity against diverse paramyxoviruses including respiroviruses (that is, HPIV1 and HPIV3) and morbilliviruses (that is, MeV). Resistance profiles of distinct target viruses overlapped spatially, revealing a conserved binding site in the central cavity of the viral polymerase (L) protein that was validated by photoaffinity labelling-based target mapping. Mechanistic characterization through viral RNA profiling and in vitro MeV polymerase assays identified a block in the initiation phase of the viral polymerase. GHP-88309 showed nanomolar potency against HPIV3 isolates in well-differentiated human airway organoid cultures, was well tolerated (selectivity index > 7,111) and orally bioavailable, and provided complete protection against lethal infection in a Sendai virus mouse surrogate model of human HPIV3 disease when administered therapeutically 48 h after infection. Recoverees had acquired robust immunoprotection against reinfection, and viral resistance coincided with severe attenuation. This study provides proof of the feasibility of a well-behaved broad-spectrum allosteric antiviral and describes a chemotype with high therapeutic potential that addresses major obstacles of anti-paramyxovirus drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Satoshi Ikegame
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth E Watkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Thibault
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose R Marengo
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Ebola Virus Produces Discrete Small Noncoding RNAs Independently of the Host MicroRNA Pathway Which Lack RNA Interference Activity in Bat and Human Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01441-19. [PMID: 31852785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01441-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The question as to whether RNA viruses produce bona fide microRNAs (miRNAs) during infection has been the focus of intense research and debate. Recently, several groups using computational prediction methods have independently reported possible miRNA candidates produced by Ebola virus (EBOV). Additionally, efforts to detect these predicted RNA products in samples from infected animals and humans have produced positive results. However, these studies and their conclusions are predicated on the assumption that these RNA products are actually processed through, and function within, the miRNA pathway. In the present study, we performed the first rigorous assessment of the ability of filoviruses to produce miRNA products during infection of both human and bat cells. Using next-generation sequencing, we detected several candidate miRNAs from both EBOV and the closely related Marburg virus (MARV). Focusing our validation efforts on EBOV, we found evidence contrary to the idea that these small RNA products function as miRNAs. The results of our study are important because they highlight the potential pitfalls of relying on computational methods alone for virus miRNA discovery.IMPORTANCE Here, we report the discovery, via deep sequencing, of numerous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from both EBOV and MARV during infection of both bat and human cell lines. In addition to identifying several novel ncRNAs from both viruses, we identified two EBOV ncRNAs in our sequencing data that were near-matches to computationally predicted viral miRNAs reported in the literature. Using molecular and immunological techniques, we assessed the potential of EBOV ncRNAs to function as viral miRNAs. Importantly, we found little evidence supporting this hypothesis. Our work is significant because it represents the first rigorous assessment of the potential for EBOV to encode viral miRNAs and provides evidence contrary to the existing paradigm regarding the biological role of computationally predicted EBOV ncRNAs. Moreover, our work highlights further avenues of research regarding the nature and function of EBOV ncRNAs.
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21
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Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) and other viruses with single-segment, negative-sense, RNA genomes have a multi-functional polymerase protein (L) that carries out the various reactions required for transcription and replication. Many of these viruses are serious human pathogens, and L is a potential target for antiviral therapeutics. Drugs that inhibit polymerases of HCV and HIV-1 provide successful precedents. The structure described here of the RABV L protein in complex with its P-protein cofactor shows a conformation poised for initiation of transcription or replication. Channels in the molecule and the relative positions of catalytic sites suggest that L couples a distinctive capping reaction with priming and initiation of transcription, and that replication and transcription have different priming configurations and different product exit sites. Nonsegmented negative-stranded (NNS) RNA viruses, among them the virus that causes rabies (RABV), include many deadly human pathogens. The large polymerase (L) proteins of NNS RNA viruses carry all of the enzymatic functions required for viral messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and replication: RNA polymerization, mRNA capping, and cap methylation. We describe here a complete structure of RABV L bound with its phosphoprotein cofactor (P), determined by electron cryo-microscopy at 3.3 Å resolution. The complex closely resembles the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) L-P, the one other known full-length NNS-RNA L-protein structure, with key local differences (e.g., in L-P interactions). Like the VSV L-P structure, the RABV complex analyzed here represents a preinitiation conformation. Comparison with the likely elongation state, seen in two structures of pneumovirus L-P complexes, suggests differences between priming/initiation and elongation complexes. Analysis of internal cavities within RABV L suggests distinct template and product entry and exit pathways during transcription and replication.
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22
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Gilman MSA, Liu C, Fung A, Behera I, Jordan P, Rigaux P, Ysebaert N, Tcherniuk S, Sourimant J, Eléouët JF, Sutto-Ortiz P, Decroly E, Roymans D, Jin Z, McLellan JS. Structure of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase Complex. Cell 2019; 179:193-204.e14. [PMID: 31495574 PMCID: PMC7111336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous interventions are in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, including small molecules that target viral transcription and replication. These processes are catalyzed by a complex comprising the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). RSV P recruits multiple proteins to the polymerase complex and, with the exception of its oligomerization domain, is thought to be intrinsically disordered. Despite their critical roles in RSV transcription and replication, structures of L and P have remained elusive. Here, we describe the 3.2-Å cryo-EM structure of RSV L bound to tetrameric P. The structure reveals a striking tentacular arrangement of P, with each of the four monomers adopting a distinct conformation. The structure also rationalizes inhibitor escape mutants and mutations observed in live-attenuated vaccine candidates. These results provide a framework for determining the molecular underpinnings of RSV replication and transcription and should facilitate the design of effective RSV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ishani Behera
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul Jordan
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sergey Tcherniuk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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23
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Cressey TN, Noton SL, Nagendra K, Braun MR, Fearns R. Mechanism for de novo initiation at two sites in the respiratory syncytial virus promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:6785-6796. [PMID: 29873775 PMCID: PMC6061868 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) initiates two RNA synthesis processes from the viral promoter: genome replication from position 1U and mRNA transcription from position 3C. Here, we examined the mechanism by which a single promoter can direct initiation from two sites. We show that initiation at 1U and 3C occurred independently of each other, and that the same RdRp was capable of precisely selecting the two sites. The RdRp preferred to initiate at 3C, but initiation site selection could be modulated by the relative concentrations of ATP versus GTP. Analysis of template mutations indicated that the RdRp could bind ATP and CTP, or GTP, independently of template nucleotides. The data suggest a model in which innate affinity of the RdRp for particular NTPs, coupled with a repeating element within the promoter, allows precise initiation of replication at 1U or transcription at 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N Cressey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sarah L Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kartikeya Nagendra
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Molly R Braun
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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24
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Ogino T, Green TJ. RNA Synthesis and Capping by Non-segmented Negative Strand RNA Viral Polymerases: Lessons From a Prototypic Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1490. [PMID: 31354644 PMCID: PMC6636387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales are highly diversified eukaryotic viruses including significant human pathogens, such as rabies, measles, Nipah, and Ebola. Elucidation of their unique strategies to replicate in eukaryotic cells is crucial to aid in developing anti-NNS RNA viral agents. Over the past 40 years, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), closely related to rabies virus, has served as a paradigm to study the fundamental molecular mechanisms of transcription and replication of NNS RNA viruses. These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5'-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L proteins equipped with an unconventional mRNA capping enzyme, namely GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase), domain. PRNTase or PRNTase-like domains are evolutionally conserved among L proteins of all known NNS RNA viruses and their related viruses belonging to Jingchuvirales, a newly established order, in the class Monjiviricetes, suggesting that they may have evolved from a common ancestor that acquired the unique capping system to replicate in a primitive eukaryotic host. This article reviews what has been learned from biochemical and structural studies on the VSV RNA biosynthesis machinery, and then focuses on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ogino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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25
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Noton SL, Tremaglio CZ, Fearns R. Killing two birds with one stone: How the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase initiates transcription and replication. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007548. [PMID: 30817806 PMCID: PMC6394897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chadene Z. Tremaglio
- Department of Biology, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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