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Lounis N, Vranckx L, Gevers T, Kaniga K, Andries K. In vitro culture conditions affecting minimal inhibitory concentration of bedaquiline against M. tuberculosis. Med Mal Infect 2017; 46:220-5. [PMID: 27210281 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In developing a standardized drug susceptibility test for bedaquiline, it is very important to know which parameters might impact its activity in vitro and result in false resistance of the bacterium to bedaquiline. We aimed to assess the impact of different in vitro conditions on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bedaquiline against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv reference strain. METHODS The MIC of M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain was determined under different conditions such as inoculum size, pH, temperatures, log and stationary phase cultures, protein concentration, Tween 80 concentration, and labware plastics. RESULTS Increases in bedaquiline MIC were observed with variations in inoculum size for M. tuberculosis H37Rv on agar or in broth, in protein concentration and labware plastics on agar, and with variations in pH and Tween 80 concentrations in broth. CONCLUSIONS In order to obtain reproducible MIC results, bedaquiline MIC should be assessed using polystyrene plates or tubes, at pH 7, with a Tween 80 concentration of 0.02%, without protein enrichment and with an inoculum size up to 10(7) colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL on 7H11 agar or with 10(5)CFU/mL in 7H9 broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lounis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - L Vranckx
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - T Gevers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - K Kaniga
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - K Andries
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Roymans D, Alnajjar SS, Battles MB, Sitthicharoenchai P, Furmanova-Hollenstein P, Rigaux P, Berg JVD, Kwanten L, Ginderen MV, Verheyen N, Vranckx L, Jaensch S, Arnoult E, Voorzaat R, Gallup JM, Larios-Mora A, Crabbe M, Huntjens D, Raboisson P, Langedijk JP, Ackermann MR, McLellan JS, Vendeville S, Koul A. Therapeutic efficacy of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:167. [PMID: 28761099 PMCID: PMC5537225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children, immunocompromised adults, and the elderly. Intervention with small-molecule antivirals specific for respiratory syncytial virus presents an important therapeutic opportunity, but no such compounds are approved today. Here we report the structure of JNJ-53718678 bound to respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) protein in its prefusion conformation, and we show that the potent nanomolar activity of JNJ-53718678, as well as the preliminary structure–activity relationship and the pharmaceutical optimization strategy of the series, are consistent with the binding mode of JNJ-53718678 and other respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Oral treatment of neonatal lambs with JNJ-53718678, or with an equally active close analog, efficiently inhibits established acute lower respiratory tract infection in the animals, even when treatment is delayed until external signs of respiratory syncytial virus illness have become visible. Together, these data suggest that JNJ-53718678 is a promising candidate for further development as a potential therapeutic in patients at risk to develop respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory tract infection. Respiratory syncytial virus causes lung infections in children, immunocompromised adults, and in the elderly. Here the authors show that a chemical inhibitor to a viral fusion protein is effective in reducing viral titre and ameliorating infection in rodents and neonatal lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Sarhad S Alnajjar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Joke Van den Berg
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marcia Van Ginderen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Computational Biology, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen R&D LLC, 1400 Mckean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Richard Voorzaat
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Newtonweg 1, 2333-CP, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jack M Gallup
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alejandro Larios-Mora
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Marjolein Crabbe
- Non-Clinical Statistics, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dymphy Huntjens
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Mark R Ackermann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Sandrine Vendeville
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anil Koul
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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Andries K, Villellas C, Coeck N, Thys K, Gevers T, Vranckx L, Lounis N, de Jong BC, Koul A. Acquired resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to bedaquiline. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102135. [PMID: 25010492 PMCID: PMC4092087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ), an ATP synthase inhibitor, is the first drug to be approved for treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in decades. In vitro resistance to BDQ was previously shown to be due to target-based mutations. Here we report that non-target based resistance to BDQ, and cross-resistance to clofazimine (CFZ), is due to mutations in Rv0678, a transcriptional repressor of the genes encoding the MmpS5-MmpL5 efflux pump. Efflux-based resistance was identified in paired isolates from patients treated with BDQ, as well as in mice, in which it was confirmed to decrease bactericidal efficacy. The efflux inhibitors verapamil and reserpine decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrations of BDQ and CFZ in vitro, but verapamil failed to increase the bactericidal effect of BDQ in mice and was unable to reverse efflux-based resistance in vivo. Cross-resistance between BDQ and CFZ may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Andries
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristina Villellas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nele Coeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Thys
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tom Gevers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nacer Lounis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bouke C. de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anil Koul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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Koul A, Vranckx L, Dhar N, Göhlmann HWH, Özdemir E, Neefs JM, Schulz M, Lu P, Mørtz E, McKinney JD, Andries K, Bald D. Delayed bactericidal response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to bedaquiline involves remodelling of bacterial metabolism. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3369. [PMID: 24569628 PMCID: PMC3948051 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ), an ATP synthase inhibitor, is the first drug to be approved for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in decades. Though BDQ has shown excellent efficacy in clinical trials, its early bactericidal activity during the first week of chemotherapy is minimal. Here, using microfluidic devices and time-lapse microscopy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we confirm the absence of significant bacteriolytic activity during the first 3-4 days of exposure to BDQ. BDQ-induced inhibition of ATP synthesis leads to bacteriostasis within hours after drug addition. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses reveal that M. tuberculosis responds to BDQ by induction of the dormancy regulon and activation of ATP-generating pathways, thereby maintaining bacterial viability during initial drug exposure. BDQ-induced bacterial killing is significantly enhanced when the mycobacteria are grown on non-fermentable energy sources such as lipids (impeding ATP synthesis via glycolysis). Our results show that BDQ exposure triggers a metabolic remodelling in mycobacteria, thereby enabling transient bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koul
- Infectious diseases and vaccines therapeutic area, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Infectious diseases and vaccines therapeutic area, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hinrich W H Göhlmann
- CREATe, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emre Özdemir
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- CREATe, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Melanie Schulz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, AIMMS, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ejvind Mørtz
- Alphalyse A/S, Unsbjergvej 4, DK-5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - John D McKinney
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Koen Andries
- Infectious diseases and vaccines therapeutic area, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Bald
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, AIMMS, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koul A, Vranckx L, Dendouga N, Balemans W, Van den Wyngaert I, Vergauwen K, Göhlmann HWH, Willebrords R, Poncelet A, Guillemont J, Bald D, Andries K. Diarylquinolines are bactericidal for dormant mycobacteria as a result of disturbed ATP homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25273-25280. [PMID: 18625705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated one-third of the world population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These nonreplicating, dormant bacilli are tolerant to conventional anti-tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid. We recently identified diarylquinoline R207910 (also called TMC207) as an inhibitor of ATP synthase with a remarkable activity against replicating mycobacteria. In the present study, we show that R207910 kills dormant bacilli as effectively as aerobically grown bacilli with the same target specificity. Despite a transcriptional down-regulation of the ATP synthase operon and significantly lower cellular ATP levels, we show that dormant mycobacteria do possess residual ATP synthase enzymatic activity. This activity is blocked by nanomolar concentrations of R207910, thereby further reducing ATP levels and causing a pronounced bactericidal effect. We conclude that this residual ATP synthase activity is indispensable for the survival of dormant mycobacteria, making it a promising drug target to tackle dormant infections. The unique dual bactericidal activity of diarylquinolines on dormant as well as replicating bacterial subpopulations distinguishes them entirely from the current anti-tuberculosis drugs and underlines the potential of R207910 to shorten tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koul
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Najoua Dendouga
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wendy Balemans
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van den Wyngaert
- Department of Functional Genomics, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karen Vergauwen
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hinrich W H Göhlmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Poncelet
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Tibotec NV, Johnson & Johnson, Campus de Maigremont-BP615, F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Guillemont
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Tibotec NV, Johnson & Johnson, Campus de Maigremont-BP615, F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Dirk Bald
- Department of Structural Biology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Andries
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Koul A, Dendouga N, Vergauwen K, Molenberghs B, Vranckx L, Willebrords R, Ristic Z, Lill H, Dorange I, Guillemont J, Bald D, Andries K. Diarylquinolines target subunit c of mycobacterial ATP synthase. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:323-4. [PMID: 17496888 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The diarylquinoline R207910 (TMC207) is a promising candidate in clinical development for the treatment of tuberculosis. Though R207910-resistant mycobacteria bear mutations in ATP synthase, the compound's precise target is not known. Here we establish by genetic, biochemical and binding assays that the oligomeric subunit c (AtpE) of ATP synthase is the target of R207910. Thus targeting energy metabolism is a new, promising approach for antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koul
- Department of Antimicrobial Research, Tibotec BVBA, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Odds FC, Vranckx L, Woestenborghs F. Antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: evaluation of technical variables for test automation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2051-60. [PMID: 8540715 PMCID: PMC162880 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.9.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The technical parameters for antifungal susceptibility testing with Candida species were reexamined to determine the optimal conditions for testing with semiautomated preparations of broth microdilution cultures, automated spectrophotometric readings of the cultures, and dose-response and endpoint determinations by means of a computer spreadsheet. Tests were based on proposed standard method M27P of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for antifungal agents. RPMI 1640 broth with extra glucose to a final concentration of 2% gave higher and more reproducible drug-free control readings without affecting susceptibility endpoint readings. An inoculum of 8 x 10(4) yeasts per ml prepared from a carbon-limiting broth culture without further standardization was found to give optimal control readings after 48 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. For flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, endpoints based on 50% growth inhibition (50% inhibitory concentration) gave the minimum variation with inoculum size and the fewest endpoint differences with RPMI 1640 medium obtained from two different suppliers. The 50% inhibitory concentration was also the optimal endpoint for fluconazole and ketoconazole susceptibilities in comparison with broth macrodilution MICs determined by the method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Intralaboratory reproducibility was determined by retrospective analysis of replicate results for isolates retested at random over a 2-year period. This approach showed less favorable reproducibility than has been reported from purpose-designed, prospective antifungal susceptibility studies, but it may better reflect real-life test reproducibility. Susceptibility data for 616 clinical isolates of yeasts, representing 16 Candida and Saccharomyces spp., confirmed the tendency of Candida lusitaniae isolates to show relatively low susceptibilities to amphotericin B, the tendency of Candida krusei isolates to show low flucytosine and fluconazole susceptibilities, and the presence of some isolates in the species Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis with low susceptibilities to azole derivative antifungal agents. The study demonstrates the value of automation and standardization in all stages of yeast susceptibility testing, from plate preparation to data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Odds
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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Abstract
In microbroth cultures with RPMI 1640 medium, the growth yield of seven Cryptococcus neoformans isolates was unaffected by augmentation of the normal (0.2%) glucose concentration in the medium to 2%, and the addition of other potential carbon, nitrogen, and vitamin sources to the medium also failed to produce large changes in growth yield. However, macrobroth cultures of C. neoformans in RPMI 1640 that were agitated by rotation in air gave turbidities 6 to 37 times greater than those in identical cultures incubated statically, and similar levels of increase were seen whether the medium contained 0.2 or 2% glucose. Incubation of microplates under an oxygen atmosphere or with agitation by rotation led to an increase of up to twofold in growth turbidity of the yeast. The maximum increase was achieved by incubation with rotation and was dependent on the brand of microplate used. The findings implicate oxygen as a growth-limiting nutrient for C. neoformans. Incubation of microbroth cultures under conditions that enhance oxygen availability for antifungal susceptibility testing purposes may increase the speed of such tests and enhance the determination of MIC endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Odds
- Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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