1
|
Esposito A, Rossi A, Stabile M, Pinto G, De Fino I, Melessike M, Tamanini A, Cabrini G, Lippi G, Aureli M, Loberto N, Renda M, Galietta LJV, Amoresano A, Dechecchi MC, De Gregorio E, Bragonzi A, Guaragna A. Assessing the Potential of N-Butyl-l-deoxynojirimycin (l-NBDNJ) in Models of Cystic Fibrosis as a Promising Antibacterial Agent. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1807-1822. [PMID: 38898954 PMCID: PMC11184606 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few years, l-iminosugars have revealed attractive pharmacological properties for managing rare diseases including Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The iminosugar N-butyl-l-deoxynojirimycin (l-NBDNJ, ent-1), prepared by a carbohydrate-based route, was herein evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-infective potential in models of CF lung disease infection. A significant decrease in the bacterial load in the airways was observed in the murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic infection in the presence of l-NBDNJ, also accompanied by a modest reduction of inflammatory cells. Mechanistic insights into the observed activity revealed that l-NBDNJ interferes with the expression of proteins regulating cytoskeleton assembly and organization of the host cell, downregulates the main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa involved in the host response, and affects pathogen adhesion to human cells. These findings along with the observation of the absence of an in vitro bacteriostatic/bactericidal action of l-NBDNJ suggest the potential use of this glycomimetic as an antivirulence agent in the management of CF lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Esposito
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples I-80125, Italy
| | - Alice Rossi
- Infections
and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation
and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele
Scientific Institute, Milan I-20132, Italy
| | - Maria Stabile
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Naples I-80126, Italy
| | - Ida De Fino
- Infections
and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation
and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele
Scientific Institute, Milan I-20132, Italy
| | - Medede Melessike
- Infections
and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation
and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele
Scientific Institute, Milan I-20132, Italy
| | - Anna Tamanini
- Section
of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Engineering for Innovation
Medicine, University of Verona, Verona I-37134, Italy
| | - Giulio Cabrini
- Center on
Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, Department of Life Sciences
and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara I-40121, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section
of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Engineering for Innovation
Medicine, University of Verona, Verona I-37134, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan I-20054, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan I-20054, Italy
| | - Mario Renda
- Telethon
Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples I-80078, Italy
| | - Luis J. V. Galietta
- Telethon
Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples I-80078, Italy
- Department
of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Naples I-80126, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, Rome I-00136, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Dechecchi
- Section
of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Engineering for Innovation
Medicine, University of Verona, Verona I-37134, Italy
| | - Eliana De Gregorio
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections
and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation
and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele
Scientific Institute, Milan I-20132, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Naples I-80126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Resko ZJ, Suhi RF, Thota AV, Kroken AR. Evidence for intracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0010924. [PMID: 38597609 PMCID: PMC11112991 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00109-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. Although it is often regarded as an extracellular pathogen toward human cells, numerous investigations report its ability to survive and replicate within host cells, and additional studies demonstrate specific mechanisms enabling it to adopt an intracellular lifestyle. This ability of P. aeruginosa remains less well-investigated than that of other intracellular bacteria, although it is currently gaining attention. If intracellular bacteria are not killed after entering host cells, they may instead receive protection from immune recognition and experience reduced exposure to antibiotic therapy, among additional potential advantages shared with other facultative intracellular pathogens. For this review, we compiled studies that observe intracellular P. aeruginosa across strains, cell types, and experimental systems in vitro, as well as contextualize these findings with the few studies that report similar observations in vivo. We also seek to address key findings that drove the perception that P. aeruginosa remains extracellular in order to reconcile what is currently understood about intracellular pathogenesis and highlight open questions regarding its contribution to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Resko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel F. Suhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam V. Thota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Abby R. Kroken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hajjar H, Berry L, Wu Y, Touqui L, Vergunst AC, Blanc-Potard AB. Contribution of intramacrophage stages to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection outcome in zebrafish embryos: insights from mgtC and oprF mutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6297. [PMID: 38491095 PMCID: PMC10943088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa often colonizes immunocompromised patients, causing acute and chronic infections. This bacterium can reside transiently inside cultured macrophages, but the contribution of the intramacrophic stage during infection remains unclear. MgtC and OprF have been identified as important bacterial factors when P. aeruginosa resides inside cultured macrophages. In this study, we showed that P. aeruginosa mgtC and oprF mutants, particular the latter one, had attenuated virulence in both mouse and zebrafish animal models of acute infection. To further investigate P. aeruginosa pathogenesis in zebrafish at a stage different from acute infection, we monitored bacterial load and visualized fluorescent bacteria in live larvae up to 4 days after infection. Whereas the attenuated phenotype of the oprF mutant was associated with a rapid elimination of bacteria, the mgtC mutant was able to persist at low level, a feature also observed with the wild-type strain in surviving larvae. Interestingly, these persistent bacteria can be visualized in macrophages of zebrafish. In a short-time infection model using a macrophage cell line, electron microscopy revealed that internalized P. aeruginosa wild-type bacteria were either released after macrophage lysis or remained intracellularly, where they were localized in vacuoles or in the cytoplasm. The mgtC mutant could also be detected inside macrophages, but without causing cell damage, whereas the oprF mutant was almost completely eliminated after phagocytosis, or localized in phagolysosomes. Taken together, our results show that the main role of OprF for intramacrophage survival impacts both acute and persistent infection by this bacterium. On the other hand, MgtC plays a clear role in acute infection but is not essential for bacterial persistence, in relation with the finding that the mgtC mutant is not completely eliminated by macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hajjar
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology and Microbial Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Paris, France
| | - Annette C Vergunst
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections (VBIC), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, U1047, Nîmes, France.
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodrigues Alves LB, Freitas Neto OCD, Saraiva MDMS, do Monte DFM, de Lima BN, Cabrera JM, Barbosa FDO, Benevides VP, de Lima TS, Campos IC, Rubio MDS, Nascimento CDF, Arantes LCRV, Alves VV, de Almeida AM, Olsen JE, Berchieri Junior A. Salmonella Gallinarum mgtC mutant shows a delayed fowl typhoid progression in chicken. Gene 2024; 892:147827. [PMID: 37748627 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) provokes fowl typhoid, an infectious disease of acute clinical course that affects gallinaceous of any age and leads to high mortality rates. During the typhoid-like systemic infection of S. Typhimurium (STM) in mice, the bacterium expresses the mgtC gene, which is encoded in the Salmonella Pathogenecity Island - 3 (SPI-3). In this serovar, the function is linked to bacterial replication within macrophages, and its absence attenuates the pathogen. We hypothesized that deleting mgtC from SG genome would alter the microorganism pathogenicity in susceptible commercial poultry in a similar manner. Thus, the present study sought to elucidate the importance of mgtC on SG pathogenicity. For this, a mgtC-mutant lacking S. Gallinarum mutant was constructed (SG ΔmgtC). Its ability to replicate in medium that mimicries the mgtC-related intracellular environment of macrophages as well as in primary macrophages from chicken was evaluated. Moreover, the infection of susceptible chickens was performed to elucidate its pathogenicity and the elicited immune responses by measuring key interleukins by qRT-PCR and the population of macrophages and lymphocytes T CD4+ and CD8+ by means of immunohistochemistry. It was observed that mgtC was required for S. Gallinarum replication in acidified low-Mg2+ media and survival within macrophages. However, unlike its requirement for initial phase of STM infection in mice, lower bacterial counts were only observed at the late stage of macrophage infection without affecting the citotoxicity. Experiments showed that knocking-out the mgtC gene neither altered bacterial uptake by macrophages nor affects bacterial counts in liver and spleen and total chicken mortality. However, plotting a survival curve and analyzing the clinical-pathologic conditions, it was observed a slower progression of the disease in chickens infected by SG ΔmgtC compared to those challenged by the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of IFN-γ and LITAF were similar between the infected chickens, but higher than in the uninfected group. The same was observed in macrophages and lymphocytes T CD4+ populations. On the other hand, the presence of lymphocytes T CD8+ was increased in the initial phase of the disease provoked by the wild-type strain over the mutant strain. We concluded that the role of mgtC in Fowl Typhoid in susceptible chickens differs from the role in typhoid-like infections in mammals. Thus, the deletion of mgtC gene from S. Gallinarum genome does not affect the overall pathogenicity, but slightly alters the pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (KU), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mauro de Mesquita Souza Saraiva
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (KU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Nestlehner de Lima
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Memrava Cabrera
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Barbosa
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Pereira Benevides
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (KU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Túlio Spina de Lima
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Cardeal Campos
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela da Silva Rubio
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila de Fatima Nascimento
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cury Rocha Veloso Arantes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (KU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- Veterinary Medicine Post-graduation Program (Animal Pathology), Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steele MI, Peiser JM, Shreenidhi PM, Strassmann JE, Queller DC. Predation-resistant Pseudomonas bacteria engage in symbiont-like behavior with the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2352-2361. [PMID: 37884792 PMCID: PMC10689837 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum acts as both a predator and potential host for diverse bacteria. We tested fifteen Pseudomonas strains that were isolated from transiently infected wild D. discoideum for ability to escape predation and infect D. discoideum fruiting bodies. Three predation-resistant strains frequently caused extracellular infections of fruiting bodies but were not found within spores. Furthermore, infection by one of these species induces secondary infections and suppresses predation of otherwise edible bacteria. Another strain can persist inside of amoebae after being phagocytosed but is rarely taken up. We sequenced isolate genomes and discovered that predation-resistant isolates are not monophyletic. Many Pseudomonas isolates encode secretion systems and toxins known to improve resistance to phagocytosis in other species, as well as diverse secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that may contribute to predation resistance. However, the distribution of these genes alone cannot explain why some strains are edible and others are not. Each lineage may employ a unique mechanism for resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret I Steele
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jessica M Peiser
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - P M Shreenidhi
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan E Strassmann
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C Queller
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duan X, Boo ZZ, Chua SL, Chong KHC, Long Z, Yang R, Zhou Y, Janela B, Chotirmall SH, Ginhoux F, Hu Q, Wu B, Yang L. A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Regulated Protease Inhibits Host Immune Responses by Cleaving Death Domains of Innate Immune Adaptors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304891. [PMID: 37870218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune adaptor proteins are critical components of the innate immune system that propagate pro-inflammatory responses from their upstream receptors, and lead to pathogen clearance from the host. Bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to survive inside host cells without triggering the innate immune surveillance in ways that are still not fully understood. Here, it is reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces its quorum sensing mechanism after macrophage engulfment. Further investigation of its secretome identified a quorum sensing regulated product, LasB, is responsible for innate immune suppression depending on the MyD88-mediated signaling. Moreover, it is showed that this specific type of pathogen-mediated innate immune suppression is due to the enzymatic digestion of the death domains of the innate immune adaptors, mainly MyD88, and attributed to LasB's large substrate binding groove. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the secretion of LasB from P. aeruginosa directly contributed to MyD88 degradation within macrophages. Hence, it is discovered an example of bacterial quorum sensing-regulated cellular innate immune suppression by direct cleavage of immune adaptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhi Boo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kelvin Han Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Ziqi Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Renliang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Yachun Zhou
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Haresh Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kroken AR, Klein KA, Mitchell PS, Nieto V, Jedel EJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome. mSphere 2023; 8:e0035123. [PMID: 37589460 PMCID: PMC10597407 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00351-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed that this involves multiple roles played by the type three secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with the activation of nuclear factor-κB as measured by p65 relocalization and tumor necrosis factor alpha transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the T3SS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa can exhibit an intracellular lifestyle within epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. The type three secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS contributes via multiple mechanisms, including extending the life of invaded host cells. Here, we aimed to understand the underlying cell death inhibited by ExoS when P. aeruginosa is intracellular. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking T3SS effectors could elicit rapid cell lysis via the noncanonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-4 contributed to cell lysis even when the intracellular bacteria lacked the entire T33S and were consequently unable to escape vacuoles, representing a naturally occurring subpopulation during wild-type infection. Together, the data show the caspase-4 inflammasome as an epithelial cell defense against intracellular P. aeruginosa, and implicate its targeting as another mechanism by which ExoS preserves the host cell replicative niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. Kroken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Keith A. Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick S. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Jedel
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David J. Evans
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Graduate Groups in Vision Sciences, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kroken AR, Klein KA, Mitchell PS, Nieto V, Jedel EJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528260. [PMID: 36824932 PMCID: PMC9948977 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed this involves multiple roles played by the type three-secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with activation of NF-κB as measured by p65 relocalization and TNFα transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the TSSS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially-driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Kroken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Keith A Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
| | | | - Vincent Nieto
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Eric J Jedel
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - David J Evans
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA USA
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- Graduate Groups in Vision Sciences, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vaillancourt M, Galdino ACM, Limsuwannarot SP, Celedonio D, Dimitrova E, Broerman M, Bresee C, Doi Y, Lee JS, Parks WC, Jorth P. A compensatory RNase E variation increases Iron Piracy and Virulence in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Macrophage infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010942. [PMID: 37027441 PMCID: PMC10115287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) infections, evolved Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance is linked to increased pulmonary exacerbations, decreased lung function, and hospitalizations. However, the virulence mechanisms underlying worse outcomes caused by antibiotic resistant infections are poorly understood. Here, we investigated evolved aztreonam resistant P. aeruginosa virulence mechanisms. Using a macrophage infection model combined with genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we show that a compensatory mutation in the rne gene, encoding RNase E, increased pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophore gene expression, causing macrophage ferroptosis and lysis. We show that iron-bound pyochelin was sufficient to cause macrophage ferroptosis and lysis, however, apo-pyochelin, iron-bound pyoverdine, or apo-pyoverdine were insufficient to kill macrophages. Macrophage killing could be eliminated by treatment with the iron mimetic gallium. RNase E variants were abundant in clinical isolates, and CF sputum gene expression data show that clinical isolates phenocopied RNase E variant functions during macrophage infection. Together these data show how P. aeruginosa RNase E variants can cause host damage via increased siderophore production and host cell ferroptosis but may also be targets for gallium precision therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Vaillancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Clara Milesi Galdino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sam P. Limsuwannarot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Celedonio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Dimitrova
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Broerman
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William C. Parks
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Jorth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hastings CJ, Himmler GE, Patel A, Marques CNH. Immune Response Modulation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persister Cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0005623. [PMID: 36920189 PMCID: PMC10128020 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00056-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persister cells-a metabolically dormant subpopulation tolerant to antimicrobials-contribute to chronic infections and are thought to evade host immunity. In this work, we studied the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister cells to withstand host innate immunity. We found that persister cells resist MAC-mediated killing by the complement system despite being bound by complement protein C3b at levels similar to regular vegetative cells, in part due to reduced bound C5b, and are engulfed at a lower rate (10- to 100-fold), even following opsonization. Once engulfed, persister cells resist killing and, contrary to regular vegetative cells which induce a M1 favored (CD80+/CD86+/CD206-, high levels of CXCL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α) macrophage polarization, they initially induce a M2 favored macrophage polarization (CD80+/CD86+/CD206+, high levels of IL-10, and intermediate levels of CXCL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α), which is skewed toward M1 favored polarization (high levels of CXCL-8 and IL-6, lower levels of IL-10) by 24 h of infection, once persister cells awaken. Overall, our findings further establish the ability of persister cells to evade the innate host response and to contribute chronic infections. IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells have a subpopulation-persister cells-that have a low metabolism. Persister cells survive antimicrobial treatment and can regrow to cause chronic and recurrent infections. Currently little is known as to whether the human immune system recognizes and responds to the presence of persister cells. In this work, we studied the ability of persister cells from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to resist the host defense system (innate immunity). We found that this subpopulation is recognized by the defense system, but it is not killed. The lack of killing likely stems from hindering the immune response regulation, resulting in a failure to distinguish whether a pathogen is present. Findings from this work increase the overall knowledge as to how chronic infections are resilient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody James Hastings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Grace Elizabeth Himmler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Arpeet Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Cláudia Nogueira Hora Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Can Diversify after Host Cell Invasion to Establish Multiple Intracellular Niches. mBio 2022; 13:e0274222. [PMID: 36374039 PMCID: PMC9765609 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02742-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within epithelial cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on its type III secretion system (T3SS) to escape vacuoles and replicate rapidly in the cytosol. Previously, it was assumed that intracellular subpopulations remaining T3SS-negative (and therefore in vacuoles) were destined for degradation in lysosomes, supported by data showing vacuole acidification. Here, we report in both corneal and bronchial human epithelial cells that vacuole-associated bacteria can persist, sometimes in the same cells as cytosolic bacteria. Using a combination of phase-contrast, confocal, and correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM), we also found they can demonstrate biofilm-associated markers: cdrA and cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Vacuolar-associated bacteria, but not their cytosolic counterparts, tolerated the cell-permeable antibiotic ofloxacin. Surprisingly, use of mutants showed that both persistence in vacuoles and ofloxacin tolerance were independent of the biofilm-associated protein CdrA or exopolysaccharides (Psl, Pel, alginate). A T3SS mutant (ΔexsA) unable to escape vacuoles phenocopied vacuole-associated subpopulations in wild-type PAO1-infected cells, with results revealing that epithelial cell death depended upon bacterial viability. Intravital confocal imaging of infected mouse corneas confirmed that P. aeruginosa formed similar intracellular subpopulations within epithelial cells in vivo. Together, these results show that P. aeruginosa differs from other pathogens by diversifying intracellularly into vacuolar and cytosolic subpopulations that both contribute to pathogenesis. Their different gene expression and behavior (e.g., rapid replication versus slow replication/persistence) suggest cooperation favoring both short- and long-term interests and another potential pathway to treatment failure. How this intracellular diversification relates to previously described "acute versus chronic" virulence gene-expression phenotypes of P. aeruginosa remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause sight- and life-threatening opportunistic infections, and its evolving antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. Most P. aeruginosa strains can invade host cells, presenting a challenge to therapies that do not penetrate host cell membranes. Previously, we showed that the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a pivotal role in survival within epithelial cells, allowing escape from vacuoles, rapid replication in the cytoplasm, and suppression of host cell death. Here, we report the discovery of a novel T3SS-negative subpopulation of intracellular P. aeruginosa within epithelial cells that persist in vacuoles rather than the cytoplasm and that tolerate a cell-permeable antibiotic (ofloxacin) that is able to kill cytosolic bacteria. Classical biofilm-associated markers, although demonstrated by this subpopulation, are not required for vacuolar persistence or antibiotic tolerance. These findings advance our understanding of how P. aeruginosa hijacks host cells, showing that it diversifies into multiple populations with T3SS-negative members enabling persistence while rapid replication is accomplished by more vulnerable T3SS-positive siblings. Intracellular P. aeruginosa persisting and tolerating antibiotics independently of the T3SS or biofilm-associated factors could present additional challenges to development of more effective therapeutics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Streptococcus agalactiae npx Is Required for Survival in Human Placental Macrophages and Full Virulence in a Model of Ascending Vaginal Infection during Pregnancy. mBio 2022; 13:e0287022. [PMID: 36409087 PMCID: PMC9765263 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02870-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a Gram-positive encapsulated bacterium that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of 30 to 50% of humans. GBS causes invasive infection during pregnancy that can lead to chorioamnionitis, funisitis, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and maternal and fetal demise. Upon infecting the host, GBS encounters sentinel innate immune cells, such as macrophages, within reproductive tissues. Once phagocytosed by macrophages, GBS upregulates the expression of the gene npx, which encodes an NADH peroxidase. GBS mutants with an npx deletion (Δnpx) are exquisitely sensitive to reactive oxygen stress. Furthermore, we have shown that npx is required for GBS survival in both THP-1 and placental macrophages. In an in vivo murine model of ascending GBS vaginal infection during pregnancy, npx is required for invading reproductive tissues and is critical for inducing disease progression, including PPROM and preterm birth. Reproductive tissue cytokine production was also significantly diminished in Δnpx mutant-infected animals compared to that in animals infected with wild-type (WT) GBS. Complementation in trans reversed this phenotype, indicating that npx is critical for GBS survival and the initiation of proinflammatory signaling in the gravid host. IMPORTANCE This study sheds new light on the way that group B Streptococcus (GBS) defends itself against oxidative stress in the infected host. The enzyme encoded by the GBS gene npx is an NADH peroxidase that, our study reveals, provides defense against macrophage-derived reactive oxygen stress and facilitates infections of the uterus during pregnancy. This enzyme could represent a tractable target for future treatment strategies against invasive GBS infections.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jouault A, Saliba AM, Touqui L. Modulation of the immune response by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type-III secretion system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1064010. [PMID: 36519135 PMCID: PMC9742435 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1064010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause critical cellular damage and subvert the immune response to promote its survival. Among the numerous virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, the type III secretion system (T3SS) is involved in host cell pathogenicity. Using a needle-like structure, T3SS detects eukaryotic cells and injects toxins directly into their cytosol, thus highlighting its ability to interfere with the host immune response. In this mini-review, we discuss how the T3SS and bacterial effectors secreted by this pathway not only activate the immune response but can also manipulate it to promote the establishment of P. aeruginosa infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albane Jouault
- Mucoviscidose: Phénotypique et Phénogénomique, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Paris, France,Département Santé Globale, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathie Chroniques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Albane Jouault,
| | - Alessandra Mattos Saliba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Mucoviscidose: Phénotypique et Phénogénomique, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Paris, France,Département Santé Globale, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathie Chroniques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schulte M, Hensel M, Miskiewicz K. Exposure to stressors and antimicrobials induces cell-autonomous ultrastructural heterogeneity of an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:963354. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.963354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their clonality, intracellular bacterial pathogens commonly show remarkable physiological heterogeneity during infection of host cells. Physiological heterogeneity results in distinct ultrastructural morphotypes, but the correlation between bacterial physiological state and ultrastructural appearance remains to be established. In this study, we showed that individual cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are heterogeneous in their ultrastructure. Two morphotypes based on the criterion of cytoplasmic density were discriminated after growth under standard culture conditions, as well as during intracellular lifestyle in mammalian host cells. We identified environmental conditions which affect cytoplasmic densities. Using compounds generating oxygen radicals and defined mutant strains, we were able to link the occurrence of an electron-dense ultrastructural morphotype to exposure to oxidative stress and other stressors. Furthermore, by combining ultrastructural analyses of Salmonella during infection and fluorescence reporter analyses for cell viability, we provided evidence that two characterized ultrastructural morphotypes with electron-lucent or electron-dense cytoplasm represent viable cells. Moreover, the presence of electron-dense types is stress related and can be experimentally induced only when amino acids are available in the medium. Our study proposes ultrastructural morphotypes as marker for physiological states of individual intracellular pathogens providing a new marker for single cell analyses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induces Interferon-β Production to Promote Intracellular Survival. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0155022. [PMID: 36190409 PMCID: PMC9603546 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01550-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is known as one kind of extracellular pathogens. However, more evidence showed that PA encounters the intracellular environment in different mammalian cell types. Little is known of innate immune factors modulating intracellular PA survival. In the present study, we proposed that interferon-β (IFN-β) is beneficial to the survival of PA in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Furthermore, we found that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced by PA suppresses IFN-β response driven by the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway. Mechanistically, IL-1β decreased the production of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) by activating AKT kinase. cGAMP is necessarily sufficient to stimulate the transcription of IFN-β via the STING adaptor-TBK1 kinase-IRF3 transcription factor axis. Thus, our findings uncovered a novel module for PA intracellular survival involving IFN-β production restricted by IL-1β and provided a strong rationale for a potential clinical strategy against pulmonary PA infection patients. IMPORTANCE The link between innate immunity and intracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa is unclear. Our studies illuminated the role of interferon-β (IFN-β) in remote intracellular PA infection. Furthermore, our experimental evidence also indicated that IL-1β is a negative regulator of IFN-β production and, in particular, P. aeruginosa infection. The inhibition of IFN-β may be used as a potential therapeutic method against pulmonary PA infection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cafora M, Poerio N, Forti F, Loberto N, Pin D, Bassi R, Aureli M, Briani F, Pistocchi A, Fraziano M. Evaluation of phages and liposomes as combination therapy to counteract Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in wild-type and CFTR-null models. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979610. [PMID: 36188006 PMCID: PMC9520727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are insensitive to the most common antibiotics currently in use. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, if not contained, will represent the main cause of death for humanity in 2050. The situation is even more worrying when considering patients with chronic bacterial infections, such as those with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The development of alternative approaches is essential and novel therapies that combine exogenous and host-mediated antimicrobial action are promising. In this work, we demonstrate that asymmetric phosphatidylserine/phosphatidic acid (PS/PA) liposomes administrated both in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, induced a reduction in the bacterial burden both in wild-type and cftr-loss-of-function (cftr-LOF) zebrafish embryos infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) PAO1 strain (PAO1). These effects are elicited through the enhancement of phagocytic activity of macrophages. Moreover, the combined use of liposomes and a phage-cocktail (CKΦ), already validated as a PAO1 “eater”, improves the antimicrobial effects of single treatments, and it is effective also against CKΦ-resistant bacteria. We also address the translational potential of the research, by evaluating the safety of CKΦ and PS/PA liposomes administrations in in vitro model of human bronchial epithelial cells, carrying the homozygous F508del-CFTR mutation, and in THP-1 cells differentiated into a macrophage-like phenotype with pharmacologically inhibited CFTR. Our results open the way to the development of novel pharmacological formulations composed of both phages and liposomes to counteract more efficiently the infections caused by Pa or other bacteria, especially in patients with chronic infections such those with CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cafora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milan, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Davide Pin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Federica Briani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Pistocchi,
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Korir ML, Doster RS, Lu J, Guevara MA, Spicer SK, Moore RE, Francis JD, Rogers LM, Haley KP, Blackman A, Noble KN, Eastman AJ, Williams JA, Damo SM, Boyd KL, Townsend SD, Henrique Serezani C, Aronoff DM, Manning SD, Gaddy JA. Streptococcus agalactiae cadD alleviates metal stress and promotes intracellular survival in macrophages and ascending infection during pregnancy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5392. [PMID: 36104331 PMCID: PMC9474517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal infection with Streptococcus agalactiae, or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is associated with preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and stillbirth. Here, we study the interactions of GBS with macrophages, essential sentinel immune cells that defend the gravid reproductive tract. Transcriptional analyses of GBS-macrophage co-cultures reveal enhanced expression of a gene encoding a putative metal resistance determinant, cadD. Deletion of cadD reduces GBS survival in macrophages, metal efflux, and resistance to metal toxicity. In a mouse model of ascending infection during pregnancy, the ΔcadD strain displays attenuated bacterial burden, inflammation, and cytokine production in gestational tissues. Furthermore, depletion of host macrophages alters cytokine expression and decreases GBS invasion in a cadD-dependent fashion. Our results indicate that GBS cadD plays an important role in metal detoxification, which promotes immune evasion and bacterial proliferation in the pregnant host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Korir
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Aurora University, Department of Biology, Aurora, IL, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Miriam A Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sabrina K Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca E Moore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamisha D Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn P Haley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristen N Noble
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alison J Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Center for Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
Collapse
|
19
|
Resistance Is Not Futile: The Role of Quorum Sensing Plasticity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Its Link to Intrinsic Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061247. [PMID: 35744765 PMCID: PMC9228389 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use a cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing (QS) to orchestrate collective behaviors. QS relies on the group-wide detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers (AI). Quorum sensing is required for virulence and biofilm formation in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In P. aeruginosa, LasR and RhlR are homologous LuxR-type soluble transcription factor receptors that bind their cognate AIs and activate the expression of genes encoding functions required for virulence and biofilm formation. While some bacterial signal transduction pathways follow a linear circuit, as phosphoryl groups are passed from one carrier protein to another ultimately resulting in up- or down-regulation of target genes, the QS system in P. aeruginosa is a dense network of receptors and regulators with interconnecting regulatory systems and outputs. Once activated, it is not understood how LasR and RhlR establish their signaling hierarchy, nor is it clear how these pathway connections are regulated, resulting in chronic infection. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms of QS progression as it relates to bacterial pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance and tolerance.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Lectin LecB Induces Patches with Basolateral Characteristics at the Apical Membrane to Promote Pseudomonas aeruginosa Host Cell Invasion. mBio 2022; 13:e0081922. [PMID: 35491830 PMCID: PMC9239240 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00819-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect mucosal tissues of the human body. To persist at the mucosal barrier, this highly adaptable pathogen has evolved many strategies, including invasion of host cells. Here, we show that the P. aeruginosa lectin LecB binds and cross-links fucosylated receptors at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. This triggers a signaling cascade via Src kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to the formation of patches enriched with the basolateral marker phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) at the apical plasma membrane. This identifies LecB as a causative bacterial factor for activating this well-known host cell response that is elicited upon apical binding of P. aeruginosa. Downstream from PI3K, Rac1 is activated to cause actin rearrangement and the outgrowth of protrusions at the apical plasma membrane. LecB-triggered PI3K activation also results in aberrant recruitment of caveolin-1 to the apical domain. In addition, we reveal a positive feedback loop between PI3K activation and apical caveolin-1 recruitment, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed implication of caveolin-1 in P. aeruginosa host cell invasion. Interestingly, LecB treatment also reversibly removes primary cilia. To directly prove the role of LecB for bacterial uptake, we coated bacterium-sized beads with LecB, which drastically enhanced their endocytosis. Furthermore, LecB deletion and LecB inhibition with l-fucose diminished the invasion efficiency of P. aeruginosa bacteria. Taken together, the results of our study identify LecB as a missing link that can explain how PI3K signaling and caveolin-1 recruitment are triggered to facilitate invasion of epithelial cells from the apical side by P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ranjani J, Sivakumar R, Gunasekaran P, Velmurugan G, Ramasamy S, Rajendhran J. Genome-wide identification of genetic requirements of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 for rat cardiomyocyte (H9C2) infection by insertion sequencing. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105231. [PMID: 35104681 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major infectious agent among Gram-negative bacteria, which causes both acute and chronic infections. Infections due to P. aeruginosa are hard to treat, as it entails various strategies like virulence factors synthesis, drug efflux systems & resistance and protein secretion systems during pathogenesis. Despite extensive research in Pseudomonas pathogenesis, novel drug targets and potential therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the genetic requirements of P. aeruginosa PAO1 for rat cardiomyocyte (H9C2) infection by insertion sequencing (INSeq). A mutant library comprising ~70,000 mutants of PAO1 was generated and the differentiated form of H9C2 cells (d-H9C2) was infected with the library. The infected d-H9C2 cells were maintained with antibiotic-protection and without any antibiotics in the growth media for 24 h. Subsequently, DNA library for INSeq was prepared, sequenced and fitness analysis was performed. One hundred and thirteen mutants were negatively selected in the infection condition with antibiotic-protection, whereas 143 mutants were negatively selected in antibiotic-free condition. Surprisingly, a higher number of mutants showed enriched fitness than the mutants of reduced fitness during the infection. We demonstrated that the genes associated with flagella and T3SS are important for adhesion and invasion of cardiomyocytes, while pili and proteases are conditionally essential during host cell lysis. Hence, our findings highlight the essential genes for cardiomyocyte infection, particularly during the intracellular phase. The aerotaxis receptor Aer, plays a critical role during intracellular life. Genes such as flgE, flgF, flhA, flhB, fliA, fliC, fliF, motA, aotJ, aer, wbpJ, ponA, fleQ, PA5205, hmgA, trkH and pslH are essential for infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Ranjani
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Sivakumar
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasamy Gunasekaran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesan Velmurugan
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Ramasamy
- Cardiac Hypertrophy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nozaki K, Li L, Miao EA. Innate Sensors Trigger Regulated Cell Death to Combat Intracellular Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:469-498. [PMID: 35138947 PMCID: PMC9614550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-011235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens pose a significant threat to animals. In defense, innate immune sensors attempt to detect these pathogens using pattern recognition receptors that either directly detect microbial molecules or indirectly detect their pathogenic activity. These sensors trigger different forms of regulated cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which eliminate the infected host cell niche while simultaneously promoting beneficial immune responses. These defenses force intracellular pathogens to evolve strategies to minimize or completely evade the sensors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that drive cell death, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP9, NLRC4, AIM2, IFI16, and ZBP1. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kember M, Grandy S, Raudonis R, Cheng Z. Non-Canonical Host Intracellular Niche Links to New Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020220. [PMID: 35215166 PMCID: PMC8876822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among people of all ages. The development of antimicrobials to treat infectious diseases has been one of the most significant advances in medical history. Alarmingly, antimicrobial resistance is a widespread phenomenon that will, without intervention, make currently treatable infections once again deadly. In an era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, there is a constant and pressing need to develop new antibacterial drugs. Unraveling the underlying resistance mechanisms is critical to fight this crisis. In this review, we summarize some emerging evidence of the non-canonical intracellular life cycle of two priority antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial factors that modulate this unique intracellular niche and its implications in contributing to resistance are discussed. We then briefly discuss some recent research that focused on the promises of boosting host immunity as a combination therapy with antimicrobials to eradicate these two particular pathogens. Finally, we summarize the importance of various strategies, including surveillance and vaccines, in mitigating the impacts of antimicrobial resistance in general.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kroken AR, Gajenthra Kumar N, Yahr TL, Smith BE, Nieto V, Horneman H, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Exotoxin S secreted by internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa delays lytic host cell death. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010306. [PMID: 35130333 PMCID: PMC8853526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin ExoS, secreted by the type III secretion system (T3SS), supports intracellular persistence via its ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPr) activity. For epithelial cells, this involves inhibiting vacuole acidification, promoting vacuolar escape, countering autophagy, and niche construction in the cytoplasm and within plasma membrane blebs. Paradoxically, ExoS and other P. aeruginosa T3SS effectors can also have antiphagocytic and cytotoxic activities. Here, we sought to reconcile these apparently contradictory activities of ExoS by studying the relationships between intracellular persistence and host epithelial cell death. Methods involved quantitative imaging and the use of antibiotics that vary in host cell membrane permeability to selectively kill intracellular and extracellular populations after invasion. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa mutants lacking T3SS effector toxins could kill (permeabilize) cells when extracellular bacteria were eliminated. Surprisingly, wild-type strain PAO1 (encoding ExoS, ExoT and ExoY) caused cell death more slowly, the time extended from 5.2 to 9.5 h for corneal epithelial cells and from 10.2 to 13.0 h for HeLa cells. Use of specific mutants/complementation and controls for initial invasion showed that ExoS ADPr activity delayed cell death. Triggering T3SS expression only after bacteria invaded cells using rhamnose-induction in T3SS mutants rescued the ExoS-dependent intracellular phenotype, showing that injected effectors from extracellular bacteria were not required. The ADPr activity of ExoS was further found to support internalization by countering the antiphagocytic activity of both the ExoS and ExoT RhoGAP domains. Together, these results show two additional roles for ExoS ADPr activity in supporting the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa; suppression of host cell death to preserve a replicative niche and inhibition of T3SS effector antiphagocytic activities to allow invasion. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that ExoS-encoding (invasive) P. aeruginosa strains can be facultative intracellular pathogens, and that intracellularly secreted T3SS effectors contribute to pathogenesis. While the ADPr domain of the T3SS effector ExoS plays multiple roles in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa, ExoS can also be cytotoxic and/or antiphagocytic. Here, we show that when P. aeruginosa enters the cytosol of epithelial cells, cell death is triggered independently of T3SS effector toxins, but ExoS ADPr activity delays this to enable continued intracellular survival and replication. Using rhamnose induction to express the T3SS only after invasion restored this ExoS-dependent phenotype, showing that intracellularly secreted effectors can enable intracellular pathogenesis. ExoS ADPr activity also countered antiphagocytic activity of ExoS and ExoT RhoGAP domains. These results show two additional roles for ExoS ADPr activity in promoting internalization of P. aeruginosa and protecting the intracellular niche, continuing to challenge the notions that P. aeruginosa is exclusively an extracellular pathogen, that it needs to inject T3SS effectors across plasma membranes, and that ExoS is necessarily cytotoxic to host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Naren Gajenthra Kumar
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Yahr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Smith
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Nieto
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hart Horneman
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Graduate Groups in Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu T, Gagnon A, McGourty K, DosSantos R, Chanetsa L, Zhang B, Bello D, Kelleher SL. Zinc Exposure Promotes Commensal-to-Pathogen Transition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Leading to Mucosal Inflammation and Illness in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413321. [PMID: 34948118 PMCID: PMC8705841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is associated gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and illness; however, factors motivating commensal-to-pathogen transition are unclear. Excessive zinc intake from supplements is common in humans. Due to the fact that zinc exposure enhances P. aeruginosa colonization in vitro, we hypothesized zinc exposure broadly activates virulence mechanisms, leading to inflammation and illness. P. aeruginosa was treated with excess zinc and growth, expression and secretion of key virulence factors, and biofilm production were determined. Effects on invasion, barrier function, and cytotoxicity were evaluated in Caco-2 cells co-cultured with P. aeruginosa pre-treated with zinc. Effects on colonization, mucosal pathology, inflammation, and illness were evaluated in mice infected with P. aeruginosa pre-treated with zinc. We found the expression and secretion of key virulence factors involved in quorum sensing (QS), motility (type IV pili, flagella), biosurfactants (rhamnolipids), toxins (exotoxin A), zinc homeostasis (CzcR), and biofilm production, were all significantly increased. Zinc exposure significantly increased P. aeruginosa invasion, permeability and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells, and enhanced colonization, inflammation, mucosal damage, and illness in mice. Excess zinc exposure has broad effects on key virulence mechanisms promoting commensal-to-pathogen transition of P. aeruginosa and illness in mice, suggesting excess zinc intake may have adverse effects on GI health in humans.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Y, Shen Y, Zheng Y, Ji S, Wang M, Wang B, Han Q, Tian Y, Wang Y. Flagellar Hook Protein FlgE Induces Microvascular Hyperpermeability via Ectopic ATP Synthase β on Endothelial Surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:724912. [PMID: 34796124 PMCID: PMC8593108 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.724912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the immunostimulatory efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellar hook protein FlgE on epithelial cells, presumably via ectopic ATP synthases or subunits ATP5B on cell membranes. Here, by using recombinant wild-type FlgE, mutant FlgE (FlgEM; bearing mutations on two postulated critical epitopes B and F), and a FlgE analog in pull-down assay, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and ELISA, actual bindings of FlgE proteins or epitope B/F peptides with ATP5B were all confirmed. Upon treatment with FlgE proteins, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and SV40-immortalized murine vascular endothelial cells manifested decreased proliferation, migration, tube formation, and surface ATP production and increased apoptosis. FlgE proteins increased the permeability of HUVEC monolayers to soluble large molecules like dextran as well as to neutrophils. Immunofluorescence showed that FlgE induced clustering and conjugation of F-actin in HUVECs. In Balb/c-nude mice bearing transplanted solid tumors, FlgE proteins induced a microvascular hyperpermeability in pinna, lungs, tumor mass, and abdominal cavity. All effects observed in FlgE proteins were partially or completely impaired in FlgEM proteins or blocked by pretreatment with anti-ATP5B antibodies. Upon coculture of bacteria with HUVECs, FlgE was detectable in the membrane and cytosol of HUVECs. It was concluded that FlgE posed a pathogenic ligand of ectopic ATP5B that, upon FlgE-ATP5B coupling on endothelial cells, modulated properties and increased permeability of endothelial layers both in vitro and in vivo. The FlgE-ectopic ATP5B duo might contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders associated with bacterial infection or ectopic ATP5B-positive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Examination, People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao, China
| | - Ying Shen
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yudan Zheng
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shundong Ji
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingzhen Han
- Department of Laboratory Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Tian
- Department of Laboratory Examination, People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao, China
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- The MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Central Lab, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pont S, Blanc-Potard AB. Zebrafish Embryo Infection Model to Investigate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interaction With Innate Immunity and Validate New Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745851. [PMID: 34660345 PMCID: PMC8515127 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a variety of acute infections and is a major cause of mortality in chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Considering the intrinsic and acquired resistance of P. aeruginosa to currently used antibiotics, new therapeutic strategies against this pathogen are urgently needed. Whereas virulence factors of P. aeruginosa are well characterized, the interplay between P. aeruginosa and the innate immune response during infection remains unclear. Zebrafish embryo is now firmly established as a potent vertebrate model for the study of infectious human diseases, due to strong similarities of its innate immune system with that of humans and the unprecedented possibilities of non-invasive real-time imaging. This model has been successfully developed to investigate the contribution of bacterial and host factors involved in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis, as well as rapidly assess the efficacy of anti-Pseudomonas molecules. Importantly, zebrafish embryo appears as the state-of-the-art model to address in vivo the contribution of innate immunity in the outcome of P. aeruginosa infection. Of interest, is the finding that the zebrafish encodes a CFTR channel closely related to human CFTR, which allowed to develop a model to address P. aeruginosa pathogenesis, innate immune response, and treatment evaluation in a CF context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pont
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, UMR5235, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, UMR5235, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Santa Maria PL, Kaufman AC, Bacacao B, Thai A, Chen X, Xia A, Cao Z, Fouad A, Bekale LA. Topical Therapy Failure in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media is Due to Persister Cells in Biofilms. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1263-e1272. [PMID: 34149028 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is characterized by a chronically draining middle ear. CSOM is typically treated with multiple courses of antibiotics or antiseptics which are successful in achieving quiescence; however, the disease is prone to relapse. Understanding why these treatment failures occur is essential. STUDY DESIGN The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal biofilm eradication concentration, and the inhibitory zone were determined for ototopicals and ofloxacin for the laboratory strains and CSOM-derived isolates. The percentage of persister cells and bacterial biofilm formation were measured. Disease eradication was tested in a validated in-vivo model of CSOM after treatment with ofloxacin. SETTING Microbiology Laboratory. METHODS Basic science experiments were performed to measure the effectiveness of a number of compounds against CSOM bacteria in a number of distinct settings. RESULTS The minimal biofilm eradication concentration is higher than is physiologically achievable with commercial preparations, except for povo-iodine. Clincial isolates of CSOM have equivalent biofilm-forming ability but increased proportions of persister cells. Ofloxacin can convert to inactive disease temporarily but fails to eradicate disease in an in-vivo model. CONCLUSIONS Higher percentages of persister cells in clinical CSOM isolates are associated with resistance to ototopicals. Current ototopicals, except povo-iodine, have limited clinical effectiveness; however, it is unknown what the maximum achievable concentration is and there are ototoxicity concerns. Fluoroquinolones, while successful in producing inactive disease in the short term, have the potential to encourage antimicrobial resistance and disease recalcitrance and do not achieve a permanent remission. Given these limitations, clinicians should consider surgery earlier or use of clinically safe concentrations of povo-iodine earlier into the treatment algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Adam C Kaufman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian Bacacao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony Thai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Ayman Fouad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tanta University, Tanta, Eqypt
| | - Laurent A Bekale
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gibson JF, Pidwill GR, Carnell OT, Surewaard BGJ, Shamarina D, Sutton JAF, Jeffery C, Derré-Bobillot A, Archambaud C, Siggins MK, Pollitt EJG, Johnston SA, Serror P, Sriskandan S, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. Commensal bacteria augment Staphylococcus aureus infection by inactivation of phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009880. [PMID: 34529737 PMCID: PMC8478205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal organism and opportunist pathogen, causing potentially fatal disease. The presence of non-pathogenic microflora or their components, at the point of infection, dramatically increases S. aureus pathogenicity, a process termed augmentation. Augmentation is associated with macrophage interaction but by a hitherto unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrate a breadth of cross-kingdom microorganisms can augment S. aureus disease and that pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecalis can also be augmented. Co-administration of augmenting material also forms an efficacious vaccine model for S. aureus. In vitro, augmenting material protects S. aureus directly from reactive oxygen species (ROS), which correlates with in vivo studies where augmentation restores full virulence to the ROS-susceptible, attenuated mutant katA ahpC. At the cellular level, augmentation increases bacterial survival within macrophages via amelioration of ROS, leading to proliferation and escape. We have defined the molecular basis for augmentation that represents an important aspect of the initiation of infection. S. aureus is a commensal inhabitant of the human skin and nares. However, it can cause serious diseases if it is able to breach our protective barriers such as the skin, often via wounds or surgery. If infection occurs via a wound, this initial inoculum contains both the pathogen, other members of the microflora and also wider environmental microbes. We have previously described “augmentation”, whereby this other non-pathogenic material can enhance the ability of S. aureus to lead to a serious disease outcome. Here we have determined the breadth of augmenting material and elucidated the cellular and molecular basis for its activity. Augmentation occurs via shielding of S. aureus from the direct bactericidal effects of reactive oxygen species produced by macrophages. This initial protection enables the effective establishment of S. aureus infection. Understanding augmentation not only explains an important facet of the interaction of S. aureus with our innate immune system, but also provides a platform for the development of novel prophylaxis approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josie F. Gibson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Grace R. Pidwill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver T. Carnell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bas G. J. Surewaard
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daria Shamarina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua A. F. Sutton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Jeffery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cristel Archambaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew K. Siggins
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J. G. Pollitt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale Serror
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SAR); (SJF)
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SAR); (SJF)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The intracellular phase of extracellular respiratory tract bacterial pathogens and its role on pathogen-host interactions during infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:197-205. [PMID: 33899754 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An initial intracellular phase of usually extracellular bacterial pathogens displays an important strategy to hide from the host's immune system and antibiotics therapy. It helps the bacteria, including bacterial pathogens of airway diseases, to persist and eventually switch to a typical extracellular infection. Several infectious diseases of the lung are life-threatening and their control is impeded by intracellular persistence of pathogens. Thus, molecular adaptations of the pathogens to this niche but also the host's response and potential targets to interfere are of relevance. Here we discuss examples of historically considered extracellular pathogens of the respiratory airway where the intracellular survival and proliferation is well documented, including infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and others. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies focus on bacterial factors contributing to adhesion, iron acquisition, and intracellular survival as well as ways to target them for combatting the bacterial infections. SUMMARY The investigation of common and specific mechanisms of pathogenesis and persistence of these bacteria in the host may contribute to future investigations and identifications of relevant factors and/or bacterial mechanisms to be blocked to treat or improve prevention strategies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Duan X, Pan Y, Cai Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu M, Liu Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Yang L. rpoS-mutation variants are selected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under imipenem pressure. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:138. [PMID: 34289907 PMCID: PMC8293535 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notorious opportunistic pathogen causing various types of biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation is a unique microbial strategy that allows P. aeruginosa to survive adverse conditions such as antibiotic treatment and human immune clearance. Results In this study, we experimentally evolved P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms for cyclic treatment in the presence of high dose of imipenem, and enriched hyperbiofilm mutants within six cycles in two independent lineages. The competition assay showed that the evolved hyperbiofilm mutants can outcompete the ancestral strain within biofilms but not in planktonic cultures. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed the hyperbiofilm phenotype is caused by point mutations in rpoS gene in all independently evolved mutants and the same mutation was found in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. We further showed that mutation in rpoS gene increased the intracellular c-di-GMP level by turning on the expression of the diguanylate cyclases. Mutation in rpoS increased pyocyanin production and virulence in hyperbiofilm variants. Conclusion Here, our study revealed that antibiotic treatment of biofilm-related P. aeruginosa infections might induce a hyperbiofilm phenotype via rpoS mutation, which might partially explain antimicrobial treatment failure of many P. aeruginosa biofilm-related infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00655-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Pan
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Cai
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingdan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Moxiao Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brown HL, Clayton A, Stephens P. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in chronic wound infections: Current knowledge and future challenges. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:864-880. [PMID: 34132443 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a significant global problem with an increasing economic and patient welfare impact. How wounds move from an acute to chronic, non-healing, state is not well understood although it is likely that it is driven by a poorly regulated local inflammatory state. Opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are well known to stimulate a pro-inflammatory response and so their presence may further drive chronicity. Studies have demonstrated that host cell extracellular vesicles (hEVs), in particular exosomes, have multiple roles in both increasing and decreasing chronicity within wounds; however, the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to evaluate bEV biogenesis and function within chronic wound relevant bacterial species to determine what, if any, role bEVs may have in driving wound chronicity. We determine that bEVs drive chronicity by both increasing persistence of key pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulating a pro-inflammatory response by the host. Data also suggest that both bEVs and hEVs show therapeutic promise, providing vaccine candidates, decoy targets for bacterial toxins or modulating the bacterial species within chronic wound biofilms. Caution should, however, be used when interpreting findings to date as the bEV field is still in its infancy and as such lacks consistency in bEV isolation and characterization. It is of primary importance that this is addressed, allowing meaningful conclusions to be drawn and increasing reproducibility within the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Brown
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phil Stephens
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liao J, Ren J, Wei H, Lam RHW, Chua SL, Khoo BL. Label-free biosensor of phagocytosis for diagnosing bacterial infections. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113412. [PMID: 34153636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic cells recognize and phagocytose invading microbes for destruction. However, bacterial pathogens can remain hidden at low levels from conventional detection or replicate intracellularly after being phagocytosed by immune cells. Current phagocytosis-detection approaches involve flow cytometry or microscopic search for rare bacteria-internalized phagocytes among large populations of uninfected cells, which poses significant challenges in research and clinical settings. Hence it is imperative to develop a rapid, non-disruptive, and label-free phagocytosis detection approach. Using deformability assays and microscopic imaging, we have demonstrated for the first time that the presence of intracellular bacteria in phagocytic blood cells led to aberrant physical properties. Specifically, human monocytes with internalized bacteria of various species were stiffer and larger compared with uninfected monocytes. Taking advantage of these physical differences, a novel microfluidics-based biosensor platform was developed to passively sort, concentrate and quantify rare monocytes with internalized pathogens (MIP) from uninfected monocyte populations for phagocytosis detection. The clinical utility of the MIP platform was demonstrated by enriching and detecting bacteria-internalized monocytes from spiked human blood samples within 1.5 h. Patient-derived clinical isolates were used to validate the utility of the MIP platform further. This proof-of-concept presents a phagocytosis detection platform that could be used to rapidly diagnose microbial infections, especially in bloodstream infections (BSIs), thereby improving the clinical outcomes for point-of-care management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Huang Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, China.
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Potential Tamoxifen Repurposing to Combat Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060507. [PMID: 34073235 PMCID: PMC8230278 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new strategic therapies for multidrug-resistant bacteria, like the use of non-antimicrobial approaches and/or drugs repurposed to be used as monotherapies or in combination with clinically relevant antibiotics, has become urgent. A therapeutic alternative for infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB) is immune system modulation to improve the infection clearance. We showed that immunocompetent mice pretreated with tamoxifen at 80 mg/kg/d for three days and infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Escherichia coli in peritoneal sepsis models showed reduced release of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and its signaling pathway interleukin-18 (IL-18), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). This reduction of MCP-1 induced the reduction of migration of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood. Indeed, pretreatment with tamoxifen in murine peritoneal sepsis models reduced the bacterial load in tissues and blood, and increased mice survival from 0% to 60–100%. Together, these data show that tamoxifen presents therapeutic efficacy against MDR A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli in experimental models of infection and may be a new candidate to be repurposed as a treatment for GNB infections.
Collapse
|
35
|
Simeone R, Sayes F, Lawarée E, Brosch R. Breaching the phagosome, the case of the tuberculosis agent. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13344. [PMID: 33860624 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between microbes and their hosts are among the most complex biological phenomena known today. The interaction may reach from overall beneficial interaction, as observed for most microbiome/microbiota related interactions to interaction with virulent pathogens, against which host cells have evolved sophisticated defence strategies. Among the latter, the confinement of invading pathogens in a phagosome plays a key role, which often results in the destruction of the invader, whereas some pathogens may counteract phagosomal arrest and survive by gaining access to the cytosol of the host cell. In the current review, we will discuss recent insights into this dynamic process of host-pathogen interaction, using Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related pathogenic mycobacteria as main examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Lawarée
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mayeux G, Gayet L, Liguori L, Odier M, Martin DK, Cortès S, Schaack B, Lenormand JL. Cell-free expression of the outer membrane protein OprF of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for vaccine purposes. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000958. [PMID: 33972378 PMCID: PMC8127326 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of recombinant proteoliposomes containing OprF from P. aeruginosa promotes the active open conformation of the porin exposing native epitopes. These OprF proteoliposomes were used as vaccines to protect mice against a P. aeruginosa acute pulmonary infection model. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the second-leading cause of nosocomial infections and pneumonia in hospitals. Because of its extraordinary capacity for developing resistance to antibiotics, treating infections by Pseudomonas is becoming a challenge, lengthening hospital stays, and increasing medical costs and mortality. The outer membrane protein OprF is a well-conserved and immunogenic porin playing an important role in quorum sensing and in biofilm formation. Here, we used a bacterial cell-free expression system to reconstitute OprF under its native forms in liposomes and we demonstrated that the resulting OprF proteoliposomes can be used as a fully functional recombinant vaccine against P. aeruginosa. Remarkably, we showed that our system promotes the folding of OprF into its active open oligomerized state as well as the formation of mega-pores. Our approach thus represents an easy and efficient way for producing bacterial membrane antigens exposing native epitopes for vaccine purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Mayeux
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | - Landry Gayet
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | - Lavinia Liguori
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,Maison Familiale Rurale Moirans, Moirans, France
| | - Marine Odier
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,Catalent Pharma Solutions, Eberbach, Germany
| | - Donald K Martin
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| | | | - Béatrice Schaack
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Lenormand
- TheREx and Synabi, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Polytechnique (INP), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity (TIMC), Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hattab J, Mosca F, Francesco CED, Aste G, Marruchella G, Guardiani P, Tiscar PG. Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pathogenic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in canine clinical samples. Vet World 2021; 14:978-985. [PMID: 34083949 PMCID: PMC8167523 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.978-985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a relevant opportunistic and difficult to treat pathogen due to its widespread environmental diffusion, intrinsic resistance to many classes of antimicrobials, high ability to acquire additional resistance mechanisms, and wide range of pathogenic factors. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in canine clinical samples, the antimicrobial susceptibility against antipseudomonal antibiotics, and the presence of extracellular pathogenic factors of the isolates, as well as their ability to produce biofilm. Materials and Methods: Overall, 300 clinical specimens from dogs with pyoderma or abscesses (n=58), otitis (n=59), and suspected bladder infection (n=183) were analyzed by standard bacteriological methods. P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility by disk and gradient diffusion methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations. The ability of the isolates to produce biofilm was investigated by a microtiter plate assay, while virulence genes coding for elastase (lasB), exotoxin A (toxA), alkaline protease (aprA), hemolytic phospholipase C (plcH), and exoenzyme S (ExoS) were detected by polymerase chain reaction method. Results: A total of 24 isolates of P. aeruginosa were found in clinical specimens (urine n=3, skin/soft tissue n=6, and ear canal n=15). No resistance was found to ceftazidime, gentamicin, aztreonam, and imipenem (IMI), while low levels of resistance were found to enrofloxacin (ENR) (4.2%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (8.3%). However, 41.7% and 29.2% of the isolates showed intermediate susceptibility to ENR and IMI, respectively. Disk and gradient diffusion methods showed high concordance. The majority of the isolates revealed a weak (33.3%) or intermediate (45.8%) ability to form biofilm, while the strong biofilm producers (20.8%) derived exclusively from the ear canal samples. All isolates (100%) were positive for lasB, aprA, and plcH genes, while exoS and toxA were amplified in 21 (87.5%) and 22 (91.7%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, P. aeruginosa isolates from canine clinical samples were characterized by low levels of antimicrobial resistance against antipseudomonal drugs. However, the high presence of isolates with intermediate susceptibility for some categories of antibiotics, including carbapenems which are not authorized for veterinary use, could represent an early warning signal. Moreover, the presence of isolates with strong ability to produce biofilm represents a challenge for the interpretation of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. In addition, the high prevalence of the extracellular pathogenic factors was indicative of the potential virulence of the isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hattab
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Aste
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Goswami A, Sharma PR, Agarwal R. Combatting intracellular pathogens using bacteriophage delivery. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:461-478. [PMID: 33818246 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1902266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens reside in specialised compartments within the host cells restricting the access of antibiotics. Insufficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics along with several other resistance mechanisms weaken the efficacy of current therapies. An alternative to antibiotic therapy could be bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Although phage therapy has been in practice for a century against various bacterial infections, the efficacy of phages against intracellular bacteria is still being explored. In this review, we will discuss the advancement and challenges in phage therapy, particularly against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Finally, we will highlight the uptake mechanisms and approaches to overcome the challenges to phage therapy against intracellular bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A Novel Infection Protocol in Zebrafish Embryo to Assess Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence and Validate Efficacy of a Quorum Sensing Inhibitor In Vivo. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040401. [PMID: 33805384 PMCID: PMC8065929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a variety of acute infections and is a major cause of mortality in chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients. Due to increased resistance to antibiotics, new therapeutic strategies against P. aeruginosa are urgently needed. In this context, we aimed to develop a simple vertebrate animal model to rapidly assess in vivo drug efficacy against P. aeruginosa. Zebrafish are increasingly considered for modeling human infections caused by bacterial pathogens, which are commonly microinjected in embryos. In the present study, we established a novel protocol for zebrafish infection by P. aeruginosa based on bath immersion in 96-well plates of tail-injured embryos. The immersion method, followed by a 48-hour survey of embryo viability, was first validated to assess the virulence of P. aeruginosa wild-type PAO1 and a known attenuated mutant. We then validated its relevance for antipseudomonal drug testing by first using a clinically used antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. Secondly, we used a novel quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory molecule, N-(2-pyrimidyl)butanamide (C11), the activity of which had been validated in vitro but not previously tested in any animal model. A significant protective effect of C11 was observed on infected embryos, supporting the ability of C11 to attenuate in vivo P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. In conclusion, we present here a new and reliable method to compare the virulence of P. aeruginosa strains in vivo and to rapidly assess the efficacy of clinically relevant drugs against P. aeruginosa, including new antivirulence compounds.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Audacious Pathogen with an Adaptable Arsenal of Virulence Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063128. [PMID: 33803907 PMCID: PMC8003266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to cause chronic infections. The adaptability and flexibility of the pathogen are afforded by the extensive number of virulence factors it has at its disposal, providing P. aeruginosa with the facility to tailor its response against the different stressors in the environment. A deep understanding of these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the design of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against this multi-resistant pathogen. Therefore, this review describes the main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa and the adaptations it undergoes to persist in hostile environments such as the CF respiratory tract. The very large P. aeruginosa genome (5 to 7 MB) contributes considerably to its adaptive capacity; consequently, genomic studies have provided significant insights into elucidating P. aeruginosa evolution and its interactions with the host throughout the course of infection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Schmalstig AA, Freidy S, Hanafin PO, Braunstein M, Rao GG. Reapproaching Old Treatments: Considerations for PK/PD Studies on Phage Therapy for Bacterial Respiratory Infections. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:1443-1456. [PMID: 33615463 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacterial respiratory infections are a significant global health burden, and new therapeutic strategies are needed to control the problem. For bacterial respiratory infections, this need is emphasized by the rise in antibiotic resistance and a lean drug development pipeline. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising alternative to antibiotics. Phage are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Because phage and antibiotics differ in their bactericidal mechanisms, phage are a treatment option for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we review the history of phage therapy and highlight recent preclinical and clinical case reports of its use for treating antibiotic-resistant respiratory infections. The ability of phage to replicate while killing the bacteria is both a benefit for treatment and a challenge for pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies. In this review, we will discuss how the phage lifecycle and associated bidirectional interactions between phage and bacteria can impact treatment. We will also highlight PK/PD considerations for designing studies of phage therapy to optimize the efficacy and feasibility of the approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Schmalstig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Soha Freidy
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick O Hanafin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gauri G Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Polyaminoisoprenyl Potentiator NV716 Revives Old Disused Antibiotics against Intracellular Forms of Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02028-20. [PMID: 33318000 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Active efflux confers intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including old disused molecules. Beside resistance, intracellular survival is another reason for failure to eradicate bacteria with antibiotics. We evaluated the capacity of polyaminoisoprenyl potentiators (designed as efflux pump inhibitors [EPIs]) NV716 and NV731 compared to PAβN to restore the activity of disused antibiotics (doxycycline, chloramphenicol [substrates for efflux], and rifampin [nonsubstrate]) in comparison with ciprofloxacin against intracellular P. aeruginosa (strains with variable efflux levels) in THP-1 monocytes exposed over 24 h to antibiotics alone (0.003 to 100× MIC) or combined with EPIs. Pharmacodynamic parameters (apparent static concentrations [C s] and maximal relative efficacy [E max]) were calculated using the Hill equation of concentration-response curves. PAβN and NV731 moderately reduced (0 to 4 doubling dilutions) antibiotic MICs but did not affect their intracellular activity. NV716 markedly reduced (1 to 16 doubling dilutions) the MIC of all antibiotics (substrates or not for efflux; strains expressing efflux or not); it also improved their relative potency and maximal efficacy (i.e., lower C s; more negative E max) intracellularly. In parallel, NV716 reduced the persister fraction in stationary cultures when combined with ciprofloxacin. In contrast to PAβN and NV731, which act only as EPIs against extracellular bacteria, NV716 can resensitize P. aeruginosa to antibiotics whether they are substrates or not for efflux, both extracellularly and intracellularly. This suggests a complex mode of action that goes beyond a simple inhibition of efflux to reduce bacterial persistence. NV716 appears to be a useful adjuvant, including to disused antibiotics with low antipseudomonal activity, to improve their activity, including against intracellular P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
|
43
|
Jäger AV, Arias P, Tribulatti MV, Brocco MA, Pepe MV, Kierbel A. The inflammatory response induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in macrophages enhances apoptotic cell removal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2393. [PMID: 33504816 PMCID: PMC7841155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens phagocytosis and the uptake of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) are essential macrophages tasks, classically considered as mutually exclusive. Macrophages have been observed to polarize into either pro-inflammatory/microbicidal or anti-inflammatory/efferocytic phenotypes. However, macrophage functions have shown to be more complex. Furthermore, little is known about the regulation of efferocytosis under inflammatory conditions. In this study, we elucidate the modulation of the macrophage efferocytic function during an inflammatory stimulus. We find that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) are very efficient in engulfing both the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and apoptotic cells. BMDM showed a high bactericidal capacity unaffected by the concomitant presence of apoptotic material. Plasticity in macrophage programming, in response to changing environmental cues, may modulate efferocytic capability. In this work, we further show that, after phagocyting and processing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, macrophages highly increase their efferocytic capacity without affecting their phagocytic function. Moreover, we demonstrate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances efferocytosis of these phagocytes through the IL-6 signaling pathway. Our results show that the inflammatory response generated by the bacterial processing enhances these macrophages’ capacity to control inflammation through an increased efferocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Valeria Jäger
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Arias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Virginia Tribulatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Adriana Brocco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Pepe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arlinet Kierbel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. R. Ugalde", IIBIO, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), CONICET, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moussouni M, Berry L, Sipka T, Nguyen-Chi M, Blanc-Potard AB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF plays a role in resistance to macrophage clearance during acute infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:359. [PMID: 33432030 PMCID: PMC7801371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While considered an extracellular pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been reported to be engulfed by macrophages in cellular and animal models. However, the role of macrophages in P. aeruginosa clearance in vivo remains poorly studied. The major outer membrane porin OprF has been recently shown to be involved in P. aeruginosa fate within cultured macrophages and analysis of an oprF mutant may thus provide insights to better understand the relevance of this intramacrophage stage during infection. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the virulence of a P. aeruginosa oprF mutant in a vertebrate model that harbors functional macrophages, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, which offers powerful tools to address macrophage–pathogen interactions. We established that P. aeruginosa oprF mutant is attenuated in zebrafish embryos in a macrophage-dependent manner. Visualization and quantification of P. aeruginosa bacteria phagocytosed by macrophages after injection into closed cavities suggested that the attenuated phenotype of oprF mutant is not linked to higher macrophage recruitment nor better phagocytosis than wild-type strain. Using cultured macrophages, we showed an intramacrophage survival defect of P. aeruginosa oprF mutant, which is correlated with elevated association of bacteria with acidic compartments. Notably, treatment of embryos with bafilomycin, an inhibitor of acidification, increased the sensibility of embryos towards both wild-type and oprF mutant, and partially suppressed the attenuation of oprF mutant. Taken together, this work supports zebrafish embryo as state-of-the-art model to address in vivo the relevance of P. aeruginosa intramacrophage stage. Our results highlight the contribution of macrophages in the clearance of P. aeruginosa during acute infection and suggest that OprF protects P. aeruginosa against macrophage clearance by avoiding bacterial elimination in acidified phagosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Moussouni
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS-UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS-UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tamara Sipka
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS-UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mai Nguyen-Chi
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS-UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS-UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sainz-Mejías M, Jurado-Martín I, McClean S. Understanding Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Host Interactions: The Ongoing Quest for an Efficacious Vaccine. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122617. [PMID: 33291484 PMCID: PMC7762141 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of chronic respiratory infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute infections in immunocompromised individuals. The adaptability of this opportunistic pathogen has hampered the development of antimicrobial therapies, and consequently, it remains a major threat to public health. Due to its antimicrobial resistance, vaccines represent an alternative strategy to tackle the pathogen, yet despite over 50 years of research on anti-Pseudomonas vaccines, no vaccine has been licensed. Nevertheless, there have been many advances in this field, including a better understanding of the host immune response and the biology of P. aeruginosa. Multiple antigens and adjuvants have been investigated with varying results. Although the most effective protective response remains to be established, it is clear that a polarised Th2 response is sub-optimal, and a mixed Th1/Th2 or Th1/Th17 response appears beneficial. This comprehensive review collates the current understanding of the complexities of P. aeruginosa-host interactions and its implication in vaccine design, with a view to understanding the current state of Pseudomonal vaccine development and the direction of future efforts. It highlights the importance of the incorporation of appropriate adjuvants to the protective antigen to yield optimal protection.
Collapse
|
46
|
Arora K, Liyanage P, Zhong Q, Naren AP. A SNARE protein Syntaxin 17 captures CFTR to potentiate autophagosomal clearance under stress. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21185. [PMID: 33191543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903210r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular stress response to starvation and bacterial infection, is executed by double-membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes transfer cytosolic material to acidified lysosomes for degradation following soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE)-dependent fusion processes. Many of the autophagy-related disorders stem from defective end-step proteolysis inside lysosomes. The role of epithelial cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel has been argued to be critical for efficient lysosomal clearance; however, its context to autophagic clearance and the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. Here, we report that syntaxin17 (Stx17), an autophagic SNARE protein interacts with CFTR under nutritional stress and bacterial infection and incorporates it into mature autophagosomes to mediate an efficient lysosomal clearance. Lack of CFTR function and Stx17 and loss of CFTR-Stx17 interaction impairs bacterial clearance. We discover a specialized role of the Stx17-CFTR protein complex that is critical to prevent defective autophagy as has been the reported scenario in CF airway epithelial cells, infectious diseases, and lysosomal clearance disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pramodha Liyanage
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kolbe U, Yi B, Poth T, Saunders A, Boutin S, Dalpke AH. Early Cytokine Induction Upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices Depends on Sensing of Bacterial Viability. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598636. [PMID: 33250899 PMCID: PMC7673395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing allows a multitude of airborne microbes and microbial compounds to access the lung. Constant exposure of the pulmonary microenvironment to immunogenic particles illustrates the need for proper control mechanisms ensuring the differentiation between threatening and harmless encounters. Discrimination between live and dead bacteria has been suggested to be such a mechanism. In this study, we performed infection studies of murine precision cut lung slices (PCLS) with live or heat-killed P. aeruginosa, in order to investigate the role of viability for induction of an innate immune response. We demonstrate that PCLS induce a robust transcriptomic rewiring upon infection with live but not heat-killed P. aeruginosa. Using mutants of the P. aeruginosa clinical isolate CHA, we show that the viability status of P. aeruginosa is assessed in PCLS by TLR5-independent sensing of flagellin and recognition of the type three secretion system. We further demonstrate that enhanced cytokine expression towards live P. aeruginosa is mediated by uptake of viable but not heat-killed bacteria. Finally, by using a combined approach of receptor blockage and genetically modified PCLS we report a redundant involvement of MARCO and CD200R1 in the uptake of live P. aeruginosa in PCLS. Altogether, our results show that PCLS adapt the extent of cytokine expression to the viability status of P. aeruginosa by specifically internalizing live bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kolbe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Buqing Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Poth
- CMCP-Center for Model System and Comparative Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Saunders
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Martínez-Alemán S, Bustamante A, Jimenez-Valdes R, González G, Sánchez-González A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients induce neutrophil extracellular traps with different morphologies that could correlate with their disease severity. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
49
|
Han L, Ma Q, Yu J, Gong Z, Ma C, Xu Y, Deng G, Wu X. Autophagy plays a protective role during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis via ROS-MAPK pathway. Innate Immun 2020; 26:580-591. [PMID: 32878509 PMCID: PMC7556189 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920952156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection can induce alveolar macrophage apoptosis and autophagy, which play a vital role in eliminating pathogens. These two processes are usually not independent. Recently, autophagy has been found to interact with apoptosis during pathogen infections. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in P. aeruginosa-infected cell apoptosis is unclear. In this study, we explored the impact of P. aeruginosa infection on autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The autophagy activator rapamycin was used to stimulate autophagy and explore the role of autophagy on apoptosis in P. aeruginosa-infected RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that P. aeruginosa infection induced autophagy and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells, and that rapamycin could suppress P. aeruginosa-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, rapamycin scavenged the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diminished p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 expression of MAPK pathways in RAW264.7 cells infected with P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, the promotion of autophagy decreased P. aeruginosa-induced ROS accumulation and further attenuated the apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells through MAPK pathway. These results provide novel insights into host-pathogen interactions and highlight a potential role of autophagy in eliminating P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qinmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaoqian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chenjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in western China, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, NingXia University, NingXia, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rathnayake K, Patel U, Pham C, McAlpin A, Budisalich T, Jayawardena SN. Targeted Delivery of Antibiotic Therapy to Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Lipid-Coated Mesoporous Silica Core–Shell Nanoassembly. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6708-6721. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavini Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Unnati Patel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Chi Pham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Anna McAlpin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Travis Budisalich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Surangi N. Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| |
Collapse
|