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Hirano J, Hayashi T, Kitamura K, Nishimura Y, Shimizu H, Okamoto T, Okada K, Uemura K, Yeh MT, Ono C, Taguwa S, Muramatsu M, Matsuura Y. Enterovirus 3A protein disrupts endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis through interaction with GBF1. J Virol 2024; 98:e0081324. [PMID: 38904364 PMCID: PMC11265424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00813-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to induce or modulate downstream signaling pathways known as the unfolded protein responses (UPR). However, viral and host factors involved in the UPR related to viral pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to identify the major regulator of enterovirus-induced UPR and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that host Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1), which supports enteroviruses replication, was a major regulator of the UPR caused by infection with enteroviruses. In addition, we found that severe UPR was induced by the expression of 3A proteins encoded in human pathogenic enteroviruses, such as enterovirus A71, coxsackievirus B3, poliovirus, and enterovirus D68. The N-terminal-conserved residues of 3A protein interact with the GBF1 and induce UPR through inhibition of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) activation via GBF1 sequestration. Remodeling and expansion of ER and accumulation of ER-resident proteins were observed in cells infected with enteroviruses. Finally, 3A induced apoptosis in cells infected with enteroviruses via activation of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway of UPR. Pharmaceutical inhibition of PERK suppressed the cell death caused by infection with enteroviruses, suggesting the UPR pathway is a therapeutic target for treating diseases caused by infection with enteroviruses.IMPORTANCEInfection caused by several plus-stranded RNA viruses leads to dysregulated ER homeostasis in the host cells. The mechanisms underlying the disruption and impairment of ER homeostasis and its significance in pathogenesis upon enteroviral infection remain unclear. Our findings suggested that the 3A protein encoded in human pathogenic enteroviruses disrupts ER homeostasis by interacting with GBF1, a major regulator of UPR. Enterovirus-mediated infections drive ER into pathogenic conditions, where ER-resident proteins are accumulated. Furthermore, in such scenarios, the PERK/CHOP signaling pathway induced by an unresolved imbalance of ER homeostasis essentially drives apoptosis. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the virus-induced disruption of ER homeostasis might be a potential target to mitigate the pathogenesis of enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uemura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Stalder D, Yakunin I, Pereira C, Eden J, Gershlick DC. Recruitment of PI4KIIIβ to the Golgi by ACBD3 is dependent on an upstream pathway of a SNARE complex and golgins. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar20. [PMID: 38134218 PMCID: PMC7615549 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ACBD3 is a protein localised to the Golgi apparatus and recruits other proteins, such as PI4KIIIβ, to the Golgi. However, the mechanism through which ACBD3 itself is recruited to the Golgi is poorly understood. This study demonstrates there are two mechanisms for ACBD3 recruitment to the Golgi. First, we identified that an MWT374-376 motif in the unique region upstream of the GOLD domain in ACBD3 is essential for Golgi localization. Second, we use unbiased proteomics to demonstrate that ACBD3 interacts with SCFD1, a Sec1/Munc-18 (SM) protein, and a SNARE protein, SEC22B. CRISPR-KO of SCFD1 causes ACBD3 to become cytosolic. We also found that ACBD3 is redundantly recruited to the Golgi apparatus by two golgins: golgin-45 and giantin, which bind to ACBD3 through interaction with the MWT374-376 motif. Taken together, our results suggest that ACBD3 is recruited to the Golgi in a two-step sequential process, with the SCFD1-mediated interaction occurring upstream of the interaction with the golgins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Stalder
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Yakunin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Conceição Pereira
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Eden
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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4
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Liu Y, Lv P, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhou X, Qiu Y, Cai K, Zhang H, Fang Y, Li Y. Structural insight into EV-A71 3A protein and its interaction with a peptide inhibitor. Virol Sin 2023; 38:975-979. [PMID: 37757951 PMCID: PMC10786657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
•Our results disclosed a dihelical structure of Enterovirus A71 3A1–57 protein in apo form. •We depicted rigid helices and a unique flexible C-terminus for apo-form 3A1–57. •This study revealed a competitive binding-based molecular mechanism underlying inhibition of dimeric 3A by ER-DRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Panjing Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Medical Subcenter of HUST Analytical & Testing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hubei CDC), Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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McPhail JA, Burke JE. Molecular mechanisms of PI4K regulation and their involvement in viral replication. Traffic 2023; 24:131-145. [PMID: 35579216 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master signaling molecules in eukaryotic cells and key markers of organelle identity. Because of these important roles, the kinases and phosphatases that generate phosphoinositides must be tightly regulated. Viruses can manipulate this regulation, with the Type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4KA and PI4KB) being hijacked by many RNA viruses to mediate their intracellular replication through the formation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P)-enriched replication organelles (ROs). Different viruses have evolved unique approaches toward activating PI4K enzymes to form ROs, through both direct binding of PI4Ks and modulation of PI4K accessory proteins. This review will focus on PI4KA and PI4KB and discuss their roles in signaling, functions in membrane trafficking and manipulation by viruses. Our focus will be the molecular basis for how PI4KA and PI4KB are activated by both protein-binding partners and post-translational modifications, with an emphasis on understanding the different molecular mechanisms viruses have evolved to usurp PI4Ks. We will also discuss the chemical tools available to study the role of PI4Ks in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A McPhail
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Peters CE, Schulze-Gahmen U, Eckhardt M, Jang GM, Xu J, Pulido EH, Bardine C, Craik CS, Ott M, Gozani O, Verba KA, Hüttenhain R, Carette JE, Krogan NJ. Structure-function analysis of enterovirus protease 2A in complex with its essential host factor SETD3. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5282. [PMID: 36075902 PMCID: PMC9453702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses cause a number of medically relevant and widespread human diseases with no approved antiviral therapies currently available. Host-directed therapies present an enticing option for this diverse genus of viruses. We have previously identified the actin histidine methyltransferase SETD3 as a critical host factor physically interacting with the viral protease 2A. Here, we report the 3.5 Å cryo-EM structure of SETD3 interacting with coxsackievirus B3 2A at two distinct interfaces, including the substrate-binding surface within the SET domain. Structure-function analysis revealed that mutations of key residues in the SET domain resulted in severely reduced binding to 2A and complete protection from enteroviral infection. Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of the SETD3-2A interaction and a framework for the rational design of host-directed therapeutics against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernst H Pulido
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Conner Bardine
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kliment A Verba
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Mao S, Huang J, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Zhao XX, Gao Q, Tian B. Functions of Viroporins in the Viral Life Cycle and Their Regulation of Host Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890549. [PMID: 35720341 PMCID: PMC9202500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are virally encoded transmembrane proteins that are essential for viral pathogenicity and can participate in various stages of the viral life cycle, thereby promoting viral proliferation. Viroporins have multifaceted effects on host cell biological functions, including altering cell membrane permeability, triggering inflammasome formation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and evading immune responses, thereby ensuring that the virus completes its life cycle. Viroporins are also virulence factors, and their complete or partial deletion often reduces virion release and reduces viral pathogenicity, highlighting the important role of these proteins in the viral life cycle. Thus, viroporins represent a common drug-protein target for inhibiting drugs and the development of antiviral therapies. This article reviews current studies on the functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses, with the aim of improving the understanding of this growing family of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
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8
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Ruml T. The Present and Future of Virology in the Czech Republic-A New Phoenix Made of Ashes? Viruses 2022; 14:v14061303. [PMID: 35746773 PMCID: PMC9231214 DOI: 10.3390/v14061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Conformational ensemble of the full-length SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein based on molecular simulations and SAXS data. Biophys Chem 2022; 288:106843. [PMID: 35696898 PMCID: PMC9172258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus comprises two RNA-binding domains and three regions that are intrinsically disordered. While the structures of the RNA-binding domains have been solved using protein crystallography and NMR, current knowledge of the conformations of the full-length nucleocapsid protein is rather limited. To fill in this knowledge gap, we combined coarse-grained molecular simulations with data from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments using the ensemble refinement of SAXS (EROS) method. Our results show that the dimer of the full-length nucleocapsid protein exhibits large conformational fluctuations with its radius of gyration ranging from about 4 to 8 nm. The RNA-binding domains do not make direct contacts. The disordered region that links these two domains comprises a hydrophobic α-helix which makes frequent and nonspecific contacts with the RNA-binding domains. Each of the intrinsically disordered regions adopts conformations that are locally compact, yet on average, much more extended than Gaussian chains of equivalent lengths. We offer a detailed picture of the conformational ensemble of the nucleocapsid protein dimer under near-physiological conditions, which will be important for understanding the nucleocapsid assembly process.
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10
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Voss M, Pinkert S, Kespohl M, Gimber N, Klingel K, Schmoranzer J, Laue M, Gaida M, Kloetzel PM, Beling A. A Conserved Cysteine Residue in Coxsackievirus B3 Protein 3A with Implication for Elevated Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040769. [PMID: 35458499 PMCID: PMC9029043 DOI: 10.3390/v14040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) are implicated in an extensive range of clinical manifestations, such as pancreatic failure, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis. We recently reported on the biochemical properties of the highly conserved cysteine residue at position 38 (C38) of enteroviral protein 3A and demonstrated a C38-mediated homodimerization of the Coxsackievirus B3 protein 3A (CVB3-3A) that resulted in its profound stabilization. Here, we show that residue C38 of protein 3A supports the replication of CVB3, a clinically relevant member of the enterovirus genus. The infection of HeLa cells with protein 3A cysteine 38 to alanine mutants (C38A) attenuates virus replication, resulting in comparably lower virus particle formation. Consistently, in a mouse infection model, the enhanced virus propagation of CVB3-3A wt in comparison to the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant was confirmed and found to promote severe liver tissue damage. In contrast, infection with the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant mitigated hepatic tissue injury and ameliorated the signs of systemic inflammatory responses, such as hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Based on these data and our previous report on the C38-mediated stabilization of the CVB3-3A protein, we conclude that the highly conserved amino acid C38 in protein 3A enhances the virulence of CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Meike Kespohl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Joint Unit Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, JGU-Mainz and TRON, Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Antje Beling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-187; Fax: +49-30-450-528-921
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11
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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12
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Mendes LFS, Costa-Filho AJ. A gold revision of the Golgi Dynamics (GOLD) domain structure and associated cell functionalities. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:973-990. [PMID: 35099811 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The classical secretory pathway is the key membrane-based delivery system in eukaryotic cells. Several families of proteins involved in the secretory pathway, with functionalities going from cargo sorting receptors to the maintenance and dynamics of secretory organelles, share soluble globular domains predicted to mediate protein-protein interactions. One of them is "Golgi Dynamics" (GOLD) domain, named after its strong association with the Golgi apparatus. There are many GOLD-containing protein families, such as the Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing proteins (TMED/p24 family), animal SEC14-like proteins, Human Golgi resident protein ACBD3, a splice variant of TICAM2 called TRAM with GOLD domain and FYCO1. Here, we critically review the state-of-the-art knowledge of the structures and functions of the main representatives of GOLD-containing proteins in vertebrates. We provide the first unified description of the GOLD domain structure across different families since the first high-resolution structure was determined. With a brand-new update on the definition of the GOLD domain, we also discuss how its tertiary structure fits the β-sandwich-like fold map and give exciting new directions for forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe S Mendes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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13
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Interaction between avian leukosis virus subgroup J surface protein and doublecortin-like kinase 1 accelerates cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Virol 2022; 96:e0165721. [PMID: 35080427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01657-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) induces myelocytomas, which can metastasize to multiple organs in diseased chicken. Although metastasis is the primary cause of death in such cases, the mechanism for it remains unclear. Here, we found that interaction between ALV-J surface protein (SU) and doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell proliferation. We found that ALV-J can activate EMT in infected cells. Subsequently, proteomics analysis revealed that DCLK1, a well-established putative tumor stem cell marker, which is highly expressed in ALV-J-infected DF-1 cells and chickens, might be a potential factor mediating EMT. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation, we verified that SU interacts with DCLK1. Functional studies suggested that overexpression of DCLK1 increased viral replication, and promoted cell proliferation by accelerating the progression of cells from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase of cell cycle, whereas RNA-interference of DCLK1 reduced viral replication and arrested cell proliferation by retarding cell cycle progression from the late G1 phase into the S phase in ALV-J-infected cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that the increased accumulation of DCLK1 promotes EMT by increasing the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, MMP2, transcription factor Snail1, and decreasing the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. These results suggest that ALV-J SU interacts with DCLK1, and accelerates cell proliferation, leading to increased viral replication, and ultimately activating EMT, which paves the way for tumor metastasis. IMPORTANCE Tumor metastasis is a major challenge in cancer research, because of its systemic nature and the resistance of disseminated tumor cells to existing therapeutic agents. It is estimated that >90% of mortality from cancer is attributable to metastases. We found that ALV-J can activate EMT, which plays a critical role in cancer metastasis. Subsequently, we identified a tumor stem cell marker, DCLK1, in ALV-J infected cells, which interacts with surface protein (SU) of ALV-J to promote virus replication, activate EMT, and accelerate cell proliferation enabling ALV-J to obtain metastatic ability. Understanding the process of participation of ALV-J in EMT and the route of metastasis will help elucidate the mechanism of virus-induced tumor metastasis, and help identify promising molecular targets and key obstacles for ALV-J control and clinical technology development.
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14
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Voss M, Kleinau G, Gimber N, Janek K, Bredow C, Thery F, Impens F, Schmoranzer J, Scheerer P, Kloetzel PM, Beling A. A cytosolic disulfide bridge-supported dimerization is crucial for stability and cellular distribution of Coxsackievirus B3 protein 3A. FEBS J 2022; 289:3826-3838. [PMID: 35066984 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family express a large 250 kDa viral polyprotein that is processed by virus-encoded proteinases into mature functional proteins with specific functions for virus replication. One of these proteins is the highly conserved enteroviral transmembrane protein 3A that assists in reorganizing cellular membranes associated with the Golgi apparatus. Here, we studied the molecular properties of the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) protein 3A with regard to its dimerization and its functional stability. By applying mutational analysis and biochemical characterization, we demonstrate that protein 3A forms DTT-sensitive disulfide-linked dimers via a conserved cytosolic cysteine residue at position 38 (Cys38). Homodimerization of CVB3 protein 3A via Cys38 leads to profound stabilization of the protein, whereas a C38A mutation promotes a rapid proteasome-dependent elimination of its monomeric form. The lysosomotropic agent chloroquine (CQ) exerted only minor stabilizing effects on the 3A monomer but resulted in enrichment of the homodimer. Our experimental data demonstrate that disulfide linkages via a highly conserved Cys-residue in enteroviral protein 3A have an important role in the dimerization of this viral protein, thereby preserving its stability and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, AMBIO - Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Janek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Clara Bredow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Fabien Thery
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, AMBIO - Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, D-10117, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
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15
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Precursors of Viral Proteases as Distinct Drug Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101981. [PMID: 34696411 PMCID: PMC8537868 DOI: 10.3390/v13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
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16
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Localization of SARS-CoV-2 Capping Enzymes Revealed by an Antibody against the nsp10 Subunit. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081487. [PMID: 34452352 PMCID: PMC8402843 DOI: 10.3390/v13081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. One of the key components of the coronavirus replication complex are the RNA methyltransferases (MTases), RNA-modifying enzymes crucial for RNA cap formation. Recently, the structure of the 2’-O MTase has become available; however, its biological characterization within the infected cells remains largely elusive. Here, we report a novel monoclonal antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein nsp10, a subunit of both the 2’-O RNA and N7 MTase protein complexes. Using this antibody, we investigated the subcellular localization of the SARS-CoV-2 MTases in cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2.
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17
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Domanska A, Guryanov S, Butcher SJ. A comparative analysis of parechovirus protein structures with other picornaviruses. Open Biol 2021; 11:210008. [PMID: 34315275 PMCID: PMC8316810 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechoviruses belong to the genus Parechovirus within the family Picornaviridae and are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Parechoviruses include human and animal pathogens classified into six species. Those that infect humans belong to the Parechovirus A species and can cause infections ranging from mild gastrointestinal or respiratory illness to severe neonatal sepsis. There are no approved antivirals available to treat parechovirus (nor any other picornavirus) infections. In this parechovirus review, we focus on the cleaved protein products resulting from the polyprotein processing after translation comparing and contrasting their known or predicted structures and functions to those of other picornaviruses. The review also includes our original analysis from sequence and structure prediction. This review highlights significant structural differences between parechoviral and other picornaviral proteins, suggesting that parechovirus drug development should specifically be directed to parechoviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Domanska
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Guryanov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Jackson T, Belsham GJ. Picornaviruses: A View from 3A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030456. [PMID: 33799649 PMCID: PMC7999760 DOI: 10.3390/v13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are comprised of a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by a protein shell (or capsid). They are ubiquitous in vertebrates and cause a wide range of important human and animal diseases. The genome encodes a single large polyprotein that is processed to structural (capsid) and non-structural proteins. The non-structural proteins have key functions within the viral replication complex. Some, such as 3Dpol (the RNA dependent RNA polymerase) have conserved functions and participate directly in replicating the viral genome, whereas others, such as 3A, have accessory roles. The 3A proteins are highly divergent across the Picornaviridae and have specific roles both within and outside of the replication complex, which differ between the different genera. These roles include subverting host proteins to generate replication organelles and inhibition of cellular functions (such as protein secretion) to influence virus replication efficiency and the host response to infection. In addition, 3A proteins are associated with the determination of host range. However, recent observations have challenged some of the roles assigned to 3A and suggest that other viral proteins may carry them out. In this review, we revisit the roles of 3A in the picornavirus life cycle. The 3AB precursor and mature 3A have distinct functions during viral replication and, therefore, we have also included discussion of some of the roles assigned to 3AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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19
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A Crucial Role of ACBD3 Required for Coxsackievirus Infection in Animal Model Developed by AAV-Mediated CRISPR Genome Editing Technique. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020237. [PMID: 33546322 PMCID: PMC7913485 DOI: 10.3390/v13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens using CRISPR/Cas9 have been exploited to discover host–virus interactions. These screens have identified viral dependencies on host proteins during their life cycle and potential antiviral strategies. The acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) was identified as an essential host factor for the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Other groups have also investigated the role of ACBD3 as a host factor for diverse enteroviruses in cultured cells. However, it has not been tested if ACBD3 is required in the animal model of CVB3 infection. Owing to embryonic lethality, conventional knockout mice were not available for in vivo study. As an alternative approach, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR genome editing to generate mice that lacked ACBD3 within the pancreas, the major target organ for CVB3. Delivery of sgRNAs using self-complementary (sc) AAV8 efficiently induced a loss-of-function mutation in the pancreas of the Cas9 knock-in mice. Loss of ACBD3 in the pancreas resulted in a 100-fold reduction in the CVB3 titer within the pancreas and a noticeable reduction in viral protein expression. These results indicate a crucial function of ACBD3 in CVB3 infection in vivo. AAV-mediated CRISPR genome editing may be applicable to many in vivo studies on the virus–host interaction and identify a novel target for antiviral therapeutics.
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20
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Li X, Wang M, Cheng A, Wen X, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Enterovirus Replication Organelles and Inhibitors of Their Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1817. [PMID: 32973693 PMCID: PMC7468505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviral replication reorganizes the cellular membrane. Upon infection, viral proteins and hijacked host factors generate unique structures called replication organelles (ROs) to replicate their viral genomes. ROs promote efficient viral genome replication, coordinate the steps of the viral replication cycle, and protect viral RNA from host immune responses. More recent researches have focused on the ultrastructure structures, formation mechanism, and functions in the virus life cycle of ROs. Dynamic model of enterovirus ROs structure is proposed, and the secretory pathway, the autophagy pathway, and lipid metabolism are found to be associated in the formation of ROs. With deeper understanding of ROs, some compounds have been found to show inhibitory effects on viral replication by targeting key proteins in the process of ROs formation. Here, we review the recent findings concerning the role, morphology, biogenesis, formation mechanism, and inhibitors of enterovirus ROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Lu Y, Yang X, Zhang L. Domain I of hepatitis C virus NS5A associates with ACBD3 in a genotype-dependent manner. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:574-577. [PMID: 32108375 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that the hepatitis C virus NS5A interacted with ACBD3 in a genotype-dependent manner. However, the region in NS5A responsible for association with ACBD3 is not clear. Domain I of NS5A was identified as critical for ACBD3 binding. By comparing the differences of amino acids in domain I from different genotypes of NS5A, it was found that key amino acids potentially corresponded to the affinity of the NS5A-ACBD3 interaction. The findings not only revealed that domain I of NS5A associates with ACBD3 but they also shed mechanistic light on how NS5A is associated with ACBD3 in a genotype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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22
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Lu Y, Song S, Zhang L. Emerging Role for Acyl-CoA Binding Domain Containing 3 at Membrane Contact Sites During Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:608. [PMID: 32322249 PMCID: PMC7156584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) is a multifunctional protein residing in the Golgi apparatus and is involved in several signaling pathways. The current knowledge on ACBD3 has been extended to virology. ACBD3 has recently emerged as a key factor subverted by viruses, including kobuvirus, enterovirus, and hepatitis C virus. The ACBD3-PI4KB complex is critical for the role of ACBD3 in viral replication. In most cases, ACBD3 plays a positive role in viral infection. ACBD3 associates with viral 3A proteins from a variety of Picornaviridae family members at membrane contact sites (MCSs), which are used by diverse viruses to ensure lipid transfer to replication organelles (ROs). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of ACBD3 in viral infection at MCSs. Our review will highlight the current research and reveal potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Siqi Song
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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23
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Structural basis for hijacking of the host ACBD3 protein by bovine and porcine enteroviruses and kobuviruses. Arch Virol 2019; 165:355-366. [PMID: 31845156 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviruses infect a wide range of mammals including livestock such as cattle and swine. As with other picornavirus genera such as Aphthovirus, there is emerging evidence of a significant economic impact of livestock infections caused by members of the genera Enterovirus and Kobuvirus. While the human-infecting enteroviruses and kobuviruses have been intensively studied during the past decades in great detail, research on livestock-infecting viruses has been mostly limited to the genomic characterization of the viral strains identified worldwide. Here, we extend our previous studies of the structure and function of the complexes composed of the non-structural 3A proteins of human-infecting enteroviruses and kobuviruses and the host ACBD3 protein and present a structural and functional characterization of the complexes of the following livestock-infecting picornaviruses: bovine enteroviruses EV-E and EV-F, porcine enterovirus EV-G, and porcine kobuvirus AiV-C. We present a series of crystal structures of these complexes and demonstrate the role of these complexes in facilitation of viral replication.
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24
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Dubankova A, Horova V, Klima M, Boura E. Structures of kobuviral and siciniviral polymerases reveal conserved mechanism of picornaviral polymerase activation. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:92-98. [PMID: 31415898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3Dpol is a key enzyme for the replication of picornaviruses. The viral genome is translated into a single polyprotein that is subsequently proteolytically processed into matured products. The 3Dpol enzyme arises from a stable 3CD precursor that has high proteolytic activity but no polymerase activity. Upon cleavage of the precursor the newly established N-terminus of 3Dpol is liberated and inserts itself into a pocket on the surface of the 3Dpol enzyme. The essential residue for this mechanism is the very first glycine that is conserved among almost all picornaviruses. However, kobuviruses and siciniviruses have a serine residue instead. Intrigued by this anomaly we sought to solve the crystal structure of these 3Dpol enzymes. The structures revealed a unique fold of the 3Dpol N-termini but the very first serine residues were inserted into a charged pocket in a similar manner as the glycine residue in other picornaviruses. These structures revealed a common underlying mechanism of 3Dpol activation that lies in activation of the α10 helix containing a key catalytical residue Asp238 that forms a hydrogen bond with the 2' hydroxyl group of the incoming NTP nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dubankova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Horova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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25
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Chalupska D, Różycki B, Klima M, Boura E. Structural insights into Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) protein hijacking by picornaviruses. Protein Sci 2019; 28:2073-2079. [PMID: 31583778 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many picornaviruses hijack the Golgi resident Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) protein in order to recruit the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase B (PI4KB) to viral replication organelles (ROs). PI4KB, once recruited and activated by ACBD3 protein, produces the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which is a key step in the biogenesis of viral ROs. To do so, picornaviruses use their small nonstructural protein 3A that binds the Golgi dynamics domain of the ACBD3 protein. Here, we present the analysis of the highly flexible ACBD3 proteins and the viral 3A protein in solution using small-angle X-ray scattering and computer simulations. Our analysis revealed that both the ACBD3 protein and the 3A:ACBD3 protein complex have an extended and flexible conformation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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