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Rago F, Melo EM, Miller LM, Duray AM, Felix FB, Vago JP, Gonçalves APF, Angelo ALPM, Cassali GD, Gaetano M, Brennan E, Owen B, Guiry P, Godson C, Alcorn JF, Teixeira MM. Treatment with lipoxin A 4 improves influenza A infection outcome through macrophage reprogramming, anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutive responses. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4491036. [PMID: 38947034 PMCID: PMC11213203 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4491036/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective and design Here, we evaluated whether a synthetic lipoxin mimetic, designated AT-01-KG, would improve the course of influenza A infection in a murine model. Treatment Mice were infected with influenza A/H1N1 and treated with AT-01-KG (1.7 mg/kg/day, i.p.) at day 3 post-infection. Methods Mortality rate was assessed up to day 21 and inflammatory parameters were assessed at days 5 and 7. Results AT-01-KG attenuated mortality, reducing leukocyte infiltration and lung damage at day 5 and day 7 post-infection. AT-01-KG is a Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (designated FPR2/3 in mice) agonist, and the protective responses were not observed in FPR2/3 -/- animals. In mice treated with LXA4 (50mg/kg/day, i.p., days 3-6 post-infection), at day 7, macrophage reprogramming was observed, as seen by a decrease in classically activated macrophages and an increase in alternatively activated macrophages in the lungs. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic cells and cells undergoing efferocytosis was increased in the lavage of treated mice. Treatment also modulated the adaptive immune response, increasing the number of anti-inflammatory T cells (Th2) and regulatory T (Tregs) cells in the lungs of the treated mice. Conclusions Therefore, treatment with a lipoxin A4 analog was beneficial in a model of influenza A infection in mice. The drug decreased inflammation and promoted resolution and beneficial immune responses, suggesting it may be useful in patients with severe influenza.
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Liang Y. Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza. Virulence 2023; 14:2223057. [PMID: 37339323 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic drift (mutation) and shift (reassortment of the segmented viral genome). New variants, strains, and subtypes have emerged frequently, causing epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic infections, despite currently available vaccines and antiviral drugs. In recent years, avian influenza viruses, such as H5 and H7 subtypes, have caused hundreds to thousands of zoonotic infections in humans with high case fatality rates. The likelihood of these animal influenza viruses acquiring airborne transmission in humans through viral evolution poses great concern for the next pandemic. Severe influenza viral disease is caused by both direct viral cytopathic effects and exacerbated host immune response against high viral loads. Studies have identified various mutations in viral genes that increase viral replication and transmission, alter tissue tropism or species specificity, and evade antivirals or pre-existing immunity. Significant progress has also been made in identifying and characterizing the host components that mediate antiviral responses, pro-viral functions, or immunopathogenesis following influenza viral infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on viral determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenicity, protective and immunopathogenic aspects of host innate and adaptive immune responses, and antiviral and pro-viral roles of host factors and cellular signalling pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral virulence factors and virus-host interactions is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Mantuano E, Zampieri C, Azmoon P, Gunner CB, Heye KR, Gonias SL. An LRP1-binding motif in cellular prion protein replicates cell-signaling activities of the full-length protein. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170121. [PMID: 37368488 PMCID: PMC10445690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) functions as a receptor for nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is released from cells by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) proteases or in extracellular vesicles. This interaction activates cell signaling and attenuates inflammatory responses. We screened 14-mer PrPC-derived peptides and identified a putative LRP1 recognition motif in the PrPC sequence spanning residues 98-111. A synthetic peptide (P3) corresponding to this region replicated the cell-signaling and biological activities of full-length shed PrPC. P3 blocked LPS-elicited cytokine expression in macrophages and microglia and rescued the heightened sensitivity to LPS in mice in which the PrPC gene (Prnp) had been deleted. P3 activated ERK1/2 and induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The response to P3 required LRP1 and the NMDA receptor and was blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody, POM2. P3 has Lys residues, which are typically necessary for LRP1 binding. Converting Lys100 and Lys103 into Ala eliminated the activity of P3, suggesting that these residues are essential in the LRP1-binding motif. A P3 derivative in which Lys105 and Lys109 were converted into Ala retained activity. We conclude that the biological activities of shed PrPC, attributed to interaction with LRP1, are retained in synthetic peptides, which may be templates for therapeutics development.
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Tsou A, Chen PJ, Tsai KW, Hu WC, Lu KC. THαβ Immunological Pathway as Protective Immune Response against Prion Diseases: An Insight for Prion Infection Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020408. [PMID: 35216001 PMCID: PMC8877887 DOI: 10.3390/v14020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, are mediated by transmissible proteinaceous pathogens. Pathological changes indicative of neuro-degeneration have been observed in the brains of affected patients. Simultaneously, microglial activation, along with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 or TNF-α, have also been observed in brain tissue of these patients. Consequently, pro-inflammatory cytokines are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Accelerated prion infections have been seen in interleukin-10 knockout mice, and type 1 interferons have been found to be protective against these diseases. Since interleukin-10 and type 1 interferons are key mediators of the antiviral THαβ immunological pathway, protective host immunity against prion diseases may be regulated via THαβ immunity. Currently no effective treatment strategies exist for prion disease; however, drugs that target the regulation of IL-10, IFN-alpha, or IFN-β, and consequently modulate the THαβ immunological pathway, may prove to be effective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tsou
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Jui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
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Mantuano E, Azmoon P, Banki MA, Sigurdson CJ, Campana WM, Gonias SL. A Soluble PrP C Derivative and Membrane-Anchored PrP C in Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Innate Immunity by Engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 Receptor Complex. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:85-96. [PMID: 34810220 PMCID: PMC8702456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC) demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity; however, the responsible mechanisms are incompletely defined. PrPC exists as a GPI-anchored membrane protein in diverse cells; however, PrPC may be released from cells by ADAM proteases or when packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we show that a soluble derivative of PrPC (S-PrP) counteracts inflammatory responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors in macrophages, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2. S-PrP also significantly attenuates the toxicity of LPS in mice. The response of macrophages to S-PrP is mediated by a receptor assembly that includes the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). PrPC was identified in EVs isolated from human plasma. These EVs replicated the activity of S-PrP, inhibiting cytokine expression and IκBα phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages. The effects of plasma EVs on LPS-treated macrophages were blocked by PrPC-specific Ab, by antagonists of LRP1 and the NMDA-R, by deleting Lrp1 in macrophages, and by inhibiting Src family kinases. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C dissociated the LPS-regulatory activity from EVs, rendering the EVs inactive as LPS inhibitors. The LPS-regulatory activity that was lost from phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated EVs was recovered in solution. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GPI-anchored PrPC is the essential EV component required for the observed immune regulatory activity of human plasma EVs. S-PrP and EV-associated PrPC regulate innate immunity by engaging the NMDA-R/LRP1 receptor system in macrophages. The scope of pattern recognition receptors antagonized by S-PrP suggests that released forms of PrPC may have broad anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA;
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Virus Infection, Genetic Mutations, and Prion Infection in Prion Protein Conversion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212439. [PMID: 34830321 PMCID: PMC8624980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational conversion of the cellular isoform of prion protein, PrPC, into the abnormally folded, amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc, is an underlying pathogenic mechanism in prion diseases. The diseases manifest as sporadic, hereditary, and acquired disorders. Etiological mechanisms driving the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc are unknown in sporadic prion diseases, while prion infection and specific mutations in the PrP gene are known to cause the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc in acquired and hereditary prion diseases, respectively. We recently reported that a neurotropic strain of influenza A virus (IAV) induced the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc as well as formation of infectious prions in mouse neuroblastoma cells after infection, suggesting the causative role of the neuronal infection of IAV in sporadic prion diseases. Here, we discuss the conversion mechanism of PrPC into PrPSc in different types of prion diseases, by presenting our findings of the IAV infection-induced conversion of PrPC into PrPSc and by reviewing the so far reported transgenic animal models of hereditary prion diseases and the reverse genetic studies, which have revealed the structure-function relationship for PrPC to convert into PrPSc after prion infection.
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Puchkova LV, Kiseleva IV, Polishchuk EV, Broggini M, Ilyechova EY. The Crossroads between Host Copper Metabolism and Influenza Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115498. [PMID: 34071094 PMCID: PMC8197124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three main approaches are used to combat severe viral respiratory infections. The first is preemptive vaccination that blocks infection. Weakened or dead viral particles, as well as genetic constructs carrying viral proteins or information about them, are used as an antigen. However, the viral genome is very evolutionary labile and changes continuously. Second, chemical agents are used during infection and inhibit the function of a number of viral proteins. However, these drugs lose their effectiveness because the virus can rapidly acquire resistance to them. The third is the search for points in the host metabolism the effect on which would suppress the replication of the virus but would not have a significant effect on the metabolism of the host. Here, we consider the possibility of using the copper metabolic system as a target to reduce the severity of influenza infection. This is facilitated by the fact that, in mammals, copper status can be rapidly reduced by silver nanoparticles and restored after their cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V. Puchkova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Massimo Broggini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Ilyechova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-760-5274
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Mabbott NA, Bradford BM, Pal R, Young R, Donaldson DS. The Effects of Immune System Modulation on Prion Disease Susceptibility and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7299. [PMID: 33023255 PMCID: PMC7582561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a unique group of infectious chronic neurodegenerative disorders to which there are no cures. Although prion infections do not stimulate adaptive immune responses in infected individuals, the actions of certain immune cell populations can have a significant impact on disease pathogenesis. After infection, the targeting of peripherally-acquired prions to specific immune cells in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), such as the lymph nodes and spleen, is essential for the efficient transmission of disease to the brain. Once the prions reach the brain, interactions with other immune cell populations can provide either host protection or accelerate the neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide a detailed account of how factors such as inflammation, ageing and pathogen co-infection can affect prion disease pathogenesis and susceptibility. For example, we discuss how changes to the abundance, function and activation status of specific immune cell populations can affect the transmission of prion diseases by peripheral routes. We also describe how the effects of systemic inflammation on certain glial cell subsets in the brains of infected individuals can accelerate the neurodegeneration. A detailed understanding of the factors that affect prion disease transmission and pathogenesis is essential for the development of novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.M.B.); (R.P.); (R.Y.); (D.S.D.)
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