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Wu X, Chen S, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Sun T, Ning K, Xu M, Ke X, Xu P. A viral small interfering RNA-host plant mRNA pathway modulates virus-induced drought tolerance by enhancing autophagy. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3219-3236. [PMID: 38801738 PMCID: PMC11371139 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Virus-induced drought tolerance presents a fascinating facet of biotic-abiotic interaction in plants, yet its molecular intricacies remain unclear. Our study shows that cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infection enhances drought tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants through a virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNA)-activated autophagy pathway. Specifically, a 21 nt vsiRNA originating from the CPMMV Triple Gene Block1 (TGB1) gene targeted the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the host Teosinte branched 1, Cycloidea, Proliferating Cell Factor (TCP) transcription factor gene PvTCP2, independent of the known role of TGB1 as an RNA silencing suppressor. This targeting attenuated the expression of PvTCP2, which encodes a transcriptional repressor, and in turn upregulated the core autophagy-related gene (ATG) PvATG8c, leading to activated autophagy activity surpassing the level induced by drought or CPMMV infection alone. The downstream EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION (ERD) effector PvERD15 is a homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana AtERD15, which positively regulates stomatal aperture. PvERD15 was degraded in PvATG8c-mediated autophagy. Therefore, we establish a TGB1-PvTCP2-PvATG8c-PvERD15 module as a trans-kingdom fine-tuning mechanism that contributes to virus-induced drought tolerance in plant-drought-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xubo Ke
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Song D, Huang K, Li S, Jiang J, Zhao L, Luan H. GmCYB5-4 inhibit SMV proliferation by targeting P3 protein. Virology 2024; 595:110069. [PMID: 38640788 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a potyvirus found worldwide in soybean (Glycine max). GmCYB5-4 is a strong candidate interactor of P3. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the GmCYB5 family in soybeans, including its distribution on chromosomes, promoter analysis, conserved motifs, phylogenetic analysis, and expression patterns. We cloned the full-length GmCYB5-4 and examined its interaction with P3 in yeast, which was later confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc). We silenced GmCYB5-4 using a bean pottle mosaic viris (BPMV) based system to generate SilCYB5-4 tissues, which surprisingly knocked down four isoforms of GmCYB5s for functional characterization. SilCYB5-4 plants were challenged with the SC3 strain to determine its involvement in SMV infection. Silencing GmCYB5-4 increased SMV accumulation, indicating that GmCYB5-4 inhibited SMV proliferation. However, further experiments are needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the involvement of GmCYB5-4 in SMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Hospital of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Longgang Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; High-efficiency Agricultural Technology Industry Research Institute of Saline and alkaline Land of Dongying Qingdao Agricultural University, China.
| | - Hexiang Luan
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China; High-efficiency Agricultural Technology Industry Research Institute of Saline and alkaline Land of Dongying Qingdao Agricultural University, China.
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3
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Guo Z, Jiang N, Li M, Guo H, Liu Q, Qin X, Zhang Z, Han C, Wang Y. A vicinal oxygen chelate protein facilitates viral infection by triggering the unfolded protein response in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1481-1499. [PMID: 38695653 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) proteins are members of an enzyme superfamily with dioxygenase or non-dioxygenase activities. However, the biological functions of VOC proteins in plants are poorly understood. Here, we show that a VOC in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbVOC1) facilitates viral infection. NbVOC1 was significantly induced by infection by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). Transient overexpression of NbVOC1 or its homolog from Beta vulgaris (BvVOC1) enhanced BNYVV infection in N. benthamiana, which required the nuclear localization of VOC1. Consistent with this result, overexpressing NbVOC1 facilitated BNYVV infection, whereas, knockdown and knockout of NbVOC1 inhibited BNYVV infection in transgenic N. benthamiana plants. NbVOC1 interacts with the basic leucine zipper transcription factors bZIP17/28, which enhances their self-interaction and DNA binding to the promoters of unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes. We propose that bZIP17/28 directly binds to the NbVOC1 promoter and induces its transcription, forming a positive feedback loop to induce the UPR and facilitating BNYVV infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NbVOC1 positively regulates the UPR that enhances viral infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Menglin Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongfang Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenggui Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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4
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Cao X, Gao B, Lu J, Wang H, Zhao R, Huang X. Areca palm velarivirus 1 infection caused disassembly of chloroplast and reduction of photosynthesis in areca palm. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1424489. [PMID: 38939190 PMCID: PMC11208678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1424489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The expansion of betel palm cultivation is driven by rising demand for betel nut, yet this growth is accompanied by challenges such as decreased agricultural biodiversity and the spread of infectious pathogens. Among these, Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) emerges as a prominent threat to betel palm plantation. Areca Palm Velarivirus 1 (APV1) has been identified as a primary causative agent of YLD, precipitating leaf yellowing, stunted growth, and diminished yield. However, the precise mechanisms underlying APV1-induced damage remain elusive. Our study elucidates that APV1 infiltrates chloroplasts, instigating severe damage and consequential reductions in chlorophyll a/b and carotene levels, alongside notable declines in photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, APV1 infection exerts broad regulatory effects on gene expression, particularly suppressing key genes implicated in chloroplast function and photosynthesis. These disruptions correlate with growth retardation, yield diminishment, and compromised nut quality. Intriguingly, the paradoxical destruction of the host's photosynthetic machinery by APV1 prompts inquiry into its evolutionary rationale, given the virus's dependence on host resources for replication and proliferation. Our findings reveal that APV1-induced leaf yellowing acts as a beacon for transmission vectors, hinting at a nuanced "host-pathogen-vector co-evolutionary" dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruibai Zhao
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xi Huang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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5
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Li M, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Peng J, Zheng H, Chen J, Yan F, Lu Y. Integrated ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data analysis identifies transcription factors related to rice stripe virus infection in Oryza sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13446. [PMID: 38502176 PMCID: PMC10950023 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that virus infection causes changes in host chromatin accessibility, but little is known about changes in chromatin accessibility of plants infected by viruses and its potential impact. Here, rice infected by rice stripe virus (RSV) was used to investigate virus-induced changes in chromatin accessibility. Our analysis identified a total of 6462 open- and 3587 closed-differentially accessible chromatin regions (DACRs) in rice under RSV infection by ATAC-seq. Additionally, by integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, 349 up-regulated genes in open-DACRs and 126 down-regulated genes in closed-DACRs were identified, of which 34 transcription factors (TFs) were further identified by search of upstream motifs. Transcription levels of eight of these TFs were validated by reverse transcription-PCR. Importantly, four of these TFs (OsWRKY77, OsWRKY28, OsZFP12 and OsERF91) interacted with RSV proteins and are therefore predicted to play important roles in RSV infection. This is the first application of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq techniques to analyse changes in rice chromatin accessibility caused by RSV infection. Integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq provides a new approach to select candidate TFs in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yushan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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6
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Zhang K, Gu T, Xu X, Gan H, Qin L, Feng C, He Z. Sugarcane streak mosaic virus P1 protein inhibits unfolded protein response through direct suppression of bZIP60U splicing. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011738. [PMID: 37883577 PMCID: PMC10697598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cell-designated strategy that maintains the balance of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR features a network of signal transduction pathways that reprogram the transcription, mRNA translation, and protein post-translational modification to relieve the ER stresses from unfolded/misfolded proteins. Infection with plant viruses can induce the UPR, and activated UPR often promotes plant viral infections in turn. However, the mechanism used by plant viruses to balance UPR and achieve robust infection remain largely unknown. In this study, P1SCSMV was identified as a virus-encoded RNA silencing suppressor (VSR). Heterologous overexpression of P1SCSMV via potato virus X (PVX) was found lead to programmed cell death (PCD) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, P1SCSMV was also found to inhibit the PVX infection-triggered UPR by downregulating UPR-related genes and directly induced the distortion and collapse of the ER polygonal meshes on PVX-P1SCSMV infected N. benthamiana. Moreover, self-interaction, VSR activity, UPR inhibition, and cell death phenotype of P1SCSMV were also found to be dependent on its bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) (251RKRKLFPRIPLK262). P1SCSMV was found to directly bind to the stem-loop region of NbbZIP60U via its NLS and inhibit the UPR pathways, ultimately resulting in a PCD phenotype in PVX-P1SCSMV infected N. benthamiana leaves. This study also revealed the balancing role of potyviruses encoded P1SCSMV in the UPR pathway to achieve robust viral infection. This may represent a novel virulence strategy for plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiao Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Gan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Chenwei Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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7
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Liang Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhou X, Qian Y. The RING-Finger Protein NbRFP1 Contributes to Regulating the Host Hypersensitive Response Induced by Oat Dwarf Virus RepA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097697. [PMID: 37175403 PMCID: PMC10178201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study identified that the RepA protein encoded by the oat dwarf virus (ODV) was responsible for inducing a strong hypersensitive response (HR) during the virus infection in non-host tobacco plants. However, little was known about the molecular mechanism of the RepA-elicited HR. Here, a RING-finger protein, which is described as NbRFP1 and is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, was confirmed to interact with RepA. In addition, the accumulation level of NbRFP1 in N. benthamiana leaves was enhanced by either ODV infection or by only RepA expression. The knockdown of NbRFP1 by a TRV-mediated virus-induced gene silencing markedly delayed the ODV or RepA-elicited HR. By contrast, the overexpression of NbRFP1 in N. benthamiana conferred enhanced resistance to ODV infection and promoted RepA-induced HR. Further mutation analysis showed that a RING-finger domain located in NbRFP1 plays important roles in modulating RepA-induced HR, as well as in mediating the interaction between NbRFP1 and RepA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yajuan Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Zhao W, Wang L, Li L, Zhou T, Yan F, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of rice stripe virus enhances autophagy activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, a negative regulator of plant autophagy. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37676568 PMCID: PMC10441990 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection commonly induces autophagy, leading to antiviral responses or conversely, promoting viral infection or replication. In this study, using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus (RSV) coat protein (CP) enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GAPC2), a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor, autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3). Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3. An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy. RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein (MP) encoded by a heterologous virus, citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV). However, the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor (NS3) proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP, suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation. Moreover, in the presence of MP, RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein (NbREM1), which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement. Overall, our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 312362, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang X, Wan Q, Rui P, Lu Y, Sun Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Yan F. Rice stripe virus p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and is targeted for degradation by autophagy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191403. [PMID: 37187544 PMCID: PMC10175675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can be induced by viral infection and plays antiviral roles in plants, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In our previous reports, we have demonstrated that the plant ATG5 plays an essential role in activating autophagy in rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected plants. We also showed that eIF4A, a negative factor of autophagy, interacts with and inhibits ATG5. We here found that RSV p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and can be targeted by autophagy for degradation. Expression of p2 protein induced autophagy and p2 protein was shown to interfere with the interaction between ATG5 and eIF4A, while eIF4A had no effect on the interaction between ATG5 and p2. These results indicate an additional information on the induction of autophagy in RSV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Penghuan Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Jianping Chen,
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunyue Wang,
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yan,
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10
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Carrillo R, Christopher DA. Development of a GFP biosensor reporter for the unfolded protein response-signaling pathway in plants: incorporation of the bZIP60 intron into the GFP gene. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2098645. [PMID: 35856340 PMCID: PMC9302528 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2098645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in plants is important when they are exposed to stressful environments. To this end, we developed a unique and versatile biosensor-reporter system to indicate the activation of UPR in living plant cells. The small cytoplasmically spliced intron from the bZIP60 locus was incorporated into the 5' end of the GFP gene, creating the 35S::bZIP60 intron:GFP construct. When this construct is transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts, the presence of the bZIP60 intron prevents GFP mRNA from being translated under non-UPR conditions. However, when UPR is activated, the IRE1 kinase/ribonuclease splices this intron from the GFP mRNA and its translation proceeds, generating GFP fluorescence. We demonstrated the utility of the system in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts treated with DTT, which is a chemical inducer of UPR, followed by visualization and quantification using confocal microscopy. The 35S::bZIP60 intron:GFP construct was also expressed in protoplasts from an overexpressor line containing the coding sequence for the UPR-induced, protein folding chaperone, protein disulfide isomerase-9 (PDI9). PDI9 also influences the strength of the UPR signaling pathway. Protoplasts from WT and PDI9 overexpressor plants treated with DTT exhibited significantly higher GFP fluorescence relative to untreated protoplasts, indicating that the bZIP60 intron was spliced from the GFP mRNA in response to activation of UPR. RT-PCR further confirmed the higher induction of PDI9 and bZIP60 (total and spliced) mRNA levels in DTT-treated protoplasts relative to controls. This system can be adapted for monitoring crop stress and for basic studies dissecting the UPR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David A. Christopher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Zhang M, Cao B, Zhang H, Fan Z, Zhou X, Li F. Geminivirus satellite-encoded βC1 activates UPR, induces bZIP60 nuclear export, and manipulates the expression of bZIP60 downstream genes to benefit virus infection. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022:10.1007/s11427-022-2196-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Comprehensive Analysis of Ubiquitome Changes in Nicotiana benthamiana after Rice Stripe Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112349. [PMID: 36366447 PMCID: PMC9694600 DOI: 10.3390/v14112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating viruses affecting rice production. During virus infection, ubiquitination plays an important role in the dynamic regulation of host defenses. We combined the ubiquitomics approach with the label-free quantitation proteomics approach to investigate potential ubiquitination status changes of Nicotiana benthamiana infected with RSV. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to elucidate potential associations between proteins with differentially ubiquitinated sites (DUSs) and various cellular components/pathways during virus infection. In total, 399 DUSs in 313 proteins were identified and quantified, among them 244 ubiquitinated lysine (Kub) sites in 186 proteins were up-regulated and 155 Kub sites in 127 proteins were down-regulated at 10 days after RSV infection. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses indicated that proteins with up-regulated Kub sites were significantly enriched in the ribosome. Silencing of 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase large subunit through virus-induced gene silencing delayed RSV infection, while silencing of mRNA-decapping enzyme-like protein promoted RSV symptom in the late stage of infection. Moreover, ubiquitination was observed in all seven RSV-encoded proteins. Our study supplied the comprehensive analysis of the ubiquitination changes in N. benthamiana after RSV infection, which is helpful for understanding RSV pathogenesis and RSV-host interactions.
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Urrutia CD, Romay G, Shaw BD, Verchot J. Advancing the Rose Rosette Virus Minireplicon and Encapsidation System by Incorporating GFP, Mutations, and the CMV 2b Silencing Suppressor. Viruses 2022; 14:836. [PMID: 35458566 PMCID: PMC9031449 DOI: 10.3390/v14040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant infecting emaraviruses have segmented negative strand RNA genomes and little is known about their infection cycles due to the lack of molecular tools for reverse genetic studies. Therefore, we innovated a rose rosette virus (RRV) minireplicon containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to study the molecular requirements for virus replication and encapsidation. Sequence comparisons among RRV isolates and structural modeling of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) revealed three natural mutations of the type species isolate that we reverted to the common species sequences: (a) twenty-one amino acid truncations near the endonuclease domain (named delA), (b) five amino acid substitutions near the putative viral RNA binding loop (subT), and (c) four amino acid substitutions in N (NISE). The delA and subT in the RdRp influenced the levels of GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 but not 5 days post inoculation (dpi), suggesting these sequences are essential for initiating RNA synthesis and replication. The NISE mutation led to sustained GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 and 5 dpi indicating that the N supports continuous replication and GFP expression. Next, we showed that the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV strain FNY) 2b singularly enhanced GFP expression and RRV replication. Including agRNA2 with the RRV replicon produced observable virions. In this study we developed a robust reverse genetic system for investigations into RRV replication and virion assembly that could be a model for other emaravirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (C.D.U.); (G.R.); (B.D.S.)
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14
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Li C, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Fu S, Xu Y, Zhou T, Wu J, Zhou X. Rice stripe virus activates the bZIP17/28 branch of the unfolded protein response signalling pathway to promote viral infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:447-458. [PMID: 34897936 PMCID: PMC8828695 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays important roles in plant virus infection. Our previous study has proved that rice stripe virus (RSV) infection elicits host UPR. However, the mechanism on how the UPR is triggered upon RSV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that the bZIP17/28 branch of the UPR signalling pathway is activated upon RSV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that membrane-associated proteins NSvc2 and NSvc4 encoded by RSV are responsible for the activation of the bZIP17/28 branch. Ectopic expression of NSvc2 or NSvc4 in plant leaves induced the proteolytic processing of NbbZIP17/28 and up-regulated the expression of UPR-related genes. Silencing NbbZIP17/28 significantly inhibited RSV infection. We show that RSV can specifically elicit the UPR through the bZIP17/28 branch, thus promoting virus infection of N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Present address:
Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and SafetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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15
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Wu W, Luo X, Ren M. Clearance or Hijack: Universal Interplay Mechanisms Between Viruses and Host Autophagy From Plants to Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:786348. [PMID: 35047417 PMCID: PMC8761674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.786348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts for successful infection and replication, while the hosts protect themselves against viral invasion through a variety of defense responses, including autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient catabolic pathway conserved from plants to animals. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes transport trapped viral cargo to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. However, during an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired a strong ability to disrupt or even exploit the autophagy machinery of their hosts for successful invasion. In this review, we analyze the universal role of autophagy in antiviral defenses in animals and plants and summarize how viruses evade host immune responses by disrupting and manipulating host autophagy. The review provides novel insights into the role of autophagy in virus–host interactions and offers potential targets for the prevention and control of viral infection in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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16
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Li Z, Li C, Fu S, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou X. NSvc4 Encoded by Rice Stripe Virus Targets Host Chloroplasts to Suppress Chloroplast-Mediated Defense. Viruses 2021; 14:36. [PMID: 35062239 PMCID: PMC8778898 DOI: 10.3390/v14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research found that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (RSV), could localize to the actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and chloroplast, but the roles of NSvc4 played in the chloroplast were opaque. Here, we confirm the accumulation of NSvc4 in the chloroplasts and the N-terminal 1-73 amino acids of NSvc4 are sufficient to localize to chloroplasts. We provide evidence to show that chloroplast-localized NSvc4 can impair the chloroplast-mediated immunity. Expressing NSvc4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the decreased expression of defense-related genes NbPR1, NbPR2, and NbWRKY12 and the inhibition of chloroplast-derived ROS production. In addition, generation of an infectious clone of potato virus X (PVX) carrying NSvc4 facilitates PVX infection in N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, we identify two chloroplast-related host factors, named NbGAPDH-A and NbPsbQ1, both of which can interact with NSvc4. Knockdown of NbGAPDH-A or NbPsbQ1 can both promote RSV infection. Our results decipher a detailed function of NSvc4 in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Xu Y, Fu S, Tao X, Zhou X. Rice stripe virus: Exploring Molecular Weapons in the Arsenal of a Negative-Sense RNA Virus. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:351-371. [PMID: 34077238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice stripe disease caused by Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses of rice and causes enormous losses in production. RSV is transmitted from plant to plant by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) in a circulative-propagative manner. The recent reemergence of this pathogen in East Asia since 2000 has made RSV one of the most studied plant viruses over the past two decades. Extensive studies of RSV have resulted in substantial advances regarding fundamental aspects of the virus infection. Here, we compile and analyze recent information on RSV with a special emphasis on the strategies that RSV has adopted to establish infections. These advances include RSV replication and movement in host plants and the small brown planthopper vector, innate immunity defenses against RSV infection, epidemiology, and recent advances in the management of rice stripe disease. Understanding these issues will facilitate the design of novel antiviral therapies for management and contribute to a more detailed understanding of negative-sense virus-host interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics suggests mitophagy involvement after Rice black-streaked dwarf virus acquisition in insect vector small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus Fallén. J Proteomics 2021; 246:104314. [PMID: 34216810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses trigger numerous responses in their insect vectors. Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis, early responses of the insect vector, the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén, SBPH), after acquiring Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) at 3 days and 5 days post first access to diseased plants (padp) were revealed. A total of 582 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in SBPH with a fold change >1.500 or <0.667 (p-value < 0.05) were identified. The proteomic analysis in SBPH at 3 days padp revealed 106 highly abundant proteins and 193 of low abundance, while 5 days padp revealed 214 highly abundant proteins and 182 of low abundance. Among them, 51 highly abundant proteins and 42 of low abundance were shown consistently at both 3 days and 5 days padp. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis mapping and Gene Ontology (GO) term classification suggested impairment of mitochondria in SBPH after RBSDV acquisition, and the 77 out of 582 differentially abundant SBPH proteins analyzed by the STRING program revealed the interaction network of the mitochondrial DAPs, showing an overall down-regulation of mitochondrial proteins including the electron transport chain proteins and mitochondrial ribosome proteins. The high abundance of Parkin at 5 days padp suggests that activation of mitophagy induced degradation of mitochondria occurred. Further verification of autophagy/mitophagy-related genes by reverse-transcription quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) in SBPH after RBSDV acquisition showed up-regulation of the autophagy receptors Optineurin (OPTN), Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also known as p62) and Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) which targets ubiquitinated damaged mitochondria during mitophagy. The phosphorylation of the three autophagy receptors may be up-regulated through an increase of transcription level TRAF-associated NFκB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). As a result, an overall reduction in the abundance of mitochondrial proteins was observed and the selective autophagic degradation was up-regulated through increased transcription level of OPTN, p62/SQSTM1, TAX1BP1 and TBK1. Therefore, acquisition of RBSDV associated with up-regulated autophagy and selective mitochondrial degradation in SBPH suggest prevention of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and extension of the vector life span. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: RBSDV causes severe yield loss in rice plants. RBSDV is transmitted efficiently only through SBPH. It is important to understand how RBSDV infects SBPH in a persistent, circulative and propagative manner. However, there has been no study on the interaction between RBSDV and SBPH at the early acquisition stage using a proteomics approach. In this study, we combined iTRAQ technique and LC-MS/MS to analyze the vector proteomics at both the initial and latent infection stages after RBSDV acquisition and verified the results by RT-qPCR. Our results revealed that significantly low DAPs were involved in various pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ribosomes, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids and TCA cycle. Further clustering of the DAPs revealed significant changes in SBPH mitochondria, including decreased proteins in mitochondrial ribosomes and electron transport chain complex I, II and V. On the other hand, there was a high abundance of Parkin, suggesting the occurrence of mitochondria damage and subsequent Parkin-mediated mitophagy for clearance of impaired mitochondria. Moreover, the decreased level of PMPCB in terms of gene expression and protein abundance suggested decreased PINK1 turnover, promoting Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Further analysis on autophagy/mitophagy-related gene transcription level indicated up-regulation of OPTN, p62/SQSTM1, TAX1BP1 and TBK1, promoting selective autophagy in SBPH after RBSDV acquisition. These findings provided new insights into the effects of RBSDV on SBPH after early acquisition by selective degradation of mitochondria, especially on reprogramming of energy metabolism and decreased mitochondria biogenesis, to prevent apoptosis and prolong the life span of SBPH post virus acquisition.
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