1
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Prado LG, Camara NOS, Barbosa AS. Cell lipid biology in infections: an overview. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1148383. [PMID: 37868347 PMCID: PMC10587689 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1148383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a big family of molecules with a vast number of functions in the cell membranes, within the cytoplasm, and extracellularly. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the most common storage organelles and are present in almost every tissue type in the body. They also have structural functions serving as building blocks of cellular membranes and may be precursors of other molecules such as hormones, and lipoproteins, and as messengers in signal transduction. Fatty acids (FAs), such as sterol esters and triacylglycerols, are stored in LDs and are used in β-oxidation as fuel for tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. FA uptake and entrance in the cytoplasm are mediated by membrane receptors. After a cytoplasmic round of α- and β-oxidation, FAs are guided into the mitochondrial matrix by the L-carnitine shuttle system, where they are fully metabolized, and enter the TCA cycle. Pathogen infections may lead to impaired lipid metabolism, usage of membrane phospholipids, and LD accumulation in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Otherwise, bacterial pathogens may use lipid metabolism as a carbon source, thus altering the reactions and leading to cellular and organelles malfunctioning. This review aims to describe cellular lipid metabolism and alterations that occur upon infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Gavião Prado
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Turton K, Parks HJ, Zarodkiewicz P, Hamad MA, Dwane R, Parau G, Ingram RJ, Coll RC, Bryant CE, Valvano MA. The Achromobacter type 3 secretion system drives pyroptosis and immunopathology via independent activation of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113012. [PMID: 37598340 PMCID: PMC7614980 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
How the opportunistic Gram-negative pathogens of the genus Achromobacter interact with the innate immune system is poorly understood. Using three Achromobacter clinical isolates from two species, we show that the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is required to induce cell death in human macrophages by inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis. Macrophages deficient in the inflammasome sensors NLRC4 or NLRP3 undergo pyroptosis upon bacterial internalization, but those deficient in both NLRC4 and NLRP3 do not, suggesting either sensor mediates pyroptosis in a T3SS-dependent manner. Detailed analysis of the intracellular trafficking of one isolate indicates that the intracellular bacteria reside in a late phagolysosome. Using an intranasal mouse infection model, we observe that Achromobacter damages lung structure and causes severe illness, contingent on a functional T3SS. Together, we demonstrate that Achromobacter species can survive phagocytosis by promoting macrophage cell death and inflammation by redundant mechanisms of pyroptosis induction in a T3SS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Turton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Hannah J Parks
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Paulina Zarodkiewicz
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Mohamad A Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rachel Dwane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Georgiana Parau
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Rebecca J Ingram
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Rebecca C Coll
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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3
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Leon-Icaza SA, Bagayoko S, Vergé R, Iakobachvili N, Ferrand C, Aydogan T, Bernard C, Sanchez Dafun A, Murris-Espin M, Mazières J, Bordignon PJ, Mazères S, Bernes-Lasserre P, Ramé V, Lagarde JM, Marcoux J, Bousquet MP, Chalut C, Guilhot C, Clevers H, Peters PJ, Molle V, Lugo-Villarino G, Cam K, Berry L, Meunier E, Cougoule C. Druggable redox pathways against Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis patient-derived airway organoids. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011559. [PMID: 37619220 PMCID: PMC10449475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) drives life-shortening mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, primarily because of its resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. To date, our knowledge on the host and bacterial determinants driving Mabs pathology in CF patient lung remains rudimentary. Here, we used human airway organoids (AOs) microinjected with smooth (S) or rough (R-)Mabs to evaluate bacteria fitness, host responses to infection, and new treatment efficacy. We show that S Mabs formed biofilm, and R Mabs formed cord serpentines and displayed a higher virulence. While Mabs infection triggers enhanced oxidative stress, pharmacological activation of antioxidant pathways resulted in better control of Mabs growth and reduced virulence. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the CFTR is associated with better growth and higher virulence of S and R Mabs. Finally, pharmacological activation of antioxidant pathways inhibited Mabs growth, at least in part through the quinone oxidoreductase NQO1, and improved efficacy in combination with cefoxitin, a first line antibiotic. In conclusion, we have established AOs as a suitable human system to decipher mechanisms of CF-driven respiratory infection by Mabs and propose boosting of the NRF2-NQO1 axis as a potential host-directed strategy to improve Mabs infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Adonai Leon-Icaza
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Salimata Bagayoko
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Vergé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nino Iakobachvili
- M4i Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Chloé Ferrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Talip Aydogan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Bernard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Angelique Sanchez Dafun
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Murris-Espin
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre de ressource et de compétence pour la mucoviscidose de l’adulte (CRCM adulte), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazières
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Jean Bordignon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Mazères
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Victoria Ramé
- Imactiv-3D SAS, 1 Place Pierre POTIER, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bousquet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Peters
- M4i Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III–Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Li H, Xia Y, Tian Z, Jin Y, Bai F, Cheng Z, Swietnicki W, Wu W, Pan X. Dihydrolipoamide Acetyltransferase AceF Influences the Type III Secretion System and Resistance to Oxidative Stresses through RsmY/Z in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030666. [PMID: 35336241 PMCID: PMC8950878 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon metabolism plays an important role in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a virulence factor that contributes to acute infections. It has been demonstrated that bacterial metabolism affects the T3SS. Meanwhile, expression of T3SS genes is negatively regulated by the small RNAs RsmY and RsmZ. In this study, we studied the relationship between the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase gene aceF and the T3SS. Our results reveal an upregulation of RsmY and RsmZ in the aceF mutant, which represses the expression of the T3SS genes. Meanwhile, the aceF mutant is more tolerant to hydrogen peroxide. We demonstrate that the expression levels of the catalase KatB and the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpB are increased in the aceF mutant. The simultaneous deletion of rsmY and rsmZ in the aceF mutant restored the expression levels of katB and ahpB, as well as bacterial susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide. Thus, we identify a novel role of AceF in the virulence and oxidative response of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Yushan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhenyang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaolei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.L.); (Y.X.); (Z.T.); (Y.J.); (F.B.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Dar HH, Epperly MW, Tyurin VA, Amoscato AA, Anthonymuthu TS, Souryavong AB, Kapralov AA, Shurin GV, Samovich SN, St. Croix CM, Watkins SC, Wenzel SE, Mallampalli RK, Greenberger JS, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY. P. aeruginosa augments irradiation injury via 15-lipoxygenase-catalyzed generation of 15-HpETE-PE and induction of theft-ferroptosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156013. [PMID: 35041620 PMCID: PMC8876480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Total body irradiation (TBI) targets sensitive bone marrow hematopoietic cells and gut epithelial cells, causing their death and inducing a state of immunodeficiency combined with intestinal dysbiosis and nonproductive immune responses. We found enhanced Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) colonization of the gut leading to host cell death and strikingly decreased survival of irradiated mice. The PAO1-driven pathogenic mechanism includes theft-ferroptosis realized via (a) curbing of the host antiferroptotic system, GSH/GPx4, and (b) employing bacterial 15-lipoxygenase to generate proferroptotic signal - 15-hydroperoxy-arachidonoyl-PE (15-HpETE-PE) - in the intestines of irradiated and PAO1-infected mice. Global redox phospholipidomics of the ileum revealed that lysophospholipids and oxidized phospholipids, particularly oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEox), represented the major factors that contributed to the pathogenic changes induced by total body irradiation and infection by PAO1. A lipoxygenase inhibitor, baicalein, significantly attenuated animal lethality, PAO1 colonization, intestinal epithelial cell death, and generation of ferroptotic PEox signals. Opportunistic PAO1 mechanisms included stimulation of the antiinflammatory lipoxin A4, production and suppression of the proinflammatory hepoxilin A3, and leukotriene B4. Unearthing complex PAO1 pathogenic/virulence mechanisms, including effects on the host anti/proinflammatory responses, lipid metabolism, and ferroptotic cell death, points toward potentially new therapeutic and radiomitigative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider H. Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tamil S. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Austin B. Souryavong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander A. Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Svetlana N. Samovich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E. Wenzel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry, Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Hardy KS, Tuckey AN, Renema P, Patel M, Al-Mehdi AB, Spadafora D, Schlumpf CA, Barrington RA, Alexeyev MF, Stevens T, Pittet JF, Wagener BM, Simmons JD, Alvarez DF, Audia JP. ExoU Induces Lung Endothelial Cell Damage and Activates Pro-Inflammatory Caspase-1 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020152. [PMID: 35202178 PMCID: PMC8878379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a type III secretion system to inject exoenzyme effectors into a target host cell. Of the four best-studied exoenzymes, ExoU causes rapid cell damage and death. ExoU is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that hydrolyses host cell membranes, and P. aeruginosa strains expressing ExoU are associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients with pneumonia. While the effects of ExoU on lung epithelial and immune cells are well studied, a role for ExoU in disrupting lung endothelial cell function has only recently emerged. Lung endothelial cells maintain a barrier to fluid and protein flux into tissue and airspaces and regulate inflammation. Herein, we describe a pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) culture infection model to examine the effects of ExoU. Using characterized P. aeruginosa strains and primary clinical isolates, we show that strains expressing ExoU disrupt PMVEC barrier function by causing substantial PMVEC damage and lysis, in a PLA2-dependent manner. In addition, we show that strains expressing ExoU activate the pro-inflammatory caspase-1, in a PLA2-dependent manner. Considering the important roles for mitochondria and oxidative stress in regulating inflammatory responses, we next examined the effects of ExoU on reactive oxygen species production. Infection of PMVECs with P. aeruginosa strains expressing ExoU triggered a robust oxidative stress compared to strains expressing other exoenzyme effectors. We also provide evidence that, intriguingly, ExoU PLA2 activity was detectable in mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membrane fractions isolated from P. aeruginosa-infected PMVECs. Interestingly, ExoU-mediated activation of caspase-1 was partially inhibited by reactive oxygen species scavengers. Together, these data suggest ExoU exerts pleiotropic effects on PMVEC function during P. aeruginosa infection that may inhibit endothelial barrier and inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierra S. Hardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (K.S.H.); (A.N.T.); (C.A.S.); (R.A.B.)
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda N. Tuckey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (K.S.H.); (A.N.T.); (C.A.S.); (R.A.B.)
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
| | - Phoibe Renema
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama Mobile, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Mita Patel
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Abu-Bakr Al-Mehdi
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Domenico Spadafora
- Flow Cytometry Core Lab, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
| | - Cody A. Schlumpf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (K.S.H.); (A.N.T.); (C.A.S.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Robert A. Barrington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (K.S.H.); (A.N.T.); (C.A.S.); (R.A.B.)
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Flow Cytometry Core Lab, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
| | - Mikhail F. Alexeyev
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Troy Stevens
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-F.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Brant M. Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-F.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Jon D. Simmons
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Diego F. Alvarez
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
| | - Jonathon P. Audia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (K.S.H.); (A.N.T.); (C.A.S.); (R.A.B.)
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (P.R.); (M.P.); (A.-B.A.-M.); (M.F.A.); (T.S.); (J.D.S.); (D.F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Sultan M, Arya R, Kim KK. Roles of Two-Component Systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12152. [PMID: 34830033 PMCID: PMC8623646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that synthesizes and secretes a wide range of virulence factors. P. aeruginosa poses a potential threat to human health worldwide due to its omnipresent nature, robust host accumulation, high virulence, and significant resistance to multiple antibiotics. The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, which is associated with acute and chronic infections, is linked with multiple virulence factors and associated secretion systems, such as the ability to form and utilize a biofilm, pili, flagella, alginate, pyocyanin, proteases, and toxins. Two-component systems (TCSs) of P. aeruginosa perform an essential role in controlling virulence factors in response to internal and external stimuli. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of TCSs to perceive and respond to signals from the environment and control the production of virulence factors during infection is essential to understanding the diseases caused by P. aeruginosa infection and further develop new antibiotics to treat this pathogen. This review discusses the important virulence factors of P. aeruginosa and the understanding of their regulation through TCSs by focusing on biofilm, motility, pyocyanin, and cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rekha Arya
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea;
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