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Mangó K, Kiss ÁF, Fekete F, Erdős R, Monostory K. CYP2B6 allelic variants and non-genetic factors influence CYP2B6 enzyme function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2984. [PMID: 35194103 PMCID: PMC8863776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CYP2B6 enzyme although constitutes relatively low proportion (1–4%) of hepatic cytochrome P450 content, it is the major catalyst of metabolism of several clinically important drugs (efavirenz, cyclophosphamide, bupropion, methadone). High interindividual variability in CYP2B6 function, contributing to impaired drug-response and/or adverse reactions, is partly elucidated by genetic polymorphisms, whereas non-genetic factors can significantly modify the CYP2B6 phenotype. The influence of genetic and phenoconverting non-genetic factors on CYP2B6-selective activity and CYP2B6 expression was investigated in liver tissues from Caucasian subjects (N = 119). Strong association was observed between hepatic S-mephenytoin N-demethylase activity and CYP2B6 mRNA expression (P < 0.0001). In less than one third of the tissue donors, the CYP2B6 phenotype characterized by S-mephenytoin N-demethylase activity and/or CYP2B6 expression was concordant with CYP2B6 genotype, whereas in more than 35% of the subjects, an altered CYP2B6 phenotype was attributed to phenoconverting non-genetic factors (to CYP2B6-specific inhibitors and inducers, non-specific amoxicillin + clavulanic acid treatment and chronic alcohol consumption, but not to the gender). Furthermore, CYP2B6 genotype–phenotype mismatch still existed in one third of tissue donors. In conclusion, identifying potential sources of CYP2B6 variability and considering both genetic variations and non-genetic factors is a pressing requirement for appropriate elucidation of CYP2B6 genotype–phenotype mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Mangó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Ferenc Kiss
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fekete
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Réka Erdős
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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Cui JJ, Wang LY, Tan ZR, Zhou HH, Zhan X, Yin JY. MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED PERSONALIZED DRUG THERAPY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:523-552. [PMID: 31904155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Personalized drug therapy aims to provide tailored treatment for individual patient. Mass spectrometry (MS) is revolutionarily involved in this area because MS is a rapid, customizable, cost-effective, and easy to be used high-throughput method with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It is driving the formation of a new field, MS-based personalized drug therapy, which currently mainly includes five subfields: therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), pharmacogenomics (PGx), pharmacomicrobiomics, pharmacoepigenomics, and immunopeptidomics. Gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) are considered as the gold standard for TDM, which can be used to optimize drug dosage. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) significantly improves the capability of detecting biomacromolecule, and largely promotes the application of MS in PGx. It is becoming an indispensable tool for genotyping, which is used to discover and validate genetic biomarkers. In addition, MALDI-TOF-MS also plays important roles in identity of human microbiome whose diversity can explain interindividual differences of drug response. Pharmacoepigenetics is to study the role of epigenetic factors in individualized drug treatment. MS can be used to discover and validate pharmacoepigenetic markers (DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA). For the emerging cancer immunotherapy, personalized cancer vaccine has effective immunotherapeutic activity in the clinic. MS-based immunopeptidomics can effectively discover and screen neoantigens. This article systematically reviewed MS-based personalized drug therapy in the above mentioned five subfields. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Gynecological Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
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Nguefeu Nkenfou C, Atogho Tiedeu B, Nguefeu Nkenfou C, Nji AM, Chedjou JP, Tah Fomboh C, Kouanfack C, Mbacham WF. Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with CYP 2B6 Polymorphisms in HIV/AIDS-Treated Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Appl Clin Genet 2019; 12:261-268. [PMID: 31920362 PMCID: PMC6941599 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s226318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The metabolism of antiretroviral drugs is subject to individual variations of the CYP 2B6 gene. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CYP 2B6 516 G>T and 983 T>C polymorphisms and investigate their association with the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in people living with HIV/AIDS in Cameroon. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total number of 122 patients, attending the Yaoundé Central Hospital HIV Day Clinic, consented to take part in this study. Blood specimens were collected and DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed for the detection of CYP 2B6 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Genotype frequencies were compared between groups with or without ADRs. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between genotype and adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS Three types of metabolizers were identified: extensive, intermediate and slow. For the 516G>T polymorphism, prevalences of 8.2% GG, 65.6% GT and 26.2% TT were obtained. For the 983T>C polymorphism, 89.3% TT, 4.1% CT and 6.6% CC prevalences were obtained. Those homozygous for the wild-type allele (516GG) were less likely to develop ADR with a statistically significant difference (OR=0.885, P=0.029). For the CYP2B6 T983C SNP, homozygous mutants (CC) may present a higher risk (threefold) of developing adverse reactions (OR=2.677, P=0.164). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that ADRs among HIV/AIDS patients under ART may be associated with the genetic variability of the metabolizing enzyme CYP 2B6. Genotyping for this gene may guide the better administration of Efavirenz and Nevirapine to Cameroonian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Nguefeu Nkenfou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Barbara Atogho Tiedeu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celine Nguefeu Nkenfou
- Systems Biology, Chantal Biya’ International Reference Centre for Research on HIV and AIDS Prevention and Management (CBIRC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biology, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Molecular Biology Center Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Akindeh M Nji
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Paul Chedjou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calvino Tah Fomboh
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Catholic University of Yaoundé (UCAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Kouanfack
- Day Care Unit, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred F Mbacham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Shaykholeslam Esfahani M, Shaykholeslam Esfahani E, Vallian S. A novel compound-primed multiplex ARMS-PCR (CPMAP) for simultaneous detection of common PAH gene mutations. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1165-1173. [PMID: 29616438 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel compound-primed multiplex ARMS PCR (CPMAP) for simultaneous detection of common PAH gene mutations. This approach was used successfully for simultaneous identification of six most common PAH gene mutations in 137 phenylketonuria patients in the Iranian population. A total of six normal and six mutant allele-specific primers and 4 common primers containing a tag sequence of 12 base pair at the 5'-end were designed and used in two separate optimized multiplex ARMS reactions followed by hot-start PCR. The products were separated and visualized on 3% agarose gel. The CPMAP genotyping data were completely in accordance with the direct sequencing results. The CPMAP suggests a reliable, economical and rapid method for simultaneous detection of PAH point mutations using conventional PCR, which could be applied for diagnosis of other gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Shaykholeslam Esfahani
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, IR, Iran
| | - Sadeq Vallian
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR, Iran.
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Song Q, Zhou X, Yu J, Dong N, Wang X, Yang H, Ren J, Kim Lyerly H. The prognostic values of CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms and metastatic sites for advanced breast cancer patients treated with docetaxel and thiotepa. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16775. [PMID: 26602960 PMCID: PMC4658481 DOI: 10.1038/srep16775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated interactive effects of CYP2B6 genotypes and liver metastasis on the prognosis of metastatic breast cancer patients who received combined chemotherapy of docetaxel and thiotepa. Totally 153 patients were retrospectively genotyped rs8192719 (c.1294 + 53C > T) and rs2279343 (c.785A > G). Kaplan-Meier method and Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model were used to estimate the survival. Patients with liver metastasis had worsen prognosis, conferring a 2.26-fold high risk of progression and 1.93-fold high risk of death (p < 0.05). Both CT/TT genotype of rs8192719 (c.1294 + 3C > T) and AG genotype of rs2279343 (c.785A > G) prolonged survival (p < 0.05). Furthermore, among liver metastatic patients, AG genotype of rs2279343 (c.785A > G) was associated with a 47% reduced risk of death and a 6-month-longer overall survival (p < 0.05). Among non-liver metastatic patients, hazard ratios of CT/TT genotype of rs8192719 (c.1294 + 53C > T) were 0.45 for progression and 0.40 for death; and the corresponding survival was improved by 6 months and 16 months, respectively (p < 0.05). Genotypes of CYP2B6 had an interaction with clinical efficacy of docetaxel and thiotepa on metastatic breast cancer patients; and metastatic sites also affected clinical responses. Further therapies should take into account of chemotherapy regimen, genotypes of metabolizing enzymes and metastatic sites for the particular subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xinna Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute. 52 Fucheng Rd, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ningning Dong
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Huabing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, Suite 433, Box 2606, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, Suite 433, Box 2606, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Cho DY, Shen JHQ, Lemler SM, Skaar TC, Li L, Blievernicht J, Zanger UM, Kim KB, Shin JG, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Rifampin enhances cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6-mediated efavirenz 8-hydroxylation in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 31:107-16. [PMID: 27053325 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of rifampin on the in vivo metabolism of the antiretroviral drug efavirenz was evaluated in healthy volunteers. In a cross-over placebo control trial, healthy subjects (n = 20) were administered a single 600 mg oral dose of efavirenz after pretreatment with placebo or rifampin (600 mg/day for 10 days). Plasma and urine concentrations of efavirenz, 8-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz were measured by LC-MS/MS. Compared to placebo treatment, rifampin increased the oral clearance (by ∼2.5-fold) and decreased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of efavirenz (by ∼1.6- and ∼2.5-fold respectively) (p < 0.001). Rifampin treatment substantially increased the Cmax and AUC0-12h of 8-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz, metabolic ratio (AUC0-72h of metabolites to AUC0-72h efavirenz) and the amount of metabolites excreted in urine (Ae0-12hr) (all, p < 0.01). Female subjects had longer elimination half-life (1.6-2.2-fold) and larger weight-adjusted distribution volume (1.6-1.9-fold) of efavirenz than male subjects (p < 0.05) in placebo and rifampin treated groups respectively. In conclusion, rifampin enhances CYP2B6-mediated efavirenz 8-hydroxylation in vivo. The metabolism of a single oral dose of efavirenz may be a suitable in vivo marker of CYP2B6 activity to evaluate induction drug interactions involving this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Yeoun Cho
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joan H Q Shen
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Suzanne M Lemler
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lang Li
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julia Blievernicht
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kwon-Bok Kim
- Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - David A Flockhart
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Riccardi LN, Carano F, Bini C, Ceccardi S, Ferri G, Pelotti S. CYP2B6 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an Italian population sample and relationship with nicotine dependence. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 19:103-7. [PMID: 25489907 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensively polymorphic CYP2B6 gene metabolizes endogenous and exogenous compounds, among which are nicotine and bupropion, although its contribution to the systemic metabolism of nicotine still remains controversial. In the present study, the distribution of the CYP2B6 variant and genotype frequencies were analyzed in a sample of 202 Italian individuals who were also invited to answer the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND), in an effort to assess the involvement of CYP2B6 polymorphisms in nicotine dependence. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP2B6 were tested and seven different variants were identified showing frequencies similar to the European population. The reduced activity of the CYP2B6*6 variant was significantly (p=0.025) distributed among the nicotine-dependent individuals compared to non-nicotine dependents. Also, the CYP2B6*1/*6 genotype achieved statistical significance (p=0.016) within the nicotine-dependent individuals. The high occurrence of CYP2B6*6 carriers among nicotine-dependent individuals may suggest a possible involvement in nicotine dependence, with a potential impact on smoking cessation treatments tailored to the individual smoker's genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Natalia Riccardi
- 1 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
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CYP 450 2C19 polymorphisms in Indian patients with coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J 2013; 66:16-24. [PMID: 24581091 PMCID: PMC3946470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dual antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and prevention of stent thrombosis (ST). Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 gene involved in hepatic activation of clopidogrel leads to clopidogrel non-responsiveness and may influence clinical outcomes. These polymorphisms in CYP2C19 gene and their impact on clinical outcome in coronary artery disease (CAD) have not been studied in Indian population. Methods We studied 110 consecutive patients (mean age 55.7 ± 10.7 years; 90% male) taking clopidogrel with angiographically proven CAD for various genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 gene. Relationship between loss of function mutation and clinical presentation with recurrent ACS including ST was analyzed. Results Out of 110 patients, 26 (23.64%) had normal genotype, 52 (47.23%) had loss of function mutation *2 and 39 (35.45%) had a gain of function mutation *17, 7 (6.36%) patients were undefined metabolizers (*2/*17) which were excluded from analyses. Final analyses included 103 patients, with 45 (40.90%) having loss of function. Overall 51 patients had ACS, with 27 developing recurrence while on clopidogrel. The prevalence of loss of function mutation was no different between the group with recurrences and those without recurrences (55.6% vs. 50%, p = 0.7). Two patients developed ST while on clopidogrel; both had loss of function mutation. Conclusion CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms are common in Indian population. Loss of function mutation status did not affect the clinical outcomes. A larger study also considering P2Y12 receptor polymorphisms together with platelet activity testing, may be required to establish the role of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in clinical practice.
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9
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Twist GP, Gaedigk R, Leeder JS, Gaedigk A. High-resolution melt analysis to detect sequence variations in highly homologous gene regions: application to CYP2B6. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:913-22. [PMID: 23746185 PMCID: PMC3866959 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis using 'release-on-demand' dyes, such as EvaGreen(®) has the potential to resolve complex genotypes in situations where genotype interpretation is complicated by the presence of pseudogenes or allelic variants in close proximity to the locus of interest. We explored the utility of HRM to genotype a SNP (785A>G, K262R, rs2279343) that is located within exon 5 of the CYP2B6 gene, which contributes to the metabolism of a number of clinically used drugs. Testing of 785A>G is challenging, but crucial for accurate genotype determination. This SNP is part of multiple known CYP2B6 haplotypes and located in a region that is identical to CYP2B7, a nonfunctional pseudogene. Because small CYP2B6-specific PCR amplicons bracketing 785A>G cannot be generated, we simultaneously amplified both genes. A panel of 235 liver tissue DNAs and five Coriell samples were assessed. Eight CYP2B6/CYP2B7 diplotype combinations were found and a novel variant 769G>A (D257N) was discovered. The frequency of 785G corresponded to those reported for Caucasians and African-Americans. Assay performance was confirmed by CYP2B6 and/or CYP2B7 sequence analysis in a subset of samples, using a preamplified CYP2B6-specific long-range-PCR amplicon as HRM template. Inclusion rather than exclusion of a homologous pseudogene allowed us to devise a sensitive, reliable and affordable assay to test this CYP2B6 SNP. This assay design may be utilized to overcome the challenges and limitations of other methods. Owing to the flexibility of HRM, this assay design can easily be adapted to other gene loci of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greyson P Twist
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Innovation, The Children’s Mercy Hospital & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Innovation, The Children’s Mercy Hospital & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Innovation, The Children’s Mercy Hospital & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Innovation, The Children’s Mercy Hospital & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Gassner C, Meyer S, Frey BM, Vollmert C. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation, Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry–Based Blood Group Genotyping—The Alternative Approach. Transfus Med Rev 2013; 27:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Varshney E, Saha N, Tandon M, Shrivastava V, Ali S. Prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 in North Indian population residing in Indian national capital territory. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:34. [PMID: 23961363 PMCID: PMC3725906 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of poor and rapid metabolizers for the category of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is important for understanding the differences in clinical responses of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This study reports the prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers in North Indian population residing in the National Capital Territory. The prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers was determined in the target population for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 by measuring plasma bupropion, a drug metabolized by CYP2B6, and its metabolite. Bupropion (75 mg) was administered to 107 volunteers, and the drug (bupropion) and its metabolite (hydroxybupropion) were determined simultaneously by LCMS/MS in the plasma. CYP2B6 activity was measured as hydroxybupropion/bupropion ratio, and volunteers were categorized as rapid or poor metabolizers on the basis of cutoff value of log (hydroxybupropion/bupropion). Significant differences were observed between the mean metabolite/drug ratio of rapid metabolizers (Mean = 0.59) and poor metabolizers (Mean = 0.26) with p<0.0001. Results indicate that 20.56% individuals in the target population were poor metabolizers for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6. Cutoff value defined in this study can be used as a tool for evaluating the status of CYP2B6 using bupropion as a probe drug. The baseline information would be clinically useful before administering the drugs metabolized by this isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Varshney
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062 India
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12
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Crane AL, Klein K, Zanger UM, Olson JR. Effect of CYP2B6*6 and CYP2C19*2 genotype on chlorpyrifos metabolism. Toxicology 2012; 293:115-122. [PMID: 22281205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus (OP) pesticide. CPF is bioactivated by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to the potent cholinesterase inhibitor chlorpyrifos oxon (CPF-O) or detoxified to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy). Human CYP2B6 has the highest reported Vmax)/Km (intrinsic clearance--CL(int)) for bioactivation while CYP2C19 has the highest reported CL(int) for detoxification of CPF. In this study, 22 human liver microsomes (HLMs) genotyped for common variants of these enzymes (CYP2B6*6 and CYP2C19*2) were incubated with 10 μM and 0.5 μM CPF and assayed for metabolite production. While no differences in metabolite production were observed in homozygous CYP2C19*2 HLMs, homozygous CYP2B6*6 specimens produced significantly less CPF-O than wild-type specimens at 10 μM (mean 144 and 446 pmol/min/mg, respectively). This correlated with reduced expression of CYP2B6 protein (mean 4.86 and 30.1 pmol/mg, for CYP2B6*6 and *1, respectively). Additionally, CYP2B6*1 and CYP2B6*6 were over-expressed in mammalian COS-1 cells to assess for the first time the impact of the CYP2B6*6 variant on the kinetic parameters of CPF bioactivation. The Vmax for CYP2B6*6 (1.05×10⁵ pmol/min/nmol CYP2B6) was significantly higher than that of CYP2B6*1 (4.13×10⁴ pmol/min/nmol CYP2B6) but the K(m) values did not differ (1.97 μM for CYP2B6*6 and 1.84 μM for CYP2B6*1) resulting in CL(int) rates of 53.5 and 22.5 nL/min/nmol CYP2B6 for *6 and *1, respectively. These data suggest that CYP2B6*6 has increased specific activity but reduced capacity to bioactivate CPF in HLMs compared to wild-type due to reduced hepatic protein expression, indicating that individuals with this genotype may be less susceptible to CPF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Crane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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14
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Comments on “Analysis of 50 SNPs in CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in Chinese Han population”. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 211:e7-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Genetically Polymorphic Cytochrome P450s and Transporters and Personalized Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shi Y, Xiang P, Li L, Shen M. Analysis of 50 SNPs in CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in Chinese Han population. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 207:183-7. [PMID: 21071160 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the near future is the identification of genes that affect the metabolism of different drugs. Large scale association studies that utilise single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been considered a valuable tool for this purpose. CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were found to be involved in the majority of hepatically cleared drugs. To determine the allele frequencies of some SNPs that may have great potential value in forensic science, we screened 50 SNPs in these 5 CYP genes in Chinese Han people using an accurate, high-throughput, cost-effective method. Primers were designed using the MassARRAY Assay Design software. Genomic DNA was prepared from blood samples obtained from individuals of Chinese Han origin. Multiplex PCR was performed to amplify the relevant gene fragments, and the polymorphisms were analysed by allele-specific primer extension followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A panel of genomic DNA samples previously genotyped by other methods were analysed simultaneously for quality control, and the results demonstrated that this assay was 100% accurate. A total of 17 of the analysed SNPs were polymorphic. Of these 17 SNPs, 8 (rs16947, rs28371725, rs1800754, rs4244285, rs4986893, rs12248560, rs3758580, rs2242480) had an allele frequency that was significantly different between this Chinese Han population and Caucasians (p<0.01). In addition, the frequencies of two of these SNPs (rs1800754, rs3758581) in our Chinese Han population differed significantly from the existing Chinese frequency data (p<0.01). The described method thus provides reliable results and enables the genotyping of up to thousands of samples by taking advantage of the high-throughput MALDI-TOF technology. The results herein are now included as a supplement to the P450 database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Ribaudo HJ, Liu H, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E, Eichelbaum M, Motsinger-Reif AA, Ritchie MD, Zanger UM, Acosta EP, Morse GD, Gulick RM, Robbins GK, Clifford D, Haas DW. Effect of CYP2B6, ABCB1, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on efavirenz pharmacokinetics and treatment response: an AIDS Clinical Trials Group study. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:717-22. [PMID: 20662624 DOI: 10.1086/655470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocols 384, A5095, and A5097s, we characterized relationships between 22 polymorphisms in CYP2B6, ABCB1, and CYP3A5; plasma efavirenz exposure; and/or treatment responses. A stepwise logistic regression procedure selected polymorphisms associated with reduced drug clearance adjusted for body mass index and the composite CYP2B6 516/983 genotype. Relationships between selected polymorphisms and treatment responses were characterized by competing risk methodology. Association analyses involved 821 individuals (317 for pharmacokinetics and 643 for treatment response). Models that included CYP2B6 516/983 genotype best predicted pharmacokinetics. Slow-metabolizer genotypes were associated with increased central nervous system events among white participants and decreased virologic failure among black participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ribaudo
- Statistical Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Thongnoppakhun W, Jiemsup S, Yongkiettrakul S, Kanjanakorn C, Limwongse C, Wilairat P, Vanasant A, Rungroj N, Yenchitsomanus PT. Simple, efficient, and cost-effective multiplex genotyping with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of hemoglobin beta gene mutations. J Mol Diagn 2009; 11:334-46. [PMID: 19460936 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2009.080151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of common mutations in the hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene cause beta-thalassemia, a monogenic disease with high prevalence in certain ethnic groups. As there are 30 HBB variants that cover more than 99.5% of HBB mutant alleles in the Thai population, an efficient and cost-effective screening method is required. Three panels of multiplex primer extensions, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed. The first panel simultaneously detected 21 of the most common HBB mutations, while the second panel screened nine additional mutations, plus seven of the first panel for confirmation; the third panel was used to confirm three HBB mutations, yielding a 9-Da mass difference that could not be clearly distinguished by the previous two panels. The protocol was both standardized using 40 samples of known genotypes and subsequently validated in 162 blind samples with 27 different genotypes (including a normal control), comprising heterozygous, compound heterozygous, and homozygous beta-thalassemia. Results were in complete agreement with those from the genotyping results, conducted using three different methods overall. The method developed here permitted the detection of mutations missed using a single genotyping procedure. The procedure should serve as the method of choice for HBB genotyping due to its accuracy, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, and can be applied to studies of other gene variants that are potential disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Thongnoppakhun
- Departments of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping of polymorphisms related to 1-carbon metabolism using common and mass-modified terminators. Clin Chem 2008; 55:139-49. [PMID: 18988749 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large cohort studies may provide sufficient power to disentangle the role of polymorphisms related to 1-carbon metabolism and chronic diseases, but they require fast, accurate, high-throughput genotyping techniques. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been adapted to rapid fine mapping using various approaches for allele discrimination. We developed a genotyping method based on MALDI-TOF MS and compared assay performance for formats based on standard and mass-modified terminators. METHODS The assay includes 20 polymorphisms of 14 genes involved in 1-carbon metabolism (BHMT 742G>A, CBS 844ins68 and 699C>T, CTH 1364G>T, DHFR del19, NOS3 -786T>C and 894G>T, FOLR1 1314G>A, MTHFD1 -105T>C and 1958G>A, MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C, MTR 2756A>G, MTRR 66A>G and 524C>T, SLC19A1 80G>A, SHMT1 1420C>T, TCN2 67A>G and 776C>G, and TYMS 1494del6). RESULTS Missing calls were observed for 4.7% of the DNA samples, attributed to failed liquid sample handling. Highly accurate genotyping was obtained by mass-modified as well as standard ddNTPs, with an average error rate of < or =0.1% by analysis of sample duplicates. A semiquantitative approach enabled unambiguous identification of the CBS 844ins68. Cluster plots of the relative allele intensities showed allele-specific bias according to type of minisequencing terminator and revealed a potential structural variation in the BHMT gene. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF MS-based genotyping using either standard or mass-modified terminators allows the accurate determination of single nucleotides as well as structural genetic variants. This was demonstrated with 20 polymorphisms involved in 1-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Meyer
- Bevital A/S, Armauer Hansens Hus, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Zanger UM, Turpeinen M, Klein K, Schwab M. Functional pharmacogenetics/genomics of human cytochromes P450 involved in drug biotransformation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1093-108. [PMID: 18695978 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the elimination routes for the 200 drugs that are sold most often by prescription count in the United States. The majority (78%) of the hepatically cleared drugs were found to be subject to oxidative metabolism via cytochromes P450 of the families 1, 2 and 3, with major contributions from CYP3A4/5 (37% of drugs) followed by CYP2C9 (17%), CYP2D6 (15%), CYP2C19 (10%), CYP1A2 (9%), CYP2C8 (6%), and CYP2B6 (4%). Clinically well-established polymorphic CYPs (i.e., CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) were involved in the metabolism of approximately half of those drugs, including (in particular) NSAIDs metabolized mainly by CYP2C9, proton-pump inhibitors metabolized by CYP2C19, and beta blockers and several antipsychotics and antidepressants metabolized by CYP2D6. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of the functional polymorphisms and aspects of the functional genomics of the major human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s, as well as their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schaeffeler E, Zanger UM, Eichelbaum M, Asante-Poku S, Shin JG, Schwab M. Highly multiplexed genotyping of thiopurine s-methyltransferase variants using MALD-TOF mass spectrometry: reliable genotyping in different ethnic groups. Clin Chem 2008; 54:1637-47. [PMID: 18687736 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To avoid severe hematotoxicity in patients, determination of the TPMT (thiopurine S-methyltransferase) genotype before commencing thiopurine therapy has become accepted. METHODS We used MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) based on Sequenom iPLEX technology to develop novel multiplex assays for comprehensive testing of TPMT. Two assays, a 15-plex and a 7-plex assay, consisting of multiplex PCR, shrimp alkaline phosphatase treatment, primer extension, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis, allow detection of all currently known functionally relevant 24 TPMT alleles (TPMT*2 to *18, *20 to *23). Previously identified variant DNA samples and newly constructed synthetic templates were used as quality controls. RESULTS Assay evaluation performed on a panel of 586 genomic DNA samples previously genotyped by other methods (denaturing HPLC, sequencing) resulted in 100% agreement. Analyses of the distribution of TPMT alleles in 116 samples from a Ghanaian population revealed a TPMT*8 allele frequency of 3.4%. In a Korean population of 118 unrelated individuals, we found a TPMT*6 allele frequency of 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed multiplex MALDI-TOF MS assay allows efficient genotyping for all currently known functional TPMT variants. To achieve the most accurate prediction of TPMT phenotype, molecular diagnosis of TPMT should include all these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Schaeffeler
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Pharmacogenetics and the potential for the individualization of antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21:16-24. [PMID: 18192781 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e3282f42224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic associations highlighting differences in the response to HIV infection and treatment have significantly furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretroviral drug action and toxicities and HIV disease itself. This review focuses on the current knowledge of associations between polymorphisms and treatment outcomes in HIV with particular emphasis on clinically relevant relationships likely to lead to the individualization of antiretroviral therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Our understanding of the immunogenetic basis of drug toxicity has been furthered by human leucocyte antigen associations with hypersensitivities for the antiretroviral drugs abacavir and nevirapine. For abacavir in particular, the use of HLA-B*5701 as a screening test appears to be generalizable across racially diverse populations and has been supported by both observational, and blinded randomized controlled trials. SUMMARY Differences in HIV acquisition and progression as well as antiretroviral efficacy and toxicity will continue to provide the basis for research to define the genetic basis of such diversity. Despite the plethora of research in this area, numerous barriers exist to the successful operationalization of genetic testing to the clinic. HLA-B*5701 screening to prevent abacavir hypersensitivity is currently the most relevant to clinical practice and highlights that the promise of cost-effective testing can be facilitated by robust laboratory methodology and quality assurance programs that can be applied to diverse treatment settings.
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Abstract
Pharmacogenetics holds promise in HIV treatment because of the complexity and potential toxicity of multidrug therapies that are prescribed for long periods. Thus far, few candidate genes have been examined for a limited number of allelic variants, but a number of confirmed associations have already emerged. A change in paradigm emerges from the availability of the HapMap, the wealth of data on less-common genetic polymorphisms, and new genotyping technology. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on pharmacogenetic determinants of antiretroviral drug exposure, drug toxicity, as well as genetic markers associated with the rate of disease progression. It is expected that larger-scale comprehensive genome approaches will profoundly change the landscape of knowledge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zanger UM, Klein K, Saussele T, Blievernicht J, Hofmann MH, Schwab M. Polymorphic CYP2B6: molecular mechanisms and emerging clinical significance. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:743-59. [PMID: 17638512 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.7.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters contribute to wide and inheritable variability in drug pharmacokinetics, response and toxicity. One of the less well-studied human cytochrome P450s is (CYP)2B6, a homologue of the rodent phenobarbital-inducible CYP2B enzymes. Clinically used drug substrates include cytostatics (cyclophosphamide), HIV drugs (efavirenz and nevirapine), antidepressants (bupropion), antimalarials (artemisinin), anesthetics (propofol) and synthetic opioids (methadone). Contrary to the model polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, which were discovered by adverse drug reactions, pharmacogenetic study of CYP2B6 was initiated by reverse genetics approaches and subsequent functional and clinical studies. With over 100 described SNPs, numerous complex haplotypes and distinct ethnic frequencies, CYP2B6 is one of the most polymorphic CYP genes in humans. In this review, we summarize general biomolecular and pharmacological features and present a detailed up-to-date description of genetic polymorphisms, including a discussion of recent clinical applications of CYP2B6 pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hofmann MH, Blievernicht JK, Klein K, Saussele T, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Zanger UM. Aberrant splicing caused by single nucleotide polymorphism c.516G>T [Q172H], a marker of CYP2B6*6, is responsible for decreased expression and activity of CYP2B6 in liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:284-92. [PMID: 18171905 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2B6 is a polymorphic human drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 with clinical relevance for several drug substrates including cyclophosphamide, bupropion, and efavirenz. The common allele CYP2B6*6 [c. 516G>T, Q172H, and c.785A>G, K262R] has previously been associated with lower expression in human liver and with increased plasma levels of efavirenz in human immunodeficiency virus patients, but the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. We present novel data showing that hepatic CYP2B6 mRNA levels are reduced in *6 carriers, suggesting a pretranslational mechanism resulting in decreased expression. As one possibility, we first analyzed the common promoter variant, -750T>C, but the results did not suggest a prominent role in phenotype determination. In contrast, analysis of liver mRNA splicing variants demonstrated that the most common form lacking exons 4 to 6 (SV1) was tightly associated with the *6 allele and apparently also with the rare variant c.777C>A(CYP2B6*3). Further investigation using minigene constructs transfected into eukaryotic cell lines COS-1 and Huh7 demonstrated that the single nucleotide polymorphism c.516G>T in allele CYP2B6*6 was alone responsible for aberrant splicing resulting in high-splice variant (SV) 1 and low-CYP2B6 expression phenotype. Minigenes carrying the single c.785A>G polymorphism or the rare c.777C>A variant resulted in normal and intermediate expression phenotypes, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanism of the common *6 allele involves predominantly aberrant splicing, thus leading to reduced functional mRNA, protein, and activity. These results establish the single nucleotide polymorphism 516G>Tasthe causal sequence variation for severely decreased expression and function associated with CYP2B6*6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rotger M, Saumoy M, Zhang K, Flepp M, Sahli R, Decosterd L, Telenti A. Partial deletion of CYP2B6 owing to unequal crossover with CYP2B7. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:885-90. [PMID: 17885627 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282ef5cd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possibility of copy number variation (CNV) of CYP2B6. METHODS We investigated CNV in 226 HIV-1-infected individuals by quantitative PCR. Identification of a candidate CNV prompted characterization of the size of deletion by assessment of absence of exons, mapping of the recombination site by sequencing, and by southern blot. The functional consequences of CNV were assessed in silico (predicted protein), and in vivo, by evaluation of plasma drug levels of the CYP2B6 substrate efavirenz. RESULTS Analyses identified one white individual carrying a heterozygous deletion of exons 1-4 of CYP2B6. We identified a approximately 68 kb deletion between CYP2B7 and CYP2B6, and mapped the crossover to a homologous region in intron 4 of both genes. The new hybrid allele, named CYP2B6*29, carries two amino acid substitutions, Q172H and M198T, previously associated with impaired enzyme function. Consistent with the functional prediction, the average of efavirenz area under the curve values of the patient was mean+/-SD, 81.64+/-23.62, versus 47.75+/-19.73 mug h/ml for individuals with an extensive metabolizer phenotype. CONCLUSION CYP2B6*29 represents a new mechanism of genetic variation at the CYP2B6 locus, underscoring the highly polymorphic nature of this isoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Rotger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne; Switzerland
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Tsang JCH, Charoenkwan P, Chow KCK, Jin Y, Wanapirak C, Sanguansermsri T, Lo YMD, Chiu RWK. Mass Spectrometry–Based Detection of Hemoglobin E Mutation by Allele-Specific Base Extension Reaction. Clin Chem 2007; 53:2205-9. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.095133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The specific detection of a minor population of mutant DNA molecules requires methods of high specificity and sensitivity. While the single-allele base extension reaction (SABER) was shown to be useful for the detection of certain beta-thalassemia mutations, we encountered problems with false positivity during development of SABER for the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of the hemoglobin E (HbE) disease. Systematic optimization resulted in an alternative protocol, the allele-specific base extension reaction (ASBER).
Methods: An artificial model was established by mixing genomic DNA of HbE carriers and normal individuals. Effects of terminator concentration and annealing temperature on the nonspecificity of SABER were then studied. The use of a single relevant terminator and the other 3 types of dideoxynucleotide as competing terminators were also compared in the development of the ASBER protocol. Thirteen cases of HbE-susceptible pregnancies were tested to compare the SABER and the ASBER protocols.
Results: Decreasing the single relevant terminator concentration and increasing the annealing temperature in SABER were found to improve specificity. The use of the other 3 types of dideoxynucleotide as competing terminators was shown to offer better detection sensitivity than a single terminator in ASBER. Genotyping results were all correctly determined by ASBER, except one false-negative detection (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 100%).
Conclusions: An alternative mass spectrometry–based protocol for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, ASBER, has been successfully developed to allow the detection of a minor DNA population with a point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason CH Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Katherine CK Chow
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | | | | - YM Dennis Lo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
- Centre for Research into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rossa WK Chiu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
- Centre for Research into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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Desta Z, Saussele T, Ward B, Blievernicht J, Li L, Klein K, Flockhart DA, Zanger UM. Impact of CYP2B6 polymorphism on hepatic efavirenz metabolism in vitro. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:547-58. [PMID: 17559344 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.6.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the influence of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) genotype on the rate of oxidative efavirenz metabolism in human liver microsomes. Materials & methods: Formation rates of 8-hydroxyefavirenz, 7-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz were determined in vitro with efavirenz as a substrate (10 µM) in a large panel of human liver microsomes (n = 87) that were genotyped for variants of the CYP2B6 gene and phenotyped for CYP2B6 protein expression and bupropion hydroxylation. Results: Efavirenz 8-hydroxylation, the major route of efavirenz clearance, was detected in all samples, exhibiting an overall interindividual variability of 44.7-fold; 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz and 7-hydroxyefavirenz were also detected in most samples. The formation rate of 8-hydroxyefavirenz correlated significantly with CYP2B6 protein (Spearman’s rS = 0.54; p < 0.0001) and bupropion hydroxylase activity (rS = 0.73; p < 0.0001). Compared with the *1/*1 genotype, efavirenz 8-hydroxylation was significantly lower in samples with *1/*6 and *6/*6 genotype, which also had significantly decreased CYP2B6 protein (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.05). A decrease in CYP2B6 protein was also observed in samples with *1/*5 and *5/*6 genotypes, but this did not result in significant reduction of efavirenz metabolism, probably due to differences in specific activity of the protein variants. Lower CYP2B6 protein and activity, as well as efavirenz 8-hydroxylation was also found in several samples with rarer genotypes. We found no effect of gender and age on any of the phenotypes tested, but prior exposure to carbamazepine markedly increased CYP2B6 protein expression and activity as well as efavirenz 8-hydroxylation. Conclusions: We have shown that CYP2B6 genetic polymorphism markedly influences the metabolism of efavirenz in human liver microsomes. Importantly, the CYP2B6*6 allele harboring the SNPs c.516G>T [Q172H] and c.785A>G [K262R] was significantly associated with a pronounced decrease in CYP2B6 expression and activity, as well as a low rate of efavirenz 8-hydroxylation. These results represent a first step towards elucidating the mechanism by which this allele identifies patients exhibiting very high efavirenz plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 West 10th Street, WD Myers Bldg., W7123, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Saussele T, Burk O, Blievernicht JK, Klein K, Nussler A, Nussler N, Hengstler JG, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Zanger UM. Selective Induction of Human Hepatic Cytochromes P450 2B6 and 3A4 by Metamizole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:265-74. [PMID: 17344806 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pyrazolone drug metamizole is a widely used analgesic. Analysis of liver microsomes from patients treated with metamizole revealed selectively higher expression of cytochromes P450, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 (3.8- and 2.8-fold, respectively), and 2.9-fold higher bupropion hydroxylase activity compared with untreated subjects. Further investigation of metamizole and various derivatives on different potential target genes in human primary hepatocytes demonstrated time- and concentration-dependent induction by metamizole of CYP2B6 (7.8- and 3.1-fold for mRNA and protein, respectively, at 100 muM) and CYP3A4 (2.4- and 2.9-fold, respectively), whereas other genes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase, ABCB1, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR)) were not substantially altered. Using reporter gene assays, we show that metamizole is not acting as a direct ligand to either PXR or CAR, suggesting a phenobarbital-like mechanism of induction. These data warrant further studies to elucidate the drug-interaction potential of metamizole, especially in patients with long-term treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Catalysis
- Cells, Cultured
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- Dipyrone/analogs & derivatives
- Dipyrone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Female
- Genotype
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Male
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Middle Aged
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Plasmids
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Steroid/drug effects
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saussele
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
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Jeong JY, Kim MR, Son JG, Jung JP, Oh IJ, Kim KS, Kim YC. Comparison of PCR-RFLP and Real-Time PCR for Allelotyping of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of RRM1, a Lung Cancer Suppressor Gene. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.62.5.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Jeong
- Medical Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Kim
- Medical Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jun-Gwang Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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