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Sorbini M, Carradori T, Togliatto GM, Vaisitti T, Deaglio S. Technical Advances in Circulating Cell-Free DNA Detection and Analysis for Personalized Medicine in Patients' Care. Biomolecules 2024; 14:498. [PMID: 38672514 PMCID: PMC11048502 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) refers to small fragments of DNA molecules released after programmed cell death and necrosis in several body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The discovery of cfDNA has revolutionized the field of non-invasive diagnostics in the oncologic field, in prenatal testing, and in organ transplantation. Despite the potential of cfDNA and the solid results published in the recent literature, several challenges remain, represented by a low abundance, a need for highly sensitive assays, and analytical issues. In this review, the main technical advances in cfDNA analysis are presented and discussed, with a comprehensive examination of the current available methodologies applied in each field. Considering the potential advantages of cfDNA, this biomarker is increasing its consensus among clinicians, as it allows us to monitor patients' conditions in an easy and non-invasive way, offering a more personalized care. Nevertheless, cfDNA analysis is still considered a diagnostic marker to be further validated, and very few centers are implementing its analysis in routine diagnostics. As technical improvements are enhancing the performances of cfDNA analysis, its application will transversally improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sorbini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (T.C.); (T.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Tullia Carradori
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (T.C.); (T.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Gabriele Maria Togliatto
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (T.C.); (T.V.); (S.D.)
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (T.C.); (T.V.); (S.D.)
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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Verhoeven JGHP, Peeters AMA, Hesselink DA, Boer K. Pitfalls in the Detection of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Transplant Recipients. Clin Chem 2021; 67:1030-1032. [PMID: 34125169 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G H P Verhoeven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M A Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Two Reliable Methodical Approaches for Non-Invasive RHD Genotyping of a Fetus from Maternal Plasma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080564. [PMID: 32764529 PMCID: PMC7460148 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping is an important tool for predicting RhD incompatibility between a pregnant woman and a fetus. This study aimed to assess a methodological approach other than the commonly used one for noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping on a representative set of RhD-negative pregnant women. The methodology must be accurate, reliable, and broadly available for implementation into routine clinical practice. A total of 337 RhD-negative pregnant women from the Czech Republic region were tested in this study. The fetal RHD genotype was assessed using two methods: real-time PCR and endpoint quantitative fluorescent (QF) PCR. We used exon-7-specific primers from the RHD gene, along with internal controls. Plasma samples were analyzed and measured in four/two parallel reactions to determine the accuracy of the RHD genotyping. The RHD genotype was verified using DNA analysis from a newborn buccal swab. Both methods showed an excellent ability to predict the RHD genotype. Real-time PCR achieved its greatest accuracy of 98.6% (97.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% CI)) if all four PCRs were positive/negative. The QF PCR method also achieved its greatest accuracy of 99.4% (100% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity (95% CI)) if all the measurements were positive/negative. Both real-time PCR and QF PCR were reliable methods for precisely assessing the fetal RHD allele from the plasma of RhD-negative pregnant women.
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Shi J, Zhang R, Li J, Zhang R. Size profile of cell-free DNA: A beacon guiding the practice and innovation of clinical testing. Theranostics 2020; 10:4737-4748. [PMID: 32308746 PMCID: PMC7163439 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has pioneered the development of noninvasive prenatal testing and liquid biopsy, its emerging applications include organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and many other disorders; size profile of cfDNA is a crucial biological property and is essential for its clinical applications. Therefore, a thorough mastery of the characteristic and potential applications of cfDNA size profile is needed. Methods: Based on the recent researches, we summarized the size profile of cfDNA in pregnant women, tumor patients, transplant recipients and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients to explore the common features. We also concluded the applications of size profile in pre-analytical phases, analytical phases for novel assays, and preparation of quality control materials (QCMs). Results: The size profile of cfDNA shared common features in different populations, and was distributed as a "ladder" pattern with a dominant peak at ~166 bp. However, cfDNA entailed slightly discrepant characteristics due to specific tissues of origin. The dominant peaks of fetal and maternal cfDNA fragments in pregnant women were at 143 bp and 166 bp, respectively. The plasma cfDNA in tumor patients, transplant recipients, and SLE patients had a peak of around 166 bp. In pre-analytical phases, size profile served as a vital indicator to judge the eligibility of specimens, thus ensuring the successful implementation of assays. More importantly, the size profile had the potential to enrich short fragments, calculate fetal fraction, detect fetal abnormalities, predict tumor progress in analytical phase and to guide the preparation of QCMs. Conclusions: Our finding summarized the characteristics and potential applications of cfDNA size profile, providing clinical researchers with novel assays by the extensive application of cfDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Shi
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runling Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Rui Zhang, Ph.D, Mailing address: National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China. Tel: 86-10-58115053; Fax: 86-10-65212064; E-mail:
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Chang L, Yu H, Miao X, Zhang J, Li S. Development and comprehensive evaluation of a noninvasive prenatal paternity testing method through a scaled trial. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 43:102158. [PMID: 31479931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To eliminate the miscarriage risks caused by traditional invasive sampling methods, we develop a noninvasive prenatal paternity testing (NIPPT) method and evaluate its efficiency, reliability and sensitivity based on a scaled trial. METHODS We use maternal cell-free DNA and massive parallel sequencing to obtain NIPPT genotypes for parents and fetuses based on quality-controlled genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In a preliminary testing, data from 14 pregnant women and 7 negative controls are used for setting threshold of fetal genotyping in reference to postpartum children. After that, those from 349 cases with pregnancies of 6-35 gestational weeks (GW) and 9 negative controls from non-pregnant women who have fertility experience previously are in-depth evaluated. RESULTS In all cases, the biological fathers have been successfully identified from unrelated with a combined paternity index (CPI) of 3.58 × 1018 - 1.46 × 10165 for the cases versus 1.52 × 10-22 - 2.30 × 10-839 for the controls. For negative controls, fetal SNPs originating from previous pregnancies could not be detected. Our NIPPT results completely aligned with the invasive prenatal test results using PCR-CE STR methods. CONCLUSION NIPPT can be applied to determine paternity accurately from 6 weeks after conception until birth and may serve as an alternative prenatal paternity test advantageous to the currently-used methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Chang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Huiyun Yu
- BGI-shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xinyao Miao
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shengbin Li
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China; BGI-shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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Zhao Q, HuoJiaBieKe J, Du S. The influence of fetal gender and maternal characteristics on fetal cell-free DNA in maternal plasma. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019; 48:653-656. [PMID: 31276844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the possible effects of fetal gender and maternal characteristics on concentration of fetal cell-free DNA (cfDNA). METHODS Maternal plasma that collected from 2638 singleton pregnancies women were analyzed using non-invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy by next generation sequence technology. The effects of fetal gender and maternal BMI on fetal cfDNA was measured by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS The proportion of fetal cfDNA was positively correlated with gestational age (regression equation: Y=16.2483+6.8856X, r=0.1660, p<0.0001); and negatively correlated with BMI (Body Mass Index) (regression equation: Y=25.6342-19.0065X, r=-0.2146, p<0.0001); Concentration of female fetal cfDNA (mean fetal cfDNA is 13.07%, p<0.0001) is higher than male fetal cfDNA (mean fetal cfDNA is 8.37%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Fetal cfDNA increases stably between 12 and 20 weeks of gestation, and increases in a higher rate after 20 weeks. The maternal BMI is an important factor affecting fetal cfDNA, should be paid enough attention in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongzhen Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, XinJiang JiaYin Hospital, 48 Hubei Road, Shuimogou District, Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, 830000, China
| | - JiaNaGuLi HuoJiaBieKe
- Reproductive Medicine Center, XinJiang JiaYin Hospital, 48 Hubei Road, Shuimogou District, Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, 830000, China.
| | - Shanshan Du
- Reproductive Medicine Center, XinJiang JiaYin Hospital, 48 Hubei Road, Shuimogou District, Urumchi, Xinjiang Province, 830000, China
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Ivanov M, Chernenko P, Breder V, Laktionov K, Rozhavskaya E, Musienko S, Baranova A, Mileyko V. Utility of cfDNA Fragmentation Patterns in Designing the Liquid Biopsy Profiling Panels to Improve Their Sensitivity. Front Genet 2019; 10:194. [PMID: 30915108 PMCID: PMC6422983 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotyping of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma samples has the potential to allow for a noninvasive assessment of tumor biology, avoiding the inherent shortcomings of tissue biopsy. Next generation sequencing (NGS), a leading technology for liquid biopsy analysis, continues to be hurdled with several major issues with cfDNA samples, including low cfDNA concentration and high fragmentation. In this study, by employing Ion Torrent PGM semiconductor technology, we performed a comparison between two multi-biomarker amplicon-based NGS panels characterized by a substantial difference in average amplicon length. In course of the analysis of the peripheral blood from 13 diagnostic non-small cell lung cancer patients, equivalence of two panels, in terms of overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was shown. A pairwise comparison of the allele frequencies for the same somatic variants obtained from the pairs of panel-specific amplicons, demonstrated an identical analytical sensitivity in range of 140 to 170 bp amplicons in size. Further regression analysis between amplicon length and its coverage, illustrated that NGS sequencing of plasma cfDNA equally tolerates amplicons with lengths in the range of 120 to 170 bp. To increase the sensitivity of mutation detection in cfDNA, we performed a computational analysis of the features associated with genome-wide nucleosome maps, evident from the data on the prevalence of cfDNA fragments of certain sizes and their fragmentation patterns. By leveraging the support vector machine-based machine learning approach, we showed that a combination of nucleosome map associated features with GC content, results in the increased accuracy of prediction of high inter-sample sequencing coverage variation (areas under the receiver operating curve: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.750–0.752 vs. 0.65, 95% CI: 0.63–0.67). Thus, nucleosome-guided fragmentation should be utilized as a guide to design amplicon-based NGS panels for the genotyping of cfDNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Ivanov
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Valery Breder
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Rozhavskaya
- Atlas Oncology Diagnostics, Ltd., Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ancha Baranova
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Atlas Oncology Diagnostics, Ltd., Moscow, Russia.,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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Vong JSL, Jiang P, Cheng SH, Lee WS, Tsang JCH, Leung TY, Chan KCA, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. Enrichment of fetal and maternal long cell-free DNA fragments from maternal plasma following DNA repair. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:88-99. [PMID: 30575063 PMCID: PMC6619283 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) fragments in maternal plasma contain DNA damage and may negatively impact the sensitivity of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT). However, some of these DNA damages are potentially reparable. We aimed to recover these damaged cfDNA molecules using PreCR DNA repair mix. Methods cfDNA was extracted from 20 maternal plasma samples and was repaired and sequenced by the Illumina platform. Size profiles and fetal DNA fraction changes of repaired samples were characterized. Targeted sequencing of chromosome Y sequences was used to enrich fetal cfDNA molecules following repair. Single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing platform was employed to characterize long (>250 bp) cfDNA molecules. NIPT of five trisomy 21 samples was performed. Results Size profiles of repaired libraries were altered, with significantly increased long (>250 bp) cfDNA molecules. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based analyses showed that both fetal‐ and maternal‐derived cfDNA molecules were enriched by the repair. Fetal DNA fractions in maternal plasma showed a small but consistent (4.8%) increase, which were contributed by a higher increment of long fetal cfDNA molecules. z‐score values were improved in NIPT of all trisomy 21 samples. Conclusion Plasma DNA repair recovers and enriches long cfDNA molecules of both fetal and maternal origins in maternal plasma. What is already known about this topic?
Most of the cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) fragments in maternal plasma have sizes less than 200 bp, with fetal molecules being shorter than maternal ones. DNA damages exist in cfDNA, particularly single‐strand nicks. Occasional no call for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be caused by insufficient fetal DNA fraction.
What does this study add?
Repair of cfDNA by PreCR repair mix can recover a subset of long (>250 bp) cfDNA molecules. Both fetal and maternal long cfDNA are enriched by PreCR repair treatment. Mild but consistent increments in fetal DNA fractions after PreCR repair, which are contributed by higher enrichment of long fetal cfDNA molecules. PreCR repair treatment improves NIPT of trisomy 21 by elevating z scores resulting in better discrimination of aneuploid from euploid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim S L Vong
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peiyong Jiang
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suk-Hang Cheng
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Shan Lee
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason C H Tsang
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak-Yeung Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K C Allen Chan
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rossa W K Chiu
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y M Dennis Lo
- Centre for Research Into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Jain S, Su YH, Su YP, McCloud S, Xue R, Lee TJ, Lin SC, Lin SY, Song W, Steffen JD, Hu CT. Characterization of the hepatitis B virus DNA detected in urine of chronic hepatitis B patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:40. [PMID: 29548283 PMCID: PMC5857095 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the urine of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) has been reported previously, suggesting urine could provide a potential route of horizontal HBV transmission. However, it is not clear whether the HBV DNA detected in urine is indeed full-length, infectious viral DNA. The aim of this study is to assess the potential infectivity of urine from patients with CHB and to correlate HBV DNA detection in urine with clinical parameters, such as serum viral load and HBeAg status. Methods Urine from 60 CHB patients with serum viral loads ranging from undetectable to 108 IU/mL were analyzed for HBV DNA and serum immune markers. HBV DNA was detected from total urine DNA and size-fractionated urine DNA (separated into ≤1 kb and > 1 kb fractions) by PCR analysis of six regions of the HBV genome. Results Twenty-seven of 59 (45.7%) patients with HBV serum viral load (≥20 IU/mL) contained at least 20 copies per mL of fragmented HBV DNA in urine detected in at least 1 of the 6 PCR assay regions. Only one patient contained HBV DNA detected by all six regions, and was found to have evidence of blood in the urine. Sixteen of 25 urine samples with high viral load (> 105 IU/mL) and 11 of 34 urine samples with low viral load (< 105 IU/mL) contained detectable HBV DNA. Twelve of 27 (44.44%) patients with detectable HBV DNA in urine were HBeAg positive, and only 5 of these HBeAg positive patients were in the group of 33 (15.15%) patients with no detectable HBV DNA in urine. By Fishers’ exact test, HBV DNA in urine is significantly associated with high serum viral load (P = 0.0197) and HBeAg (P = 0.0203). Conclusions We conclude that urine from CHB patients with healthy kidney function should not contain full-length HBV DNA, and therefore should not be infectious. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Yih-Ping Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | | | - Ruixia Xue
- The Second Hospital of Yuncheng, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, 044000, China
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Shu-Chuan Lin
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,U-Screen Dx Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jamin D Steffen
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,Hepron Molecular Lab, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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10
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Suzawa K, Yamamoto H, Ohashi K, Hashida S, Tomida S, Kubo T, Maki Y, Soh J, Tsukuda K, Kiura K, Miyoshi S, Toyooka S. Optimal method for quantitative detection of plasma EGFR T790M mutation using droplet digital PCR system. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3100-3106. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Degraded RNA transcript stable regions (StaRs) as targets for enhanced forensic RNA body fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 20:61-70. [PMID: 26485676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of messenger RNA (mRNA) using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is becoming common practice for forensic body fluid identification. However, the degraded and scarce nature of RNA from forensic samples mean that mRNA transcripts are not consistently detected or remain undetected in practice. Conventional primer design for RT-PCR (and quantitative RT-PCR) includes targeting primers to span exon-exon boundaries or by having the primers on two separate exons, and satisfying common primer thermodynamic criteria. We have found that the conventional placement of primers is not always optimal for obtaining reproducible results from degraded samples. Using massively parallel sequencing data from degraded body fluids, we designed primers to amplify transcript regions of high read coverage, hence, higher stability, and compared these with primers designed using conventional methodology. Our findings are that primers designed for transcript regions of higher read coverage resulted in vastly improved detection of mRNA transcripts that were not previously detected or were not consistently detected in the same samples using conventional primers. We developed a new concept whereby primers targeted to transcript stable regions (StaRs) are able to consistently and specifically amplify a wide range of RNA biomarkers in various body fluids of varying degradation levels.
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Clausen FB, Urhammer E, Rieneck K, Krog GR, Nielsen LK, Dziegiel MH. How to evaluate PCR assays for the detection of low-level DNA. APMIS 2015; 123:731-9. [PMID: 26011323 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High sensitivity of PCR-based detection of very low copy number DNA targets is crucial. Much focus has been on design of PCR primers and optimization of the amplification conditions. Very important are also the criteria used for determining the outcome of a PCR assay, e.g. how many replicates are needed and how many of these should be positive or what amount of template should be used? We developed a mathematical model to obtain a simple tool for quick PCR assay evaluation before laboratory optimization and validation procedures. The model was based on the Poisson distribution and the Binomial distribution describing parameters for singleplex real-time PCR-based detection of low-level DNA. The model was tested against experimental data of diluted cell-free foetal DNA. Also, the model was compared with a simplified formula to enable easy predictions. The model predicted outcomes that were not significantly different from experimental data generated by testing of cell-free foetal DNA. Also, the simplified formula was applicable for fast and accurate assay evaluation. In conclusion, the model can be applied for evaluation of sensitivity of real-time PCR-based detection of low-level DNA, and may also assist in design of new assays before standard laboratory optimization and validation is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Urhammer
- Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rieneck
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grethe Risum Krog
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Kofoed Nielsen
- Department of Technology, Faculty of Health and Technology, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Yuan Y, Guo Y, Zhou L, Liao K, Wang J, Du B, Hou Y, Chen Z, Chen F, Zhang H, Yu C, Zhao L, Lau TK, Jiang F, Wang W. Effects of Maternal and Fetal Characteristics on Cell-Free Fetal DNA Fraction in Maternal Plasma. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115584445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Fetal Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuying Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulai Guo
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - KaiKai Liao
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bole Du
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yumei Hou
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Birth Defect Screening Project Lab, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijian Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - T. K. Lau
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Paramount Medical Centre, Hong Kong
| | - Fuman Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of BGI Diagnostics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Birth Defect Screening Project Lab, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Brukner I, Longtin Y, Oughton M, Forgetta V, Dascal A. Assay for estimating total bacterial load: relative qPCR normalisation of bacterial load with associated clinical implications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:1-6. [PMID: 26008123 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Relative microorganism abundance is a parameter describing biodiversity, referring to how common a bacterial species is within the total bacterial flora. Anal, rectal, skin, mucal, and respiratory swabs are typical clinical samples where knowledge of relative bacterial abundance might make distinction between asymptomatic carriers and symptomatic cases. Assays trying to measure total bacterial load are usually based on the amplification of universal segments of 16S rRNA genes. Previous assays were not adoptable to "direct" PCR protocols, and/or they were not compatible with hydrolysis-based detection. Using the latest summary of universal 16S sequence motifs present in literature and testing our design with 500 liquid and 50 formed stool samples, we illustrate the performance characteristics of a new 16S quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, which addresses well-known technical problems, including a) positive priming reaction in the absence of intended target due to self-priming and/or mispriming of unintended targets; b) amplification bias due to nonoptimal primer/probe coverage; and c) too large amplicons for clinical qPCR. Stool swabs ranked into bins of different bacterial loads show significant correlation with threshold cycle values of our new assay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of qPCR assay measuring individual differences of total bacterial load present in human stool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brukner
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Yves Longtin
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Oughton
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Andre Dascal
- Medical Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Andersen RF, Spindler KLG, Brandslund I, Jakobsen A, Pallisgaard N. Improved sensitivity of circulating tumor DNA measurement using short PCR amplicons. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 439:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Fleischhacker M, Schmidt B. Extracellular Nucleic Acids and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9168-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Barrett AN, Thadani HA, Laureano-Asibal C, Ponnusamy S, Choolani M. Stability of cell-free DNA from maternal plasma isolated following a single centrifugation step. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:1283-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela N. Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Henna A. Thadani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Cecille Laureano-Asibal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Sukumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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19
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20
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Sørensen CD, Jørgensen JM, Nederby L, Hokland P, Nyvold CG. Common consensus LNA probe for quantitative PCR assays in cancer: vehicles for minimal residual disease detection in t(11;14) and t(14;18) positive malignant lymphomas. J Immunol Methods 2014; 406:131-6. [PMID: 24631717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes and primers potentially improves sensitivity and specificity of quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. One area of application is that of minimal residual cancer where PCR techniques have proved to be highly relevant tools in patient follow-up. We present here sensitive and specific consensus qPCR assays for quantification of the malignant lymphoma translocations, t(11;14) and t(14;18), by taking advantage of the thermodynamic properties of LNA. The assays were applied to genomic DNA from patients diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), respectively. Two consensus forward primers targeting the BCL1 and BCL2 genes were designed together with a common consensus reverse primer and hydrolysis probe, the latter consisting exclusively of LNA, both targeting the J segments of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene. The quantitative range of both assays was 1×10(0) to 5×10(-5), and the sensitivity was 10(-5), without the need for patient-specific primers. Peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples from 36 patients diagnosed with MCL and nine patients diagnosed with FL were analysed using this novel qPCR approach. The level of minimal residual disease (MRD) using t(11;14) and t(14;18) as genetic targets reflected the clinical status of the patients: low levels of MRD at clinical remission, and increasing levels at disease progression. The present assays could prove as useful tools in lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Darum Sørensen
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Judit Meszaros Jørgensen
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Nederby
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Kolialexi A, Tounta G, Mavrou A. Noninvasive fetal RhD genotyping from maternal blood. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:285-96. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Lopez-Rivera E, Jayaraman P, Parikh F, Davies MA, Ekmekcioglu S, Izadmehr S, Milton DR, Chipuk JE, Grimm EA, Estrada Y, Aguirre-Ghiso J, Sikora AG. Inducible nitric oxide synthase drives mTOR pathway activation and proliferation of human melanoma by reversible nitrosylation of TSC2. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1067-78. [PMID: 24398473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the cancers of fastest-rising incidence in the world. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is overexpressed in melanoma and other cancers, and previous data suggest that iNOS and nitric oxide (NO) drive survival and proliferation of human melanoma cells. However, specific mechanisms through which this occurs are poorly defined. One candidate is the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, which plays a major role in proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of melanoma and other cancers. We used the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to test the hypothesis that melanoma growth is regulated by iNOS-dependent mTOR pathway activation. Both pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated gene silencing of iNOS suppressed melanoma proliferation and in vivo growth on the CAM in human melanoma models. This was associated with strong downregulation of mTOR pathway activation by Western blot analysis of p-mTOR, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p-P70S6K), p-S6RP, and p-4EBP1. iNOS expression and NO were associated with reversible nitrosylation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 2, and inhibited dimerization of TSC2 with its inhibitory partner TSC1, enhancing GTPase activity of its target Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), a critical activator of mTOR signaling. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor specimens from stage III melanoma patients showed a significant correlation between iNOS expression levels and expression of the mTOR pathway members. Exogenously supplied NO was also sufficient to reverse the mTOR pathway inhibition by the B-Raf inhibitor vemurafenib. In summary, covalent modification of TSC2 by iNOS-derived NO is associated with impaired TSC2/TSC1 dimerization, mTOR pathway activation, and proliferation of human melanoma. This model is consistent with the known association of iNOS overexpression and poor prognosis in melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lopez-Rivera
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Otolaryngology, Dermatology, Immunology, and Oncological Sciences; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; The Tisch Cancer Institute; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York; and Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Barrett AN, Chitty LS. Developing noninvasive diagnosis for single-gene disorders: the role of digital PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1160:215-228. [PMID: 24740232 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0733-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free fetal DNA constitutes approximately 10 % of the cell-free DNA found in maternal plasma and can be used as a reliable source of fetal genetic material for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) from early pregnancy. The relatively high levels of maternal background can make detection of paternally inherited point mutations challenging. Diagnosis of inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders using qPCR is even more challenging due to the high background of mutant maternal allele. Digital PCR is a very sensitive modified method of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), allowing absolute quantitation and rare allele detection without the need for standards or normalization. Samples are diluted and then partitioned into a large number of small qPCR reactions, some of which contain the target molecule and some which do not; the proportion of positive reactions can be used to calculate the concentration of targets in the initial sample. Here we discuss the use of digital PCR as an accurate approach to NIPD for single-gene disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore,
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Engineered chromosome-based genetic mapping establishes a 3.7 Mb critical genomic region for Down syndrome-associated heart defects in mice. Hum Genet 2013; 133:743-53. [PMID: 24362460 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) is the most common human genetic anomaly associated with heart defects. Based on evolutionary conservation, DS-associated heart defects have been modeled in mice. By generating and analyzing mouse mutants carrying different genomic rearrangements in human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) syntenic regions, we found the triplication of the Tiam1-Kcnj6 region on mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu16) resulted in DS-related cardiovascular abnormalities. In this study, we developed two tandem duplications spanning the Tiam1-Kcnj6 genomic region on Mmu16 using recombinase-mediated genome engineering, Dp(16)3Yey and Dp(16)4Yey, spanning the 2.1 Mb Tiam1-Il10rb and 3.7 Mb Ifnar1-Kcnj6 regions, respectively. We found that Dp(16)4Yey/+, but not Dp(16)3Yey/+, led to heart defects, suggesting the triplication of the Ifnar1-Kcnj6 region is sufficient to cause DS-associated heart defects. Our transcriptional analysis of Dp(16)4Yey/+ embryos showed that the Hsa21 gene orthologs located within the duplicated interval were expressed at the elevated levels, reflecting the consequences of the gene dosage alterations. Therefore, we have identified a 3.7 Mb genomic region, the smallest critical genomic region, for DS-associated heart defects, and our results should set the stage for the final step to establish the identities of the causal gene(s), whose elevated expression(s) directly underlie this major DS phenotype.
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25
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Jain S, Wojdacz TK, Su YH. Challenges for the application of DNA methylation biomarkers in molecular diagnostic testing for cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:283-94. [PMID: 23570406 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is ubiquitous in human cancer and has been shown to occur early during carcinogenesis, thus providing attractive potential biomarkers for the early detection of cancer. The introduction of genome-wide DNA methylation analysis comparing tumor and nonmalignant tissues resulted in the discovery of many regions that undergo aberrant methylation during carcinogenesis. Those regions can potentially be used as biomarkers for cancer detection. However, a biomarker will be useful for screening or early detection of cancer only if it can be detected in a noninvasive or minimally invasive fashion without tissue biopsy. The authors discuss the challenges in translating DNA methylation biomarkers to cancer diagnosis - including obstacles in assay development, tissue-specific methylation load on tumor suppressor genes, detecting markers with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in the periphery, and ways in which these obstacles can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 18901, USA
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26
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Breitbach S, Tug S, Simon P. Circulating cell-free DNA: an up-coming molecular marker in exercise physiology. Sports Med 2012; 42:565-86. [PMID: 22694348 DOI: 10.2165/11631380-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations is of importance for many biomedical disciplines including the field of exercise physiology. Increases of cfDNA due to exercise are described to be a potential hallmark for the overtraining syndrome and might be related to, or trigger adaptations of, immune function induced by strenuous exercise. At the same time, exercise provides a practicable model for studying the phenomenon of cfDNA that is described to be of pathophysiological relevance for different topics in clinical medicine like autoimmune diseases and cancer. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge of exercise-based acute and chronic alterations in cfDNA levels and their physiological significance. The effects of acute exercise on cfDNA concentrations have been investigated in resistance exercises and in continuous, stepwise and interval endurance exercises of different durations. cfDNA concentrations peaked immediately after acute exercise and showed a rapid return to baseline levels. Typical markers of skeletal muscle damage (creatine kinase, uric acid, C-reactive protein) show delayed kinetics compared with the cfDNA peak response. Exercise parameters such as intensity, duration or average energy expenditure do not explain the extent of increasing cfDNA concentrations after strenuous exercise. This could be due to complex processes inside the human organism during and after physical activity. Therefore, we hypothesize composite effects of different physiological stress parameters that come along with exercise to be responsible for increasing cfDNA concentrations. We suggest that due to acute stress, cfDNA levels increase rapidly by a spontaneous active or passive release mechanism that is not yet known. As a result of the rapid and parallel increase of cfDNA and lactate in an incremental treadmill test leading to exhaustion within 15-20 minutes, it is unlikely that cfDNA is released into the plasma by typical necrosis or apoptosis of cells in acute exercise settings. Recently, rapid DNA release mechanisms of activated immune-competent cells like NETosis (pathogen-induced cell death including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps [NETs]) have been discovered. cfDNA accumulations might comprise a similar kind of cell death including trap formation or an active release of cfDNA. Just like chronic diseases, chronic high-intensity resistance training protocols induced persistent increases of cfDNA levels. Chronic, strenuous exercise protocols, either long-duration endurance exercise or regular high-intensity workouts, induce chronic inflammation that might lead to a slow, constant release of DNA. This could be due to mechanisms of cell death like apoptosis or necrosis. Yet, it has neither been implicated nor proven sufficiently whether cfDNA can serve as a marker for overtraining. The relevance of cfDNA with regard to overtraining status, performance level, and the degree of physical exhaustion still remains unclear. Longitudinal studies are required that take into account standardized and controlled exercise, serial blood sampling, and large and homogeneous cohorts of different athletic achievement. Furthermore, it is important to establish standardized laboratory procedures for the measurement of genomic cfDNA concentrations by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We introduce a new hypothesis based on acute exercise and chronic exposure to stress, and rapid active and passive chronic release of cfDNA fragments into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Breitbach
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Social Science, Media and Sport, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Wright CF, Wei Y, Higgins JPT, Sagoo GS. Non-invasive prenatal diagnostic test accuracy for fetal sex using cell-free DNA a review and meta-analysis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:476. [PMID: 22937795 PMCID: PMC3444439 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) can be detected in maternal blood during pregnancy, opening the possibility of early non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for a variety of genetic conditions. Since 1997, many studies have examined the accuracy of prenatal fetal sex determination using cffDNA, particularly for pregnancies at risk of an X-linked condition. Here we report a review and meta-analysis of the published literature to evaluate the use of cffDNA for prenatal determination (diagnosis) of fetal sex. We applied a sensitive search of multiple bibliographic databases including PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Web of Science. Results Ninety studies, incorporating 9,965 pregnancies and 10,587 fetal sex results met our inclusion criteria. Overall mean sensitivity was 96.6% (95% credible interval 95.2% to 97.7%) and mean specificity was 98.9% (95% CI = 98.1% to 99.4%). These results vary very little with trimester or week of testing, indicating that the performance of the test is reliably high. Conclusions Based on this review and meta-analysis we conclude that fetal sex can be determined with a high level of accuracy by analyzing cffDNA. Using cffDNA in prenatal diagnosis to replace or complement existing invasive methods can remove or reduce the risk of miscarriage. Future work should concentrate on the economic and ethical considerations of implementing an early non-invasive test for fetal sex.
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Barrett AN, McDonnell TCR, Chan KCA, Chitty LS. Digital PCR Analysis of Maternal Plasma for Noninvasive Detection of Sickle Cell Anemia. Clin Chem 2012; 58:1026-32. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.178939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) constitutes approximately 10% of the cell-free DNA in maternal plasma and is a suitable source of fetal genetic material for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD). The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using digital PCR for NIPD in pregnancies at risk of sickle cell anemia.
METHODS
Minor-groove binder (MGB) TaqMan probes were designed to discriminate between wild-type hemoglobin A and mutant (hemoglobin S) alleles encoded by the HBB (hemoglobin, beta) gene in cffDNA isolated from maternal plasma samples obtained from pregnancies at risk of sickle cell anemia. The fractional fetal DNA concentration was assessed in male-bearing pregnancies with a digital PCR assay for the Y chromosome–specific marker DYS14. In pregnancies with a female fetus, a panel of biallelic insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel) markers was developed for the quantification of the fetal DNA fraction. We used digital real-time PCR to analyze the dosage of the variant encoding hemoglobin S relative to that encoding wild-type hemoglobin A.
RESULTS
The sickle cell genotype was correctly determined in 82% (37 of 45) of male fetuses and 75% (15 of 20) of female fetuses. Mutation status was determined correctly in 100% of the cases (25 samples) with fractional fetal DNA concentrations >7%. The panel of indels was informative in 65% of the female-bearing pregnancies.
CONCLUSIONS
Digital PCR can be used to determine the genotype of fetuses at risk for sickle cell anemia. Optimization of the fractional fetal DNA concentration is essential. More-informative indel markers are needed for this assay's comprehensive use in cases of a female fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Barrett
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas C R McDonnell
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - K C Allen Chan
- Centre for Research into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lyn S Chitty
- University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Banada PP, Chakravorty S, Shah D, Burday M, Mazzella FM, Alland D. Highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus directly from patient blood. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31126. [PMID: 22363564 PMCID: PMC3281916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid detection of bloodstream infections (BSIs) can be lifesaving. We investigated the sample processing and assay parameters necessary for highly-sensitive detection of bloodstream bacteria, using Staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen and an automated fluidic sample processing – polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platform as a model diagnostic system. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared a short 128 bp amplicon hemi-nested PCR and a relatively shorter 79 bp amplicon nested PCR targeting the S. aureus nuc and sodA genes, respectively. The sodA nested assay showed an enhanced limit of detection (LOD) of 5 genomic copies per reaction or 10 colony forming units (CFU) per ml blood over 50 copies per reaction or 50 CFU/ml for the nuc assay. To establish optimal extraction protocols, we investigated the relative abundance of the bacteria in different components of the blood (white blood cells (WBCs), plasma or whole blood), using the above assays. The blood samples were obtained from the patients who were culture positive for S. aureus. Whole blood resulted in maximum PCR positives with sodA assay (90% positive) as opposed to cell-associated bacteria (in WBCs) (71% samples positive) or free bacterial DNA in plasma (62.5% samples positive). Both the assays were further tested for direct detection of S. aureus in patient whole blood samples that were contemporaneous culture positive. S. aureus was detected in 40/45 of culture-positive patients (sensitivity 89%, 95% CI 0.75–0.96) and 0/59 negative controls with the sodA assay (specificity 100%, 95% CI 0.92–1). Conclusions We have demonstrated a highly sensitive two-hour assay for detection of sepsis causing bacteria like S. aureus directly in 1 ml of whole blood, without the need for blood culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmapriya P. Banada
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Soumitesh Chakravorty
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Darshini Shah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michele Burday
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Fermina M. Mazzella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Alland
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School – University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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van den Oever JME, Balkassmi S, Verweij EJ, van Iterson M, Adama van Scheltema PN, Oepkes D, van Lith JMM, Hoffer MJV, den Dunnen JT, Bakker E, Boon EMJ. Single molecule sequencing of free DNA from maternal plasma for noninvasive trisomy 21 detection. Clin Chem 2012; 58:699-706. [PMID: 22278607 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.174698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection by use of free DNA from maternal plasma has recently been shown to be achievable by whole genome shotgun sequencing. The high-throughput next-generation sequencing platforms previously tested use a PCR step during sample preparation, which results in amplification bias in GC-rich areas of the human genome. To eliminate this bias, and thereby experimental noise, we have used single molecule sequencing as an alternative method. METHODS For noninvasive trisomy 21 detection, we performed single molecule sequencing on the Helicos platform using free DNA isolated from maternal plasma from 9 weeks of gestation onwards. Relative sequence tag density ratios were calculated and results were directly compared to the previously described Illumina GAII platform. RESULTS Sequence data generated without an amplification step show no GC bias. Therefore, with the use of single molecule sequencing all trisomy 21 fetuses could be distinguished more clearly from euploid fetuses. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that single molecule sequencing is an attractive and easy to use alternative for reliable noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection in diagnostics. With this approach, previously described experimental noise associated with PCR amplification, such as GC bias, can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M E van den Oever
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome Analysis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Song BP, Jain S, Lin SY, Chen Q, Block TM, Song W, Brenner DE, Su YH. Detection of hypermethylated vimentin in urine of patients with colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:112-9. [PMID: 22251609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that urine contains low-molecular-weight (LMW) (<300 bp), circulation-derived DNA that can be used to detect cancer-specific mutations if a tumor is present. The goal of this study was to develop an assay to detect the colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated, circulation-derived, epigenetic DNA marker hypermethylated vimentin gene (mVIM) in the urine of patients with CRC. An artificial 18-nucleotide DNA sequence was tagged at the 5' end of the primers of the first PCR cycle to increase the amplicon size, which was then integrated into the primers of the second PCR cycle. A quantitative MethyLight PCR-based assay targeting a 39-nucleotide template was developed and used to quantify mVIM in CRC tissues and matched urine samples. mVIM was detected in 75% of LMW urine DNA samples from patients with CRC (n = 20) and in 10% of urine samples of control subjects with no known neoplasia (n = 20); 12 of 17 LMW urine DNA samples (71%) but only 2 of 17 high-molecular-weight urine DNA samples (12%) from patients with mVIM-positive tissues contained detectable mVIM, suggesting that the mVIM detected in LMW urine DNA is derived from the circulation. The detection of mVIM in urine was significantly associated with CRC compared with controls (P < 0.0001, by Fisher's exact test). A potential urine test for CRC screening using epigenetic markers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 18901, USA
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32
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The controversy about controls for fetal blood group genotyping by cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:467-73. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32834bab2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barrett AN, Zimmermann BG, Wang D, Holloway A, Chitty LS. Implementing prenatal diagnosis based on cell-free fetal DNA: accurate identification of factors affecting fetal DNA yield. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25202. [PMID: 21998643 PMCID: PMC3187716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cell-free fetal DNA is a source of fetal genetic material that can be used for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Usually constituting less than 10% of the total cell free DNA in maternal plasma, the majority is maternal in origin. Optimizing conditions for maximizing yield of cell-free fetal DNA will be crucial for effective implementation of testing. We explore factors influencing yield of fetal DNA from maternal blood samples, including assessment of collection tubes containing cell-stabilizing agents, storage temperature, interval to sample processing and DNA extraction method used. Methods Microfluidic digital PCR was performed to precisely quantify male (fetal) DNA, total DNA and long DNA fragments (indicative of maternal cellular DNA). Real-time qPCR was used to assay for the presence of male SRY signal in samples. Results Total cell-free DNA quantity increased significantly with time in samples stored in K3EDTA tubes, but only minimally in cell stabilizing tubes. This increase was solely due to the presence of additional long fragment DNA, with no change in quantity of fetal or short DNA, resulting in a significant decrease in proportion of cell-free fetal DNA over time. Storage at 4°C did not prevent these changes. Conclusion When samples can be processed within eight hours of blood draw, K3EDTA tubes can be used. Prolonged transfer times in K3EDTA tubes should be avoided as the proportion of fetal DNA present decreases significantly; in these situations the use of cell stabilising tubes is preferable. The DNA extraction kit used may influence success rate of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N. Barrett
- NE Thames Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darrell Wang
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Holloway
- University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn S. Chitty
- University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Devaney SA, Palomaki GE, Scott JA, Bianchi DW. Noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011; 306:627-36. [PMID: 21828326 PMCID: PMC4526182 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Noninvasive prenatal determination of fetal sex using cell-free fetal DNA provides an alternative to invasive techniques for some heritable disorders. In some countries this testing has transitioned to clinical care, despite the absence of a formal assessment of performance. OBJECTIVE To document overall test performance of noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA and to identify variables that affect performance. DATA SOURCES Systematic review and meta-analysis with search of PubMed (January 1, 1997-April 17, 2011) to identify English-language human studies reporting primary data. References from review articles were also searched. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Abstracts were read independently to identify studies reporting primary data suitable for analysis. Covariates included publication year, sample type, DNA amplification methodology, Y chromosome sequence, and gestational age. Data were independently extracted by 2 reviewers. RESULTS From 57 selected studies, 80 data sets (representing 3524 male-bearing pregnancies and 3017 female-bearing pregnancies) were analyzed. Overall performance of the test to detect Y chromosome sequences had the following characteristics: sensitivity, 95.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.7%-96.1%) and specificity, 98.6% (95% CI, 98.1%-99.0%); diagnostic odds ratio (OR), 885; positive predictive value, 98.8%; negative predictive value, 94.8%; area under curve (AUC), 0.993 (95% CI, 0.989-0.995), with significant interstudy heterogeneity. DNA methodology and gestational age had the largest effects on test performance. Methodology test characteristics were AUC, 0.988 (95% CI, 0.979-0.993) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AUC, 0.996 (95% CI, 0.993-0.998) for real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) (P = .02). Gestational age test characteristics were AUC, 0.989 (95% CI, 0.965-0.998) (<7 weeks); AUC, 0.994 (95% CI, 0.987-0.997) (7-12 weeks); AUC, 0.992 (95% CI, 0.983-0.996) (13-20 weeks); and AUC, 0.998 (95% CI, 0.990-0.999) (>20 weeks) (P = .02 for comparison of diagnostic ORs across age ranges). RTQ-PCR (sensitivity, 96.0%; specificity, 99.0%) outperformed conventional PCR (sensitivity, 94.0%; specificity, 97.3%). Testing after 20 weeks (sensitivity, 99.0%; specificity, 99.6%) outperformed testing prior to 7 weeks (sensitivity, 74.5%; specificity, 99.1%), testing at 7 through 12 weeks (sensitivity, 94.8%; specificity, 98.9%), and 13 through 20 weeks (sensitivity, 95.5%; specificity, 99.1%). CONCLUSIONS Despite interstudy variability, performance was high using maternal blood. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of Y chromosome sequences was greatest using RTQ-PCR after 20 weeks' gestation. Tests using urine and tests performed before 7 weeks' gestation were unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Devaney
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.
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A locked nucleic acid clamp-mediated PCR assay for detection of a p53 codon 249 hotspot mutation in urine. J Mol Diagn 2011; 13:474-84. [PMID: 21726666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a 5-year survival rate of <10% because it is difficult to diagnose early. Mutations in the TP53 gene are associated with approximately 50% of human cancers. A hotspot mutation, a G:C to T:A transversion at codon 249 (249T), may be a potential DNA marker for HCC screening because of its exclusive presence in HCC and its detection in the circulation of some patients with HCC. A locked nucleic acid clamp-mediated PCR assay, followed by melting curve analysis (using the SimpleProbe), was developed to detect the TP53 249T mutation. In this assay, the locked nucleic acid clamp suppressed 10(7) copies of wild-type templates and permitted detection of 249T-mutated template, with a sensitivity of 0.1% (1:1000) of the mutant/wild-type ratio, assessed by a reconstituted standard within 2 hours. With an amplicon size of 41 bp, it detects target DNA sequences in short fragmented DNA templates. The detected mutations were validated by DNA sequencing analysis. We then tested DNA isolated from urine samples of patients with HCC for p53 mutations and identified positive TP53 mutations in 9 of 17 samples. The possibility of using this novel TP53 249T assay to develop a urine or blood test for HCC screening is discussed.
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Sharma VK, Vouros P, Glick J. Mass spectrometric based analysis, characterization and applications of circulating cell free DNA isolated from human body fluids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 304:172-183. [PMID: 21765648 PMCID: PMC3134299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, cell free DNA, or circulating cell free DNA, or cell free circulating DNA, isolated from body fluids such as plasma/serum/urine has emerged as an important tool for clinical diagnostics. The molecular biology of circulating cell free DNA is poorly understood but there is currently an increased effort to understand the origin, mechanism of its circulation, and sensitive characterization for the development of diagnostic applications. There has been considerable progress towards these goals using real time polymerase chain reaction technique (rt-PCR). More recently, new attempts to incorporate mass spectrometric techniques to develop accurate and highly sensitive high-throughput clinical diagnostic tests have been reported. This review focuses on the methods to isolate circulating cell free DNA from body fluids, their quantitative analysis and mass spectrometry based characterization in evolving applications as prenatal and cancer diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneet K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Paul Vouros
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - James Glick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Hahn S, Rusterholz C, Hösli I, Lapaire O. Cell-free nucleic acids as potential markers for preeclampsia. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl:S17-20. [PMID: 21257079 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal/neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Therefore, widely applicable and affordable tests are needed to make an early diagnosis before the occurrence of the clinical symptoms. Circulating cell-free nucleic acids in plasma and serum are novel biomarkers with promising clinical applications in different medical fields, including prenatal diagnosis. Quantitative changes of cell-free fetal (cff)DNA in maternal plasma as an indicator for impending preeclampsia have been reported in different studies, using real-time quantitative PCR for the male-specific SRY or DYS 14 loci. In case of early onset preeclampsia, elevated levels may be already seen in the first trimester. The increased levels of cffDNA before the onset of symptoms may be due to hypoxia/reoxygenation within the intervillous space leading to tissue oxidative stress and increased placental apoptosis and necrosis. In addition to the evidence for increased shedding of cffDNA into the maternal circulation, there is also evidence for reduced renal clearance of cffDNA in preeclampsia. As the amount of fetal DNA is currently determined by quantifying Y-chromosome specific sequences, alternative approaches such as the measurement of total cell-free DNA or the use of gender-independent fetal epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation, offer a promising alternative. Cell-free RNA of placental origin might be another potentially useful biomarker for screening and diagnosis of preeclampsia in clinical practice. Fetal RNA is associated with subcellular placental particles that protect it from degradation. Its levels are ten-fold higher in pregnant women with preeclampsia compared to controls. In conclusion, through the use of gender-independent sequences, the universal incorporation of fetal nucleic acids into routine obstetric care and into screening or diagnostic settings using combined markers may soon become a reality. Effort has now to be put into the establishment of standardized and simplified protocols for the analysis of these biomarkers in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hahn
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Hahn S, Lapaire O, Tercanli S, Kolla V, Hösli I. Determination of fetal chromosome aberrations from fetal DNA in maternal blood: has the challenge finally been met? Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e16. [PMID: 21542948 PMCID: PMC3087311 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis has been transformed by several recent profound technology developments. The most noteworthy of these are 'digital PCR' and 'next-generation sequencing' (NGS), which might finally deliver the long-sought goal of noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy. Recent data, however, indicate that NGS might even be able to offer a much more detailed appraisal of the fetal genome, including paternal and maternal inheritance of point mutations for mendelian disorders such as β-thalassaemia. Although these developments are very exciting, in their current form they are still too complex and costly, and will need to be simplified considerably for their optimal translation to the clinic. In this regard, targeted NGS does appear to be a step in the right direction, although this should be seen in the context of ongoing progress with the isolation of fetal cells and with proteomic screening markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuhe Hahn
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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Noninvasive detection of fetal trisomy 21 by sequencing of DNA in maternal blood: a study in a clinical setting. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:205.e1-11. [PMID: 21310373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate a multiplexed massively parallel shotgun sequencing assay for noninvasive trisomy 21 detection using circulating cell-free fetal DNA. STUDY DESIGN Sample multiplexing and cost-optimized reagents were evaluated as improvements to a noninvasive fetal trisomy 21 detection assay. A total of 480 plasma samples from high-risk pregnant women were employed. RESULTS In all, 480 prospectively collected samples were obtained from our third-party storage site; 13 of these were removed due to insufficient quantity or quality. Eighteen samples failed prespecified assay quality control parameters. In all, 449 samples remained: 39 trisomy 21 samples were correctly classified; 1 sample was misclassified as trisomy 21. The overall classification showed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 89-100%) and 99.7% specificity (95% confidence interval, 98.5-99.9%). CONCLUSION Extending the scope of previous reports, this study demonstrates that plasma DNA sequencing is a viable method for noninvasive detection of fetal trisomy 21 and warrants clinical validation in a larger multicenter study.
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Visca E, Lapaire O, Hösli I, Hahn S. Cell-free fetal nucleic acids as prenatal biomarkers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:151-60. [PMID: 23480588 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.554821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma or serum have become important tools in the pursuance of new methods for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, such as the determination of fetal blood groups and fetal gender. During these pioneering explorations, elevations in the concentration of these new-found biological analytes were noted in several pregnancy-related disorders, including preterm labor, pre-eclampsia and malimplantation. As these elevations appeared to occur before onset of clinical symptoms, it was proposed that such analyses might assist in screening for at-risk pregnancies. A major problem with these early studies is that they relied on the quantitation of Y-chromosome-specific gene sequences, and as such could be applied only in those cases where the fetus was male. Recent developments that might permit gender-independent analysis include epigenetic markers, as well as the analysis of cell-free placentally derived mRNA species. AREAS COVERED This article focuses specifically on prognostic markers, which enable at-risk pregnancies to be identified, allowing the modification of pregnancy management and in turn improvement of pregnancy outcome. The authors also provide their opinion on the progress and future challenges that lie ahead. EXPERT OPINION Accurate quantification of fetal nucleic acids and the specificity of these elevations for particular disorders remain controversial issues. Regarding the multifactorial etiology of some pregnancy disorders, the use of fetal nucleic acids as prenatal markers is restricted to well-defined high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Visca
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Kieran N, Muczynski K, Gadi VVK. Novel diagnostics in renal transplantation. CHIMERISM 2010; 1:69-73. [PMID: 21327052 PMCID: PMC3023628 DOI: 10.4161/chim.1.2.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for many patients with end stage renal disease. While significant progress has been achieved in short-term outcomes, long-term graft survival has only marginally improved. More than 50% of transplanted kidneys from deceased donors fail within ten years; and from living donors, within 12 years. A lack of clinical tools to accurately monitor the allograft is a major causative factor in this lack of progress. This paper discusses newly available methods used to assess allograft status with emphasis on the role of circulating chimerism in renal transplantation as a diagnostic indicator for rejection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Kieran
- Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kim Muczynski
- Department of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Vijayakrishna VK Gadi
- Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
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Fan HC, Blumenfeld YJ, Chitkara U, Hudgins L, Quake SR. Analysis of the size distributions of fetal and maternal cell-free DNA by paired-end sequencing. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1279-86. [PMID: 20558635 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.144188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis with cell-free DNA in maternal plasma is challenging because only a small portion of the DNA sample is derived from the fetus. A few previous studies provided size-range estimates of maternal and fetal DNA, but direct measurement of the size distributions is difficult because of the small quantity of cell-free DNA. METHODS We used high-throughput paired-end sequencing to directly measure the size distributions of maternal and fetal DNA in cell-free maternal plasma collected from 3 typical diploid and 4 aneuploid male pregnancies. As a control, restriction fragments of lambda DNA were also sequenced. RESULTS Cell-free DNA had a dominant peak at approximately 162 bp and a minor peak at approximately 340 bp. Chromosome Y sequences were rarely longer than 250 bp but were present in sizes of <150 bp at a larger proportion compared with the rest of the sequences. Selective analysis of the shortest fragments generally increased the fetal DNA fraction but did not necessarily increase the sensitivity of aneuploidy detection, owing to the reduction in the number of DNA molecules being counted. Restriction fragments of lambda DNA with sizes between 60 bp and 120 bp were preferentially sequenced, indicating that the shotgun sequencing work flow introduced a bias toward shorter fragments. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that fetal DNA is shorter than maternal DNA. The enrichment of fetal DNA by size selection, however, may not provide a dramatic increase in sensitivity for assays that rely on length measurement in situ because of a trade-off between the fetal DNA fraction and the number of molecules being counted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christina Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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