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Naganuma T, Imasawa T, Nukui I, Wakasugi M, Kitamura H, Yatsuka Y, Kishita Y, Okazaki Y, Murayama K, Jinguji Y. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with a mutation in the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 gene: A case report. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 35:100963. [PMID: 36941957 PMCID: PMC10024046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) is one of 44 subunits composed of Complex I in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Therefore, a mitochondrially encoded ND5 (MT-ND5) gene mutation causes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder, resulting in the development of mitochondrial diseases. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) which had podocytes filled with abnormal mitochondria is induced by mitochondrial diseases. An MT-ND5 mutation also causes FSGS. We herein report a Japanese woman who was found to have proteinuria and renal dysfunction in an annual health check-up at 29 years old. Because her proteinuria and renal dysfunction were persistent, she had a kidney biopsy at 33 years of age. The renal histology showed FSGS with podocytes filled with abnormal mitochondria. The podocytes also had foot process effacement and cytoplasmic vacuolization. In addition, the renal pathological findings showed granular swollen epithelial cells (GSECs) in tubular cells, age-inappropriately disarranged and irregularly sized vascular smooth muscle cells (AiDIVs), and red-coloured podocytes (ReCPos) by acidic dye. A genetic analysis using peripheral mononuclear blood cells and urine sediment cells detected the m.13513 G > A variant in the MT-ND5 gene. Therefore, this patient was diagnosed with FSGS due to an MT-ND5 gene mutation. Although this is not the first case report to show that an MT-ND5 gene mutation causes FSGS, this is the first to demonstrate podocyte injuries accompanied with accumulation of abnormal mitochondria in the cytoplasm.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AiDIVs, age-inappropriately disarranged and irregularly sized vascular smooth muscle cells
- COX IV, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
- Case report
- Cr, creatinine
- FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- GSECs, granular swollen epithelial cells
- MELAS, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
- MRC, mitochondrial respiratory chain
- MT-ND5, mitochondrially encoded ND5
- Mitochondrial nephropathy
- NADH dehydrogenase 5
- ND5, NADH dehydrogenase 5
- OXPHOS:, oxidative phosphorylation
- Podocyte
- ReCPos, red-coloured podocytes
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- nDNA, nuclear DNA
- sCr, serum creatinine
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Naganuma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Department of Nephrology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-Higashi National Hospital, 673 Nitona-cho, Chuoh-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 206-8712, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ikuo Nukui
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Wakasugi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-Higashi National Hospital, 673 Nitona-cho, Chuoh-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 206-8712, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yatsuka
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kishita
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, 579-1, Heta-cho, Midori-ku, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Jinguji
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
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Del Giudice L, Alifano P, Calcagnile M, Di Schiavi E, Bertapelle C, Aletta M, Pontieri P. Mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes connected with Alzheimer's and tellurite toxicity. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:45-58. [PMID: 35218961 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of genetic disorders characterized by dysfunctional mitochondria. Within eukaryotic cells, mitochondria contain their own ribosomes, which synthesize small amounts of proteins, all of which are essential for the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system. The ribosome is an evolutionarily conserved macromolecular machine in nature both from a structural and functional point of view, universally responsible for the synthesis of proteins. Among the diseases afflicting humans, those of ribosomal origin - either cytoplasmic ribosomes (80S) or mitochondrial ribosomes (70S) - are relevant. These are inherited or acquired diseases most commonly caused by either ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency or defects in ribosome biogenesis. Here we review the scientific literature about the recent advances on changes in mitochondrial ribosomal structural and assembly proteins that are implicated in primary mitochondrial diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, and their possible connection with metalloid pollution and toxicity, with a focus on MRPL44, NAM9 (MNA6) and GEP3 (MTG3), whose lack or defect was associated with resistance to tellurite. Finally, we illustrate the suitability of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae) and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans) as model organisms for studying mitochondrial ribosome dysfunctions including those involved in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Del Giudice
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Igiene, Napoli 80134, Italy.
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Matteo Calcagnile
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paola Pontieri
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Igiene, Napoli 80134, Italy
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Huddar A, Govindaraj P, Chiplunkar S, Deepha S, Jessiena Ponmalar JN, Philip M, Nagappa M, Narayanappa G, Mahadevan A, Sinha S, Taly AB, Parayil Sankaran B. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15: Two sensitive biomarkers in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:170-177. [PMID: 34419687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are often difficult to diagnose because of diverse clinical phenotypes. FGF-21 and GDF-15 are metabolic hormones and promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of these disorders. This study has systematically evaluated serum FGF-21 and GDF-15 levels by ELISA in a well-defined cohort of patients with definite mitochondrial disorders (n = 30), neuromuscular disease controls (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 36) and aimed to ascertain their utility in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Both serum FGF-21 and GDF-15 were significantly elevated in patients with mitochondrial disorders, especially in those with muscle involvement. The levels were higher in patients with mitochondrial deletions (both single and multiple) and translation disorders compared to respiratory chain subunit or assembly factor defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Huddar
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Periyasamy Govindaraj
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shwetha Chiplunkar
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sekar Deepha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - J N Jessiena Ponmalar
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Mariyamma Philip
- Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Gayathri Narayanappa
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bindu Parayil Sankaran
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Loos MA, Gomez G, Mayorga L, Caraballo RH, Eiroa HD, Obregon MG, Rugilo C, Lubieniecki F, Taratuto AL, Saccoliti M, Alonso CN, Aráoz HV. Clinical and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA disorders in a group of Argentinian pediatric patients. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100733. [PMID: 33717984 PMCID: PMC7933530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical and molecular features of a group of Argentinian pediatric patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders, and to evaluate the results of the implementation of a classical approach for the molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. Methods Clinical data from 27 patients with confirmed mtDNA pathogenic variants were obtained from a database of 89 patients with suspected mitochondrial disease, registered from 2014 to 2020. Clinical data, biochemical analysis, neuroimaging findings, muscle biopsy and molecular studies were analyzed. Results Patients were 18 females and 9 males, with ages at onset ranging from 1 week to 14 years (median = 4 years). The clinical phenotypes were: mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome (n = 11), Leigh syndrome (n = 5), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (n = 3), Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (n = 2), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (n = 2), myoclonic epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers (n = 1) and reversible infantile myopathy with cytochrome-C oxidase deficiency (n = 3). Most of the patients harbored pathogenic single nucleotide variants, mainly involving mt-tRNA genes, such as MT-TL1, MT-TE and MT-TK. Other point variants were found in complex I subunits, like MT-ND6, MT-ND4, MT-ND5; or in MT-ATP6. The m.13513G > A variant in MT-ND5 and the m.9185 T > C variant in MT-ATP6 were apparently de novo. The rest of the patients presented large scale-rearrangements, either the "common" deletion or a larger deletion. Conclusions This study highlights the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of pediatric mtDNA disorders. All the cases presented with classical phenotypes, being MELAS the most frequent. Applying classical molecular methods, it was possible to achieve a genetic diagnosis in 30% of the cases, suggesting that this is an effective first approach, especially for those centers from low-middle income countries, leaving NGS studies for those patients with inconclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Amina Loos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Genomics Laboratory, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Lía Mayorga
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET), Centro Universitario UNCuyo, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Roberto Horacio Caraballo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Hernán Diego Eiroa
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires, 1245, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Obregon
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rugilo
- Department of DiagnosticImaging, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Lubieniecki
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Ana Lía Taratuto
- Neuropathology and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Saccoliti
- Neuropathology and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Noemi Alonso
- Genomics Laboratory, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Hilda Verónica Aráoz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
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5
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Scheidecker S, Bär S, Stoetzel C, Geoffroy V, Lannes B, Rinaldi B, Fischer F, Becker HD, Pelletier V, Pagan C, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Kremer S, Mirande M, Tranchant C, Muller J, Friant S, Dollfus H. Mutations in KARS cause a severe neurological and neurosensory disease with optic neuropathy. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1826-1840. [PMID: 31116475 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been reported in several neurological disorders. KARS is a dual localized lysyl-tRNA synthetase and its cytosolic isoform belongs to the multiple aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). Biallelic mutations in the KARS gene were described in a wide phenotypic spectrum ranging from nonsyndromic deafness to complex impairments. Here, we report on a patient with severe neurological and neurosensory disease investigated by whole-exome sequencing and found to carry biallelic mutations c.683C>T (p.Pro228Leu) and c.871T>G (p.Phe291Val), the second one being novel, in the KARS gene. The patient presented with an atypical clinical presentation with an optic neuropathy not previously reported. At the cellular level, we show that cytoplasmic KARS was expressed at a lower level in patient cells and displayed decreased interaction with MSC. In vitro, these two KARS variants have a decreased aminoacylation activity compared with wild-type KARS, the p.Pro228Leu being the most affected. Our data suggest that dysfunction of cytoplasmic KARS resulted in a decreased level of translation of the nuclear-encoded lysine-rich proteins belonging to the respiratory chain complex, thus impairing mitochondria functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scheidecker
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine Bär
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), UMR7156, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Lannes
- Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Rinaldi
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), UMR7156, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Fischer
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), UMR7156, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hubert D Becker
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), UMR7156, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Pelletier
- Centre de Référence pour les affections rares en génétique ophtalmologique, CARGO, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Pagan
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Acquaviva-Bourdain
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Kremer
- Service de Neuroradiologie/Imagerie 2, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Mirande
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Friant
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Référence pour les affections rares en génétique ophtalmologique, CARGO, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Paredes LC, Olsen Saraiva Camara N, Braga TT. Understanding the Metabolic Profile of Macrophages During the Regenerative Process in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:617. [PMID: 31178754 PMCID: PMC6543010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), have the ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues, such as the caudal fin, which makes them an ideal model for tissue and organ regeneration studies. Since several diseases involve the process of transition between fibrosis and tissue regeneration, it is necessary to attain a better understanding of these processes. It is known that the cells of the immune system, especially macrophages, play essential roles in regeneration by participating in the removal of cellular debris, release of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, remodeling of components of the extracellular matrix and alteration of oxidative patterns during proliferation and angiogenesis. Immune cells undergo phenotypical and functional alterations throughout the healing process due to growth factors and cytokines that are produced in the tissue microenvironment. However, some aspects of the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages orchestrate the formation and regeneration of the blastema remain unclear. In the present review, we outline how macrophages orchestrate the regenerative process in zebrafish and give special attention to the redox balance in the context of tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Čermáková P, Kovalinka T, Ferenczyová K, Horváth A. Coenzyme Q 2 is a universal substrate for the measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities in trypanosomatids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:17. [PMID: 30901308 PMCID: PMC6430614 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities is an integral part of basic research as well as for specialized examinations in clinical biochemistry. Most of the enzymes use ubiquinone as one of their substrates. For current in vitro measurements, several hydrophilic analogues of native ubiquinone are used depending on the enzyme and the workplace. We tested five readily available commercial analogues and we showed that Coenzyme Q2 is the most suitable for the measurement of all tested enzyme activities. Use of a single substrate in all laboratories for several respiratory chain enzymes will improve our ability to compare data, in addition to simplifying the stock of chemicals required for this type of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Kovalinka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Ferenczyová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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8
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Kanungo S, Morton J, Neelakantan M, Ching K, Saeedian J, Goldstein A. Mitochondrial disorders. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:475. [PMID: 30740406 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disorders are a group of clinically variable and heterogeneous inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), resulting from defects in cellular energy, and can affect every organ system of the body. Clinical presentations vary and may include symptoms of fatigue, skeletal muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, short stature, failure to thrive, blindness, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, hearing loss, hypoglycemia, diabetes mellitus, learning difficulties, intellectual disability, seizures, stroke-like episodes, spasticity, dystonia, hypotonia, pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, gastrointestinal reflux, dysmotility, gastrointestinal pseudo-obstruction, cardiomyopathy, cardiac conduction defects, and other endocrine, renal, cardiac, and liver problems. Most phenotypic manifestations are multi-systemic, with presentations varying at different age of onset and may show great variability within members of the same family; making these truly complex IEMs. Most primary mitochondrial diseases are autosomal recessive (AR); but maternally-inherited [from mitochondrial (mt) DNA], autosomal dominant and X-linked inheritance are also known. Mitochondria are unique energy-generating cellular organelles, geared for survival and contain their own unique genetic coding material, a circular piece of mtDNA about 16,000 base pairs in size. Additional nuclear (n)DNA encoded genes maintain mitochondrial biogenesis by supervising mtDNA replication, repair and synthesis, which is modified during increased energy demands or physiological stress. Despite our growing knowledge of the hundreds of genetic etiologies for this group of disorders, diagnosis can also remain elusive due to unique aspects of mitochondrial genetics. Though cure and FDA-approved therapies currently elude these IEMs, and current suggested therapies which include nutritional supplements and vitamins are of questionable efficacy; multi-center, international clinical trials are in progress for primary mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Kanungo
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacob Morton
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Mekala Neelakantan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Ching
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jasmine Saeedian
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Cao J, Wu H, Li Z. Recent perspectives of pediatric mitochondrial diseases. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:13-18. [PMID: 29375674 PMCID: PMC5763647 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are amongst the most common groups of inborn errors of metabolism. They are caused by deficiencies in the final pathway of the cellular energy production, the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and the aetiology could be found in the mitochondrial, or in the nuclear genome. We searched important e-databases for the collection of latest literature on the mitochondrial disease especially in pediatric population. Most of the studies in the recent past have focused on the understanding of the clinical phenotypes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Leigh syndrome is a common severe, neurodegenerative disease of early childhood. A defect in the POLG gene is another common observation in most of the cases leading to Alpers syndrome. The review concludes that pediatric mitochondrial disorders are severe, progressive and usually multi-systemic. Further, whole genome sequencing is an excellent diagnostic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Zhenguang Li
- Department of Neonatology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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10
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Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for adenosine triphosphate production. The strict control of intracellular energy needs require proper mitochondrial functioning. The mitochondria are under dual controls of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA). Mitochondrial dysfunction can arise from changes in either mtDNA or nDNA genes regulating function. There are an estimated ∼1500 proteins in the mitoproteome, whereas the mtDNA genome has 37 proteins. There are, to date, ∼275 genes shown to give rise to disease. The unique physiology of mitochondrial functioning contributes to diverse gene expression. The onset and range of phenotypic expression of disease is diverse, with onset from neonatal to seventh decade of life. The range of dysfunction is heterogeneous, ranging from single organ to multisystem involvement. The complexity of disease expression has severely limited gene discovery. Combining phenotypes with improvements in gene sequencing strategies are improving the diagnosis process. This chapter focuses on the interplay of the unique physiology and gene discovery in the current knowledge of genetically derived mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Saneto
- Seattle Children's Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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11
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Lane A, Nisker J. "Mitochondrial Replacement" Technologies and Human Germline Nuclear Modification. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2016; 38:731-6. [PMID: 27638985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015 the United Kingdom became the first jurisdiction to approve "mitochondrial replacement techniques" (MRT), thereby dropping prohibitions against creating human embryos with a permanently altered genetic make-up for purposes of reproduction. MRT is a misnomer because in fact it is the nucleus of the oocyte of the woman who wants a genetically related child that is transferred to the enucleated oocyte of a woman paid to undergo IVF to provide the oocyte. MRT thus constitutes nuclear transfer, which is prohibited by criminal sanctions under sections of laws on reproductive cloning in Canada, the United States, Australia, and European countries that regulate assisted reproduction. By adopting policies permitting the use of MRT, the United Kingdom has become the first jurisdiction to counteract an international consensus prohibiting germline modification. Analyses of the legal, ethical, and societal implications of MRT in assisted human reproduction are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Lane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON
| | - Jeff Nisker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario
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12
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Johnson J, Lee W, Frazier AE, Vaghjiani V, Laskowski A, Rodriguez AL, Cagnone GL, McKenzie M, White SJ, Nisbet DR, Thorburn DR, St. John JC. Deletion of the Complex I Subunit NDUFS4 Adversely Modulates Cellular Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:239-50. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Johnson
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - William Lee
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vijesh Vaghjiani
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adrienne Laskowski
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gael L. Cagnone
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stefan J. White
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin C. St. John
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Kohda M, Tokuzawa Y, Kishita Y, Nyuzuki H, Moriyama Y, Mizuno Y, Hirata T, Yatsuka Y, Yamashita-Sugahara Y, Nakachi Y, Kato H, Okuda A, Tamaru S, Borna NN, Banshoya K, Aigaki T, Sato-Miyata Y, Ohnuma K, Suzuki T, Nagao A, Maehata H, Matsuda F, Higasa K, Nagasaki M, Yasuda J, Yamamoto M, Fushimi T, Shimura M, Kaiho-Ichimoto K, Harashima H, Yamazaki T, Mori M, Murayama K, Ohtake A, Okazaki Y. A Comprehensive Genomic Analysis Reveals the Genetic Landscape of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex Deficiencies. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005679. [PMID: 26741492 PMCID: PMC4704781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders have the highest incidence among congenital metabolic disorders characterized by biochemical respiratory chain complex deficiencies. It occurs at a rate of 1 in 5,000 births, and has phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Mutations in about 1,500 nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins may cause mitochondrial dysfunction of energy production and mitochondrial disorders. More than 250 genes that cause mitochondrial disorders have been reported to date. However exact genetic diagnosis for patients still remained largely unknown. To reveal this heterogeneity, we performed comprehensive genomic analyses for 142 patients with childhood-onset mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiencies. The approach includes whole mtDNA and exome analyses using high-throughput sequencing, and chromosomal aberration analyses using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. We identified 37 novel mutations in known mitochondrial disease genes and 3 mitochondria-related genes (MRPS23, QRSL1, and PNPLA4) as novel causative genes. We also identified 2 genes known to cause monogenic diseases (MECP2 and TNNI3) and 3 chromosomal aberrations (6q24.3-q25.1, 17p12, and 22q11.21) as causes in this cohort. Our approaches enhance the ability to identify pathogenic gene mutations in patients with biochemically defined mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiencies in clinical settings. They also underscore clinical and genetic heterogeneity and will improve patient care of this complex disorder. Mitochondria play a crucial role in ATP biosynthesis and comprise proteins encoded in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Although more than 250 mitochondrial disease-causing genes have been reported, the exact genetic causes in patients remain largely unknown. Here, we aimed to provide further insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders. We investigated the genes encoded in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes using comprehensive genomic analysis in 142 patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex deficiencies. We identified 3 novel disease-causing mitochondria-related genes (MRPS23, QRSL1, and PNPLA4) as well as other disease-causing genes and novel pathogenic mutations in known mitochondrial disease-causing genes. All pathogenic mutations in this study are validated by genetic and/or functional evidence. Our findings, including the achievement of firm genetic diagnoses for 49 of 142 patients (34.5%), were higher than the general diagnosis rate of approximately 25% and demonstrated the value of comprehensive genomic analysis. Accordingly, we have shed light on the genetic heterogeneity underlying mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kohda
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tokuzawa
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kishita
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nyuzuki
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Moriyama
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirata
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yatsuka
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yzumi Yamashita-Sugahara
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kato
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamaru
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nurun Nahar Borna
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Banshoya
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sato-Miyata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohnuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuteka Nagao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maehata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuya Fushimi
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimura
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Harashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taro Yamazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masato Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Matsudo City Hospital, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (AOh); (YO)
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (AOh); (YO)
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14
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Yeo JHC, Skinner JPJ, Bird MJ, Formosa LE, Zhang JG, Kluck RM, Belz GT, Chong MMW. A Role for the Mitochondrial Protein Mrpl44 in Maintaining OXPHOS Capacity. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26221731 PMCID: PMC4519308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified Mrpl44 in a search for mammalian proteins that contain RNase III domains. This protein was previously found in association with the mitochondrial ribosome of bovine liver extracts. However, the precise Mrpl44 localization had been unclear. Here, we show by immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation that Mrpl44 is localized to the matrix of the mitochondria. We found that it can form multimers, and confirm that it is part of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. By manipulating its expression, we show that Mrpl44 may be important for regulating the expression of mtDNA-encoded genes. This was at the level of RNA expression and protein translation. This ultimately impacted ATP synthesis capability and respiratory capacity of cells. These findings indicate that Mrpl44 plays an important role in the regulation of the mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H C Yeo
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Matthew J Bird
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Luke E Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth M Kluck
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark M W Chong
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (St Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
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15
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Speijer D, Manjeri GR, Szklarczyk R. How to deal with oxygen radicals stemming from mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130446. [PMID: 24864314 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen radical formation in mitochondria is an incompletely understood attribute of eukaryotic cells. Recently, a kinetic model was proposed, in which the ratio between electrons entering the respiratory chain via FADH2 or NADH determines radical formation. During glucose breakdown, the ratio is low; during fatty acid breakdown, the ratio is high (the ratio increasing--asymptotically--with fatty acid length to 0.5, when compared with 0.2 for glucose). Thus, fatty acid oxidation would generate higher levels of radical formation. As a result, breakdown of fatty acids, performed without generation of extra FADH2 in mitochondria, could be beneficial for the cell, especially in the case of long and very long chained ones. This possibly has been a major factor in the evolution of peroxisomes. Increased radical formation, as proposed by the model, can also shed light on the lack of neuronal fatty acid oxidation and tells us about hurdles during early eukaryotic evolution. We specifically focus on extending and discussing the model in light of recent publications and findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), UvA, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R Manjeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Szklarczyk
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Genetics, Unit Clinical Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Agarwal B, Stowe DF, Dash RK, Bosnjak ZJ, Camara AKS. Mitochondrial targets for volatile anesthetics against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2014; 5:341. [PMID: 25278902 PMCID: PMC4165278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical modulators of cell function and are increasingly recognized as proximal sensors and effectors that ultimately determine the balance between cell survival and cell death. Volatile anesthetics (VA) are long known for their cardioprotective effects, as demonstrated by improved mitochondrial and cellular functions, and by reduced necrotic and apoptotic cell death during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. The molecular mechanisms by which VA impart cardioprotection are still poorly understood. Because of the emerging role of mitochondria as therapeutic targets in diseases, including ischemic heart disease, it is important to know if VA-induced cytoprotective mechanisms are mediated at the mitochondrial level. In recent years, considerable evidence points to direct effects of VA on mitochondrial channel/transporter protein functions and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes as potential targets in mediating cardioprotection. This review furnishes an integrated overview of targets that VA impart on mitochondrial channels/transporters and ETC proteins that could provide a basis for cation regulation and homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission in redox signaling for cardiac cell protection during IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Agarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David F. Stowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Zablocki VA Medical CenterMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zeljko J. Bosnjak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Menezes MJ, Riley LG, Christodoulou J. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders in childhood: Insights into diagnosis and management in the new era of genomic medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1368-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Van Bergen NJ, Blake RE, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Oxidative phosphorylation measurement in cell lines and tissues. Mitochondrion 2014; 15:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Lim S, Smith K, Stroud D, Compton A, Tucker E, Dasvarma A, Gandolfo L, Marum J, McKenzie M, Peters H, Mowat D, Procopis P, Wilcken B, Christodoulou J, Brown G, Ryan M, Bahlo M, Thorburn D. A founder mutation in PET100 causes isolated complex IV deficiency in Lebanese individuals with Leigh syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:209-22. [PMID: 24462369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder with characteristic bilateral lesions, typically in the brainstem and basal ganglia. It usually presents in infancy and is genetically heterogeneous, but most individuals with mitochondrial complex IV (or cytochrome c oxidase) deficiency have mutations in the biogenesis factor SURF1. We studied eight complex IV-deficient LS individuals from six families of Lebanese origin. They differed from individuals with SURF1 mutations in having seizures as a prominent feature. Complementation analysis suggested they had mutation(s) in the same gene but targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of 1,034 genes encoding known mitochondrial proteins failed to identify a likely candidate. Linkage and haplotype analyses mapped the location of the gene to chromosome 19 and targeted MPS of the linkage region identified a homozygous c.3G>C (p.Met1?) mutation in C19orf79. Abolishing the initiation codon could potentially still allow initiation at a downstream methionine residue but we showed that this would not result in a functional protein. We confirmed that mutation of this gene was causative by lentiviral-mediated phenotypic correction. C19orf79 was recently renamed PET100 and predicted to encode a complex IV biogenesis factor. We showed that it is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and forms a ∼300 kDa subcomplex with complex IV subunits. Previous proteomic analyses of mitochondria had overlooked PET100 because its small size was below the cutoff for annotating bona fide proteins. The mutation was estimated to have arisen at least 520 years ago, explaining how the families could have different religions and different geographic origins within Lebanon.
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20
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Diagnosis and molecular basis of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders: exome sequencing for disease gene identification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1355-9. [PMID: 24462578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders have the highest incidence among congenital metabolic diseases, and are thought to occur at a rate of 1 in 5000 births. About 25% of the diseases diagnosed as mitochondrial disorders in the field of pediatrics have mitochondrial DNA abnormalities, while the rest occur due to defects in genes encoded in the nucleus. The most important function of the mitochondria is biosynthesis of ATP. Mitochondrial disorders are nearly synonymous with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder, as respiratory chain complexes serve a central role in ATP biosynthesis. By next-generation sequencing of the exome, we analyzed 104 patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. The results of analysis to date were 18 patients with novel variants in genes previously reported to be disease-causing, and 27 patients with mutations in genes suggested to be associated in some way with mitochondria, and it is likely that they are new disease-causing genes in mitochondrial disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Platt J, Cox R, Enns GM. Points to consider in the clinical use of NGS panels for mitochondrial disease: an analysis of gene inclusion and consent forms. J Genet Couns 2014; 23:594-603. [PMID: 24399097 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial next generation sequencing (NGS) panels offer single-step analysis of the numerous nuclear genes involved in the structure, function, and maintenance of mitochondria. However, the complexities of mitochondrial biology and genetics raise points for consideration in clinical use of these tests. To understand the current status of mitochondrial genetic testing, we assessed the gene offerings and consent forms of mitochondrial NGS panels available from seven US-based clinical laboratories. The NGS panels varied markedly in number of genes (101-1204 genes), and the proportion of genes causing "classic" mitochondrial diseases and their phenocopies ranged widely between labs (18 %-94 % of panel contents). All panels included genes not associated with classic mitochondrial diseases (6 %-28 % of panel contents), including genes causing adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders, cancer predisposition, and other genetic syndromes or inborn errors of metabolism. Five of the panels included genes that are not listed in OMIM to be associated with a disease phenotype (5 %-49 % of panel contents). None of the consent documents reviewed had options for patient preference regarding receipt of incidental findings. These findings raise points of discussion applicable to mitochondrial diagnostics, but also to the larger arenas of exome and genome sequencing, including the need to consider the boundaries between clinical and research testing, the necessity of appropriate informed consent, and the responsibilities of clinical laboratories and clinicians. Based on these findings, we recommend careful evaluation by laboratories of the genes offered on NGS panels, clear communication of the predicted phenotypes, and revised consent forms to allow patients to make choices about receiving incidental findings. We hope that our analysis and recommendations will help to maximize the considerable clinical utility of NGS panels for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Platt
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H-315, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
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22
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Bird MJ, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE. Modelling biochemical features of mitochondrial neuropathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1380-92. [PMID: 24161927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathology of mitochondrial disease is well characterised. However, pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of biochemistry and cell biology are less clear. Progress in this area has been hampered by the limited accessibility of neurologically relevant material for analysis. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we discuss the recent development of a variety of model systems that have greatly extended our capacity to understand the biochemical features associated with mitochondrial neuropathology. These include animal and cell based models, with mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA encoded genes, which aim to recapitulate the neuropathology and cellular biochemistry of mitochondrial diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Analysis of neurological tissue and cells from these models suggests that although there is no unifying mode of pathogenesis, dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is often central. This can be associated with altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and inadequate ATP synthesis. Thus, other cellular processes such as calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis, cellular signaling and mitochondrial morphology could be altered, ultimately compromising viability of neuronal cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in mitochondrial disease are only just beginning to be characterised, are system dependent and complex, and not merely driven by energy deficiency. The diversity of pathogenic mechanisms emphasises the need for characterisation in a wide range of models, as different therapeutic strategies are likely to be needed for different diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bird
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann E Frazier
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Oxidative stress and microRNAs in vascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17319-46. [PMID: 23975169 PMCID: PMC3794730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a causal role in different vascular diseases, such as hypertension, diabetic vasculopathy, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Indeed, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is known to impair endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell functions, contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules that modulate the stability and/or the translational efficiency of target messenger RNAs. They have been shown to be modulated in most biological processes, including in cellular responses to redox imbalance. In particular, miR-200 family members play a crucial role in oxidative-stress dependent endothelial dysfunction, as well as in cardiovascular complications of diabetes and obesity. In addition, different miRNAs, such as miR-210, have been demonstrated to play a key role in mitochondrial metabolism, therefore modulating ROS production and sensitivity. In this review, we will discuss miRNAs modulated by ROS or involved in ROS production, and implicated in vascular diseases in which redox imbalance has a pathogenetic role.
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Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, caused by an alteration(s) in either mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA, and affect the respiratory chain's ability to undergo oxidative phosphorylation, leading to decreased production of adenosine triphosphophate and subsequent energy failure. These disorders may present at any age, but children tend to have an acute onset of disease compared with subacute or slowly progressive presentation in adults. Varying organ involvement also contributes to the phenotypic spectrum seen in these disorders. The childhood presentation of primary mitochondrial disease is mainly due to nuclear DNA mutations, with mitochondrial DNA mutations being less frequent in childhood and more prominent in adulthood disease. The clinician should be aware of the pediatric presentation of mitochondrial disease and have an understanding of the myriad of nuclear genes responsible for these disorders. The nuclear genes can be best understood by utilizing a classification system of location and function within the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Goldstein
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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Shin J, Lee SH, Kwon MC, Yang DK, Seo HR, Kim J, Kim YY, Im SK, Abel ED, Kim KT, Park WJ, Kong YY. Cardiomyocyte specific deletion of Crif1 causes mitochondrial cardiomyopathy in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53577. [PMID: 23308255 PMCID: PMC3537664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles dedicated to energy production. Crif1, which interacts with the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome, is indispensable for the mitochondrial translation and membrane insertion of respiratory subunits. To explore the physiological function of Crif1 in the heart, Crif1(f/f) mice were crossed with Myh6-cre/Esr1 transgenic mice, which harbor cardiomyocyte-specific Cre activity in a tamoxifen-dependent manner. The tamoxifen injections were given at six weeks postnatal, and the mutant mice survived only five months due to hypertrophic heart failure. In the mutant cardiac muscles, mitochondrial mass dramatically increased, while the inner structure was altered with lack of cristae. Mutant cardiac muscles showed decreased rates of oxygen consumption and ATP production, suggesting that Crif1 plays a critical role in the maintenance of both mitochondrial structure and respiration in cardiac muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwon Yang
- Global Research Laboratory and Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Evan Dale Abel
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Global Research Laboratory and Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sangar V, Eddy JA, Simeonidis E, Price ND. Mechanistic modeling of aberrant energy metabolism in human disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:404. [PMID: 23112774 PMCID: PMC3480659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in energy metabolism—including in pathways localized to the mitochondria—has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide array of disorders, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases to type II diabetes. The inherent complexities of energy and mitochondrial metabolism present a significant obstacle in the effort to understand the role that these molecular processes play in the development of disease. To help unravel these complexities, systems biology methods have been applied to develop an array of computational metabolic models, ranging from mitochondria-specific processes to genome-scale cellular networks. These constraint-based (CB) models can efficiently simulate aspects of normal and aberrant metabolism in various genetic and environmental conditions. Development of these models leverages—and also provides a powerful means to integrate and interpret—information from a wide range of sources including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and enzyme kinetics. Here, we review a variety of mechanistic modeling studies that explore metabolic functions, deficiency disorders, and aberrant biochemical pathways in mitochondria and related regions in the cell.
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Calvo SE, Compton AG, Hershman SG, Lim SC, Lieber DS, Tucker EJ, Laskowski A, Garone C, Liu S, Jaffe DB, Christodoulou J, Fletcher JM, Bruno DL, Goldblatt J, Dimauro S, Thorburn DR, Mootha VK. Molecular diagnosis of infantile mitochondrial disease with targeted next-generation sequencing. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:118ra10. [PMID: 22277967 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) promise to facilitate diagnosis of inherited disorders. Although in research settings NGS has pinpointed causal alleles using segregation in large families, the key challenge for clinical diagnosis is application to single individuals. To explore its diagnostic use, we performed targeted NGS in 42 unrelated infants with clinical and biochemical evidence of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disease. These devastating mitochondrial disorders are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, with more than 100 causal genes identified to date. We performed "MitoExome" sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and exons of ~1000 nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and prioritized rare mutations predicted to disrupt function. Because patients and healthy control individuals harbored a comparable number of such heterozygous alleles, we could not prioritize dominant-acting genes. However, patients showed a fivefold enrichment of genes with two such mutations that could underlie recessive disease. In total, 23 of 42 (55%) patients harbored such recessive genes or pathogenic mtDNA variants. Firm diagnoses were enabled in 10 patients (24%) who had mutations in genes previously linked to disease. Thirteen patients (31%) had mutations in nuclear genes not previously linked to disease. The pathogenicity of two such genes, NDUFB3 and AGK, was supported by complementation studies and evidence from multiple patients, respectively. The results underscore the potential and challenges of deploying NGS in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Calvo
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Sixth Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Aroor AR, Mandavia C, Ren J, Sowers JR, Pulakat L. Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 2012; 2:87-109. [PMID: 22619657 DOI: 10.1159/000335675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal structure, function, and survival of tissues. There is considerable evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in association with metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. The phenomenon of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced ROS release through interactions between cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to a vicious cycle of enhanced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial NADPH oxidase system, impairment of the mitochondrial electron transport, activation of p66shc pathway-targeting mitochondria, endoplasmic reticular stress, and activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin-S6 kinase pathway underlie dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and promote mitochondrial oxidative stress. These processes are further modulated by acetyltransferases including sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3, the former regulating nuclear acetylation and the latter regulating mitochondrial acetylation. The regulation of mitochondrial functions by microRNAs forms an additional layer of molecular control of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Alcohol further exacerbates mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by overnutrition and promotes the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo., USA
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30
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De Greef E, Christodoulou J, Alexander IE, Shun A, O'Loughlin EV, Thorburn DR, Jermyn V, Stormon MO. Mitochondrial respiratory chain hepatopathies: role of liver transplantation. A case series of five patients. JIMD Rep 2011; 4:5-11. [PMID: 23430890 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (MRCD) is controversial because of possible multi-organ involvement. AIM To illustrate the clinical diversity of MRCD, the difficulty in making an accurate tissue diagnosis and whether to undertake OLT in five patients with proven MRCD. A review of the reported cases in the literature is presented. METHODS Retrospective chart review from 1995 to 2007 at a paediatric liver transplant centre where five children with hepatic MRCD were identified. RESULTS Patient 1 was transplanted for 'cryptogenic' cirrhosis. The diagnosis of MRCD was made on the explant. The patient remains well 5 years after transplant. Patient 2 presented with fulminant liver failure at 3 months of age. Although no extrahepatic manifestations were identified, OLT was not considered. Patient 3 presented with recurrent hypoglycaemia and was transplanted for fulminant hepatic failure at 12 months of age. He died of pulmonary hypertension 9 months post OLT. Patient 4 was diagnosed with MRCD at the age of 2 years. Death occurred at the age of 14 years, while listed for combined liver-kidney transplant, after a stroke-like episode following severe sepsis. Patient 5 developed liver failure after valproic acid was instituted for seizures. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome was diagnosed and transplantation was not offered. CONCLUSION Hepatic MRCD has a variable presentation. Diagnosis requires the measurement of respiratory chain enzymes on tissue from liver biopsy. Whether to proceed to OLT is a difficult decision given a good outcome in a minority of cases, suggesting that MRCD should not be an absolute contraindication to liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth De Greef
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), Hawkesbury Road, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are involved in numerous aspects of cellular signaling. Classically ROS/RNS have been associated with cellular dysfunction and disease, but it is now clear that they are also of integral importance under normal conditions. In this review, we discuss ROS/RNS effects in skeletal muscle, with special focus on changes in contractile function. The review deals with the tentative roles of ROS/RNS for acute changes that can occur during strenuous exercise resulting in muscle fatigue, for the recovery from fatigue, and for the effects of training/overtraining. We also discuss two groups of inherited diseases; muscle dystrophies, where recent data suggest that ROS/RNS may be of unexpectedly large importance, and mitochondrial myopathies, where the role of ROS seems more limited than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Van Bergen NJ, Chakrabarti R, O’Neill EC, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial disorders and the eye. Eye Brain 2011; 3:29-47. [PMID: 28539774 PMCID: PMC5436186 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of disturbed mitochondrial function in the eye has emerged since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation was described in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction has become apparent through increased understanding of the contribution of nuclear and somatic mtDNA mutations to mitochondrial dynamics and function. Common ophthalmic manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and ophthalmoplegia. The majority of patients with ocular manifestations of mitochondrial disease also have variable central and peripheral nervous system involvement. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been associated with age-related retinal disease including macular degeneration and glaucoma. Therefore, therapeutic targets directed at promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function offer a potential to both preserve retinal function and attenuate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Van Bergen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Chakrabarti
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn C O’Neill
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cwerman-Thibault H, Sahel JA, Corral-Debrinski M. Mitochondrial medicine: to a new era of gene therapy for mitochondrial DNA mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:327-44. [PMID: 20571866 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders can no longer be ignored in most medical disciplines. Such disorders include specific and widespread organ involvement, with tissue degeneration or tumor formation. Primary or secondary actors, mitochondrial dysfunctions also play a role in the aging process. Despite progresses made in identification of their molecular bases, nearly everything remains to be done as regards therapy. Research dealing with mitochondrial physiology and pathology has >20 years of history around the world. We are involved, as are many other laboratories, in the challenge of finding ways to fight these diseases. However, our main limitation is the scarcety of animal models required for both understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the diseases and evaluating therapeutic strategies. This is especially true for diseases due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), since an authentic genetic model of mtDNA mutations is technically a very difficult task due to both the inability of manipulating the mitochondrial genome of living mammalian cells and to its multicopy nature. This has led researchers in the field to consider the prospect of gene therapy approaches that can roughly be divided into three groups: (1) import of wild-type copies or relevant sections of DNA or RNA into mitochondria, (2) manipulation of mitochondrial genetic content, and (3) rescue of a defect by expression of an engineered gene product from the nucleus (allotopic or xenotropic expression). We briefly introduce these concepts and indicate where promising progress has been made in the last decade.
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Swalwell H, Kirby DM, Blakely EL, Mitchell A, Salemi R, Sugiana C, Compton AG, Tucker EJ, Ke BX, Lamont PJ, Turnbull DM, McFarland R, Taylor RW, Thorburn DR. Respiratory chain complex I deficiency caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:769-75. [PMID: 21364701 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are associated with a diverse spectrum of clinical phenotypes, and may be caused by mutations in either the nuclear or the mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). Isolated complex I deficiency is the most common enzyme defect in mitochondrial disorders, particularly in children in whom family history is often consistent with sporadic or autosomal recessive inheritance, implicating a nuclear genetic cause. In contrast, although a number of recurrent, pathogenic mtDNA mutations have been described, historically, these have been perceived as rare causes of paediatric complex I deficiency. We reviewed the clinical and genetic findings in a large cohort of 109 paediatric patients with isolated complex I deficiency from 101 families. Pathogenic mtDNA mutations were found in 29 of 101 probands (29%), 21 in MTND subunit genes and 8 in mtDNA tRNA genes. Nuclear gene defects were inferred in 38 of 101 (38%) probands based on cell hybrid studies, mtDNA sequencing or mutation analysis (nuclear gene mutations were identified in 22 probands). Leigh or Leigh-like disease was the most common clinical presentation in both mtDNA and nuclear genetic defects. The median age at onset was higher in mtDNA patients (12 months) than in patients with a nuclear gene defect (3 months). However, considerable overlap existed, with onset varying from 0 to >60 months in both groups. Our findings confirm that pathogenic mtDNA mutations are a significant cause of complex I deficiency in children. In the absence of parental consanguinity, we recommend whole mitochondrial genome sequencing as a key approach to elucidate the underlying molecular genetic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Swalwell
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
For nearly three decades, the sequence of the human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) has provided a molecular framework for understanding maternally inherited diseases. However, the vast majority of human mitochondrial disorders are caused by nuclear genome defects, which is not surprising since the mtDNA encodes only 13 proteins. Advances in genomics, mass spectrometry, and computation have only recently made it possible to systematically identify the complement of over 1,000 proteins that comprise the mammalian mitochondrial proteome. Here, we review recent progress in characterizing the mitochondrial proteome and highlight insights into its complexity, tissue heterogeneity, evolutionary origins, and biochemical versatility. We then discuss how this proteome is being used to discover the genetic basis of respiratory chain disorders as well as to expand our definition of mitochondrial disease. Finally, we explore future prospects and challenges for using the mitochondrial proteome as a foundation for systems analysis of the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Calvo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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36
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Tucker EJ, Compton AG, Thorburn DR. Recent advances in the genetics of mitochondrial encephalopathies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010; 10:277-85. [PMID: 20446063 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-010-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, the most common neurometabolic disorder, may be caused by mutations in approximately 100 different genes and may present with various symptoms, such as seizures, ataxia, myopathy, cognitive impairment, blindness, and stroke. Fewer than 50% of patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy receive a molecular diagnosis, primarily because of the large degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity among patients and the limited knowledge of the genes involved in mitochondrial function. Here we review the most recent discoveries of genes associated with mitochondrial disease with variable neuropathology. All these genes have been identified via homozygosity mapping or linkage analysis; however, advances in sequencing technology indicate that the future of genetic diagnosis and disease gene discovery likely lies in high-throughput sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Tucker
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, 10th Floor, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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37
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Gray HB, Winkler JR. Electron flow through metalloproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1563-72. [PMID: 20460102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfers in photosynthesis and respiration commonly occur between metal-containing cofactors that are separated by large molecular distances. Understanding the underlying physics and chemistry of these biological electron transfer processes is the goal of much of the work in our laboratories. Employing laser flash-quench triggering methods, we have shown that 20A, coupling-limited Fe(II) to Ru(III) and Cu(I) to Ru(III) electron tunneling in Ru-modified cytochromes and blue copper proteins can occur on the microsecond timescale both in solutions and crystals; and, further, that analysis of these rates suggests that distant donor-acceptor electronic couplings are mediated by a combination of sigma and hydrogen bonds in folded polypeptide structures. Redox equivalents can be transferred even longer distances by multistep tunneling, often called hopping, through intervening amino acid side chains. In recent work, we have found that 20A hole hopping through an intervening tryptophan is several hundred-fold faster than single-step electron tunneling in a Re-modified blue copper protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Mitochondrial translation and beyond: processes implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiencies. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:737385. [PMID: 20396601 PMCID: PMC2854570 DOI: 10.1155/2010/737385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a heterogeneous group of often multisystemic and early fatal diseases, which are amongst the most common inherited human diseases. These disorders are caused by defects in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which comprises five multisubunit enzyme complexes encoded by both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes. Due to the multitude of proteins and intricacy of the processes required for a properly functioning OXPHOS system, identifying the genetic defect that underlies an OXPHOS deficiency is not an easy task, especially in the case of combined OXPHOS defects. In the present communication we give an extensive overview of the proteins and processes (in)directly involved in mitochondrial translation and the biogenesis of the OXPHOS system and their roles in combined OXPHOS deficiencies. This knowledge is important for further research into the genetic causes, with the ultimate goal to effectively prevent and cure these complex and often devastating disorders.
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Vasta V, Ng SB, Turner EH, Shendure J, Hahn SH. Next generation sequence analysis for mitochondrial disorders. Genome Med 2009; 1:100. [PMID: 19852779 PMCID: PMC2784303 DOI: 10.1186/gm100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial disorders can originate from mutations in one of many nuclear genes controlling the organelle function or in the mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). The large numbers of potential culprit genes, together with the little guidance offered by most clinical phenotypes as to which gene may be causative, are a great challenge for the molecular diagnosis of these disorders. METHODS We developed a novel targeted resequencing assay for mitochondrial disorders relying on microarray-based hybrid capture coupled to next-generation sequencing. Specifically, we subjected the entire mtDNA genome and the exons and intron-exon boundary regions of 362 known or candidate causative nuclear genes to targeted capture and resequencing. We here provide proof-of-concept data by testing one HapMap DNA sample and two positive control samples. RESULTS Over 94% of the targeted regions were captured and sequenced with appropriate coverage and quality, allowing reliable variant calling. Pathogenic mutations blindly tested in patients' samples were 100% concordant with previous Sanger sequencing results: a known mutation in Pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 subunit (PDHA1), a novel splicing and a known coding mutation in Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase alpha subunit (HADHA) were correctly identified. Of the additional variants recognized, 90 to 94% were present in dbSNP while 6 to 10% represented new alterations. The novel nonsynonymous variants were all in heterozygote state and mostly predicted to be benign. The depth of sequencing coverage of mtDNA was extremely high, suggesting that it may be feasible to detect pathogenic mtDNA mutations confounded by low level heteroplasmy. Only one sequencing lane of an eight lane flow cell was utilized for each sample, indicating that a cost-effective clinical test can be achieved. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the use of next generation sequencing technology holds great promise as a tool for screening mitochondrial disorders. The availability of a comprehensive molecular diagnostic tool will increase the capacity for early and rapid identification of mitochondrial disorders. In addition, the proposed approach has the potential to identify new mutations in candidate genes, expanding and redefining the spectrum of causative genes responsible for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vasta
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Sugiana C, Pagliarini DJ, McKenzie M, Kirby DM, Salemi R, Abu-Amero KK, Dahl HHM, Hutchison WM, Vascotto KA, Smith SM, Newbold RF, Christodoulou J, Calvo S, Mootha VK, Ryan MT, Thorburn DR. Mutation of C20orf7 disrupts complex I assembly and causes lethal neonatal mitochondrial disease. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:468-78. [PMID: 18940309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the first and largest multimeric complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Human complex I comprises seven subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA and 38 nuclear-encoded subunits that are assembled together in a process that is only partially understood. To date, mutations causing complex I deficiency have been described in all 14 core subunits, five supernumerary subunits, and four assembly factors. We describe complex I deficiency caused by mutation of the putative complex I assembly factor C20orf7. A candidate region for a lethal neonatal form of complex I deficiency was identified by homozygosity mapping of an Egyptian family with one affected child and two affected pregnancies predicted by enzyme-based prenatal diagnosis. The region was confirmed by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer, and 11 candidate genes encoding potential mitochondrial proteins were sequenced. A homozygous missense mutation in C20orf7 segregated with disease in the family. We show that C20orf7 is peripherally associated with the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane and that silencing its expression with RNAi decreases complex I activity. C20orf7 patient fibroblasts showed an almost complete absence of complex I holoenzyme and were defective at an early stage of complex I assembly, but in a manner distinct from the assembly defects caused by mutations in the assembly factor NDUFAF1. Our results indicate that C20orf7 is crucial in the assembly of complex I and that mutations in C20orf7 cause mitochondrial disease.
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