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Serotonergic receptor gene polymorphism and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in ethnic Malay patients with first episode of major depressive disorder. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:498-509. [PMID: 33731884 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphisms of the 5HTR1A and 5HTR2A receptor genes (rs6295C/G and rs6311G/A) have been evaluated for association with SSRI treatment outcome in various populations with different results. The present study was carried out to determine the association between genotypes of HTR1A-rs6295 and HTR2A-rs6311 with SSRI treatment outcome among the ethnic Malay patients diagnosed with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD). The patients were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Predefined efficacy phenotypes based on 25% (partial early response) and 50% (clinical efficacy response) reduction in Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale-self Rated score (MADRS-S) were adopted for assessment of treatment efficacy in this study. Self-reporting for adverse effects (AE) was documented using the Patient Rated Inventory of Side Effect (PRISE) after treatment with SSRI for up to 6 weeks. Adjusted binary logistic regression between genotypes of the polymorphism obtained using sequencing technique with the treatment outcome phenotypes was performed. The 142 patients recruited were made up of 96 females (67.6%) and 46 males (32.4%). Clinical efficacy and Partial early response phenotypes were not significantly associated with genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism. The GG genotype of HTR2A polymorphism has decreased odds for dizziness (CNS) and increased odds for poor concentration. The GA genotype increases the odd for excessive sweating, diarrhoea, constipation and blurred vision. The CC genotype of HTR1A-rs6295 decreases the odd for nausea/vomiting and increases the odd for anxiety. Thus, some genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism were associated with SSRI treatment outcomes in ethnic Malay MDD patients.
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2
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Plante DT, Papale LA, Madrid A, Cook JD, Prairie ML, Alisch RS. PAX8/PAX8-AS1 DNA methylation levels are associated with objective sleep duration in persons with unexplained hypersomnolence using a deep phenotyping approach. Sleep 2021; 44:6305146. [PMID: 34145460 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Patients with unexplained hypersomnolence have significant impairment related to daytime sleepiness and excessive sleep duration, the biological bases of which are poorly understood. This investigation sought to examine relationships between objectively measured hypersomnolence phenotypes and epigenetic modification of candidate hypersomnolence genes to advance this line of inquiry. METHODS Twenty-eight unmedicated clinical patients with unexplained hypersomnolence were evaluated using overnight ad libitum polysomnography, multiple sleep latency testing, infrared pupillometry, and the psychomotor vigilance task. DNA methylation levels on CpG sites annotated to 11 a priori hypersomnolence candidate genes were assessed for statistical association with hypersomnolence measures using independent regression models with adjusted local index of significance (aLIS) P-value threshold of 0.05. RESULTS Nine CpG sites exhibited significant associations between DNA methylation levels and total sleep time measured using ad libitum polysomnography (aLIS p-value < .05). All nine differentially methylated CpG sites were annotated to the paired box 8 (PAX8) gene and its related antisense gene (PAX8-AS1). Among these nine differentially methylated positions was a cluster of five CpG sites located in the body of the PAX8 gene and promoter of PAX8-AS1. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that PAX8/PAX8-AS1 DNA methylation levels are associated with total sleep time in persons with unexplained hypersomnolence. Given prior investigations that have implicated single nucleotide polymorphisms in PAX8/PAX8-AS1 with habitual sleep duration, further research that clarifies the role of DNA methylation levels on these genes in the phenotypic expression of total sleep time is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy Madrid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Madison, WI.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI
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3
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Al Shareef SM, Almeneessier AS, Smith RM, BaHammam AS. The clinical characteristics of Kleine–Levin syndrome according to ethnicity and geographic location. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:842-848. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1437037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saad M. Al Shareef
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Richard M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
- Strategic Technologies Program, National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al Shareef SM, Basit S, Li S, Pfister C, Pradervand S, Lecendreux M, Mayer G, Dauvilliers Y, Salpietro V, Houlden H, BaHammam AS, Tafti M. Kleine-Levin syndrome is associated with LMOD3 variants. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12718. [PMID: 29923248 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare periodic hypersomnia with associated behavioural abnormalities but with often favourable prognosis. There is excess risk of KLS in first-degree relatives, suggesting a strong genetic contribution. So far, no mutation is identified in KLS and comprehensive genetic analysis of affected individuals is lacking. Here we performed whole genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and exome sequencing in a large family with seven affected members. The identified gene with a mutation was resequenced in 38 sporadic KLS patients and the expression of the gene product was mapped in the mouse brain. Linkage analysis mapped the disease locus to chromosome 3 and exome analysis identified a heterozygous missense variant in LMOD3 (p.E142D) in the linkage interval. The variant was found to segregate in all affected and one presumably unaffected member of the family. Resequencing LMOD3 in 38 other KLS patients and their families revealed three other low frequency or rare missense variants in seven cases that were inherited with incomplete penetrance. LMOD3 is expressed in the brain and colocalized with major structures involved in the regulation of vigilance states. LMOD proteins are structural proteins and seem to be developmentally regulated. Our findings suggest that KLS might be a structural/neurodevelopmental brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Al Shareef
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulman Basit
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Pfister
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Genomic Technologies Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Lecendreux
- AP-HP, Pediatric Sleep Center and National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Geert Mayer
- Hephata Klinik, Scwalmstadt, and Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Reference National Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, INSER U106, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehdi Tafti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Al Suwayri SM, BaHammam AS. The "Known Unknowns" of Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A Review and Future Prospects. Sleep Med Clin 2017; 12:345-358. [PMID: 28778233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare, homogeneous, debilitating sleep disorder characterized by episodic hypersomnia, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes. The etiology, pathophysiology, and optimal management of KLS remain uncertain. We identify the 5 key areas requiring urgent attention: KLS immunopathogenesis studies, next-generation genetics, multimodal functional imaging, biomarker discovery, and clinical drug trials. A centralized registry of afflicted individuals must be established. Disease uniformity should make the identification of associated genetic or imaging biomarkers easier, but clinical efforts require laboratory-based research to model the disease and generate preclinical data for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Al Suwayri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), PO Box 7544, Othman bin Afan Road, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Box 225503, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia.
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Manoach DS, Pan JQ, Purcell SM, Stickgold R. Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:599-608. [PMID: 26602589 PMCID: PMC4833702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit. Sleep spindles, a defining thalamocortical oscillation of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep, correlate with IQ and are thought to promote long-term potentiation and enhance memory consolidation. We review evidence that reduced spindle activity in SZ is an endophenotype that impairs sleep-dependent memory consolidation, contributes to symptoms, and is a novel treatment biomarker. Studies showing that spindles can be pharmacologically enhanced in SZ and that increasing spindles improves memory in healthy individuals suggest that treating spindle deficits in patients with SZ may improve cognition. Spindle activity is highly heritable, and recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified SZ risk genes that may contribute to spindle deficits and illuminate their mechanisms. For example, the SZ risk gene CACNA1I encodes a calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the thalamic spindle generator and plays a critical role in spindle activity based on a mouse knockout. Future genetic studies of animals and humans can delineate the role of this and other genes in spindles. Such cross-disciplinary research, by forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to proteins and cellular functions to endophenotypes, cognitive impairments, symptoms, and diagnosis, has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of SZ. This review highlights the importance of deficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits of SZ and implicates reduced sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
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Hu Y, Shmygelska A, Tran D, Eriksson N, Tung JY, Hinds DA. GWAS of 89,283 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with self-reporting of being a morning person. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10448. [PMID: 26835600 PMCID: PMC4740817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are a nearly universal feature of living organisms and affect almost every biological process. Our innate preference for mornings or evenings is determined by the phase of our circadian rhythms. We conduct a genome-wide association analysis of self-reported morningness, followed by analyses of biological pathways and related phenotypes. We identify 15 significantly associated loci, including seven near established circadian genes (rs12736689 near RGS16, P=7.0 × 10−18; rs9479402 near VIP, P=3.9 × 10−11; rs55694368 near PER2, P=2.6 × 10−9; rs35833281 near HCRTR2, P=3.7 × 10−9; rs11545787 near RASD1, P=1.4 × 10−8; rs11121022 near PER3, P=2.0 × 10−8; rs9565309 near FBXL3, P=3.5 × 10−8. Circadian and phototransduction pathways are enriched in our results. Morningness is associated with insomnia and other sleep phenotypes; and is associated with body mass index and depression but we did not find evidence for a causal relationship in our Mendelian randomization analysis. Our findings reinforce current understanding of circadian biology and will guide future studies. Circadian rhythms and related behaviours vary across individuals. Here, a large genome-wide association study reveals common single nucleotide variants influencing whether an individual reports as being a ‘morning person' by identifying 15 significant loci, including 7 near known circadian genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youna Hu
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA
| | - Alena Shmygelska
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA
| | - David Tran
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95112 USA
| | - Nicholas Eriksson
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA
| | - David A Hinds
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043 USA
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8
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The genetics of insomnia – Evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? Sleep Med Rev 2014; 18:225-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Altered dynamics in the circadian oscillation of clock genes in dermal fibroblasts of patients suffering from idiopathic hypersomnia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85255. [PMID: 24454829 PMCID: PMC3891749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
From single cell organisms to the most complex life forms, the 24-hour circadian rhythm is important for numerous aspects of physiology and behavior such as daily periodic fluctuations in body temperature and sleep-wake cycles. Influenced by environmental cues - mainly by light input -, the central pacemaker in the thalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) controls and regulates the internal clock mechanisms which are present in peripheral tissues. In order to correlate modifications in the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythm with the pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia, this study aimed to investigate the dynamics of the expression of circadian clock genes in dermal fibroblasts of idiopathic hypersomniacs (IH) in comparison to those of healthy controls (HC). Ten clinically and polysomnographically proven IH patients were recruited from the department of sleep medicine of the University Hospital of Muenster. Clinical diagnosis was done by two consecutive polysomnographies (PSG) and Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Fourteen clinical healthy volunteers served as control group. Dermal fibroblasts were obtained via punch biopsy and grown in cell culture. The expression of circadian clock genes was investigated by semiquantitative Reverse Transcriptase-PCR qRT-PCR analysis, confirming periodical oscillation of expression of the core circadian clock genes BMAL1, PER1/2 and CRY1/2. The amplitude of the rhythmically expressed BMAL1, PER1 and PER2 was significantly dampened in dermal fibroblasts of IH compared to HC over two circadian periods whereas the overall expression of only the key transcriptional factor BMAL1 was significantly reduced in IH. Our study suggests for the first time an aberrant dynamics in the circadian clock in IH. These findings may serve to better understand some clinical features of the pathophysiology in sleep - wake rhythms in IH.
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Abstract
The study of genetics is providing new and exciting insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Both normal sleep and several types of sleep disturbances have been found to have significant genetic influences, as have traits of normal sleep, such as those evident in EEG patterns and the circadian sleep-wake cycle. The circadian sleep-wake cycle is based on a complex feedback loop of genetic transcription over a 24-h cycle. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) have familial aggregation, and several genes have a strong association with them. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to RLS/PLMS, although none has a definite functional correlation. Narcolepsy/cataplexy are associated with HLA DQB1*0602 and a T-cell receptor α locus, although functional correlations have not been evident. Obstructive sleep apnea is a complex disorder involving multiple traits, such as anatomy of the oropharynx, ventilatory control, and traits associated with obesity. Although there is clear evidence of familial aggregation in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, no specific gene or locus has been identified for it. Angiotensin-converting enzyme has been proposed as a risk variant, but evidence is weak. Fatal familial insomnia and advanced sleep phase syndrome are sleep disorders with a definite genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Parish
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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11
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder of unknown etiology that is managed by therapy directed at relieving its symptoms. Treatment of patients with milder symptoms that occur intermittently may be treated with nonpharmacological therapy but when not successful, drug therapy should be chosen based on the timing of the symptoms and the needs of the patient. Patients with moderate to severe RLS typically require daily medication to control their symptoms. Although the dopamine agonists, ropinirole and pramipexole have been the drugs of choice for patients with moderate to severe RLS, drug emergent problems like augmentation may limit their use for long term therapy. Keeping the dopamine agonist dose as low as possible, using longer acting dopamine agonists such as the rotigotine patch and maintaining a high serum ferritin level may help prevent the development of augmentation. The α2δ anticonvulsants may now also be considered as drugs of choice for moderate to severe RLS patients. Opioids should be considered for RLS patients, especially for those who have failed other therapies since they are very effective for severe cases. When monitored appropriately, they can be very safe and durable for long term therapy. They should also be strongly considered for treating patients with augmentation as they are very effective for relieving the worsening symptoms that occur when decreasing or eliminating dopamine agonists.
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Wisor JP. A metabolic-transcriptional network links sleep and cellular energetics in the brain. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:15-22. [PMID: 21927810 PMCID: PMC4086657 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes a mechanistic link between cellular metabolic status, transcriptional regulatory changes and sleep. Sleep loss is associated with changes in cellular metabolic status in the brain. Metabolic sensors responsive to cellular metabolic status regulate the circadian clock transcriptional network. Modifications of the transcriptional activity of circadian clock genes affect sleep/wake state changes. Changes in sleep state reverse sleep loss-induced changes in cellular metabolic status. It is thus proposed that the regulation of circadian clock genes by cellular metabolic sensors is a critical intermediate step in the link between cellular metabolic status and sleep. Studies of this regulatory relationship may offer insights into the function of sleep at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wisor
- WWAMI Medical Education Program and Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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Watson NF. Searching for the Missing Heritability. Sleep 2011; 34:1453-4. [DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the cause of most neuropsychiatric disorders remains uncertain, new data offer alternative explanations warranting further validations. This review summarizes some recent findings that may localize the origin of eating disorders as well as some other neuropsychiatric disorders outside the brain and discuss their cause as a possible dysfunction of the gut-brain axis involving the humoral immune system. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiota has been identified as the main source of highest biological variability confined in an individual and also provides constant antigenic stimulation shaping up the physiological immune response. Furthermore, molecular mimicry has been shown among microbial proteins including gut microbiota and several key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of motivated behavior and emotion. Immunoglobulins reactive with these neuropeptides have been identified in humans, and their levels or affinities were associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, eating and sleep disorders. SUMMARY Cross-reacting immunoglobulins may bind both microbial sequences and neuropeptides, thereby constituting a particular way of signaling between the gut and the brain. Alteration of this link may contribute to several neuropsychiatric disorders, emphasizing the key role of nutrition among other factors influencing gut content and intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Institute for Medical Research and Innovation, IFRMP23, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen University, Rouen, France.
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