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Baena D, Toor B, Ray LB, Smith D, Kong P, Lopez J, Hoffmann R, Bertram H, Robillard R, Armitage R, Fogel SM. Sleep spindles in adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:535-545. [PMID: 37827259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sleep spindle differences in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy adolescents is an ongoing debate. Results mostly indicate decreased sleep spindle activity in adolescents with MDD. Given that sleep spindles predominate NREM and that acutely delaying the sleep period via a "sleep delay challenge" (SDC) increases non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep duration, it may be possible to increase spindle density in adolescents with MDD, which may provide a therapeutic benefit to depression symptoms. Here, we examined the impact of a SDC on spindle density and depression symptomology in adolescents with MDD (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 62) tested across three nights: adaptation, normal sleep, and a SDC night which delayed bedtime by three hours. The results showed that; (1) there was no difference in spindle density between groups on the normal sleep night, (2) following the SDC, both males and females with MDD had a decrease in the frequency of slow spindles, while only females with MDD had an increase in the frequency of fast spindles, (3) acute SDC reduced depression symptoms in both groups, and (4) light sleep on the normal sleep night and slow spindle frequency at SDC predicted an 8 % improvement in depression symptoms, regardless of sex or MDD diagnosis. Taken together, these results suggest that; (a) spindles may be a useful biological marker of depression symptomatology regardless of clinical MDD diagnosis, and (b) that acute SDC may help alleviate depression symptoms in adolescents with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baena
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - B Toor
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - L B Ray
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - D Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - P Kong
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - J Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA; Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - H Bertram
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - R Robillard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - R Armitage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - S M Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Hanert A, Schönfeld R, Weber FD, Nowak A, Döhring J, Philippen S, Granert O, Burgalossi A, Born J, Berg D, Göder R, Häussermann P, Bartsch T. Reduced overnight memory consolidation and associated alterations in sleep spindles and slow oscillations in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106378. [PMID: 38103701 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation critically underlies hippocampal-entorhinal circuit function that is early affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is growing evidence that AD pathophysiology dynamically interacts with the sleep/wake cycle impairing hippocampal memory. To elucidate sleep-dependent consolidation in a cohort of symptomatic AD patients (n = 12, 71.25 ± 2.16 years), we tested hippocampal place learning by means of a virtual reality task and verbal memory by a word-pair association task before and after a night of sleep. Our results show an impaired overnight memory retention in AD compared with controls in the verbal task, together with a significant reduction of sleep spindle activity (i.e., lower amplitude of fast sleep spindles, p = 0.016) and increased duration of the slow oscillation (SO; p = 0.019). Higher spindle density, faster down-to-upstate transitions within SOs, and the time delay between SOs and nested spindles predicted better memory performance in healthy controls but not in AD patients. Our results show that mnemonic processing and memory consolidation in AD is slightly impaired as reflected by dysfunctional oscillatory dynamics and spindle-SO coupling during NonREM sleep. In this translational study based on experimental paradigms in animals and extending previous work in healthy aging and preclinical disease stages, our results in symptomatic AD further deepen the understanding of the memory decline within a bidirectional relationship of sleep and AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hanert
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robby Schönfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frederik D Weber
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Nowak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sleep Laboratory, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Döhring
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah Philippen
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Burgalossi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Werner-Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sleep Laboratory, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Häussermann
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, LVR Klinik Köln, Academic Teaching Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Myers AM, Rech ME, Baran B, Palmer C, Mylonas D, Alfano CA. Sleep spindle activity is associated with state- and trait-based emotion in healthy school-aged children. Sleep Med 2024; 113:56-60. [PMID: 37984018 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While connections between children's sleep and their daytime functioning are well established, less is known about the microstructural features of sleep that support emotional wellbeing. Investigating these relationships in healthy children may provide insight into adaptive emotional development. We therefore examined associations between non-rapid eye movement (N2) sleep spindles and both state- and trait-based measures of emotion. METHODS A sample of 30 children (7-11 years) without psychiatric disorders completed a baseline assessment, one night of at-home polysomnography (PSG), and an in-lab emotional state assessment the next day including self-reported arousal in response to affective images. Trait-based measures of anxiety and depression as well as savoring, a positive emotion regulatory strategy, were also completed. N2 sleep spindle parameters, including spindle density (number/min) and peak frequency in central regions, were detected using an automated algorithm. RESULTS Greater spindle density was significantly associated with decreased state-based emotional arousal towards negative affective images, and greater spindle peak frequency was associated with greater trait-based use of savoring. However, neither spindle parameter was associated with child anxiety or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings align with and expand on prior research to suggest that N2 sleep spindles support adaptive emotional functioning in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Myers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Health and Biomedical Sciences Building, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Megan E Rech
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Health and Biomedical Sciences Building, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Bengi Baran
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Cara Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, A.J.M. Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Dimitrios Mylonas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 275 Cambridge St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Health and Biomedical Sciences Building, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Lasser M, Sun N, Xu Y, Wang S, Drake S, Law K, Gonzalez S, Wang B, Drury V, Castillo O, Zaltsman Y, Dea J, Bader E, McCluskey KE, State MW, Willsey AJ, Willsey HR. Pleiotropy of autism-associated chromatin regulators. Development 2023; 150:dev201515. [PMID: 37366052 PMCID: PMC10399978 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene ontology analyses of high-confidence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk genes highlight chromatin regulation and synaptic function as major contributors to pathobiology. Our recent functional work in vivo has additionally implicated tubulin biology and cellular proliferation. As many chromatin regulators, including the ASD risk genes ADNP and CHD3, are known to directly regulate both tubulins and histones, we studied the five chromatin regulators most strongly associated with ASD (ADNP, CHD8, CHD2, POGZ and KMT5B) specifically with respect to tubulin biology. We observe that all five localize to microtubules of the mitotic spindle in vitro in human cells and in vivo in Xenopus. Investigation of CHD2 provides evidence that mutations present in individuals with ASD cause a range of microtubule-related phenotypes, including disrupted localization of the protein at mitotic spindles, cell cycle stalling, DNA damage and cell death. Lastly, we observe that ASD genetic risk is significantly enriched among tubulin-associated proteins, suggesting broader relevance. Together, these results provide additional evidence that the role of tubulin biology and cellular proliferation in ASD warrants further investigation and highlight the pitfalls of relying solely on annotated gene functions in the search for pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nawei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yuxiao Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sam Drake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karen Law
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Silvano Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Octavio Castillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yefim Zaltsman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanselle Dea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ethel Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kate E. McCluskey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew W. State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A. Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Abdellahi MEA, Koopman ACM, Treder MS, Lewis PA. Targeting targeted memory reactivation: Characteristics of cued reactivation in sleep. Neuroimage 2023; 266:119820. [PMID: 36535324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is a technique in which sensory cues associated with memories during wake are used to trigger memory reactivation during subsequent sleep. The characteristics of such cued reactivation, and the optimal placement of TMR cues, remain to be determined. We built an EEG classification pipeline that discriminated reactivation of right- and left-handed movements and found that cues which fall on the up-going transition of the slow oscillation (SO) are more likely to elicit a classifiable reactivation. We also used a novel machine learning pipeline to predict the likelihood of eliciting a classifiable reactivation after each TMR cue using the presence of spindles and features of SOs. Finally, we found that reactivations occurred either immediately after the cue or one second later. These findings greatly extend our understanding of memory reactivation and pave the way for development of wearable technologies to efficiently enhance memory through cueing in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E A Abdellahi
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne C M Koopman
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias S Treder
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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Navarrete M, Arthur S, Treder MS, Lewis PA. Ongoing neural oscillations predict the post-stimulus outcome of closed loop auditory stimulation during slow-wave sleep. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119055. [PMID: 35276365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large slow oscillations (SO, 0.5-2 Hz) characterise slow-wave sleep and are crucial to memory consolidation and other physiological functions. Manipulating slow oscillations may enhance sleep and memory, as well as benefitting the immune system. Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) has been demonstrated to increase the SO amplitude and to boost fast sleep spindle activity (11-16 Hz). Nevertheless, not all such stimuli are effective in evoking SOs, even when they are precisely phase locked. Here, we studied what factors of the ongoing activity patterns may help to determine what oscillations to stimulate to effectively enhance SOs or SO-locked spindle activity. Hence, we trained classifiers using the morphological characteristics of the ongoing SO, as measured by electroencephalography (EEG), to predict whether stimulation would lead to a benefit in terms of the resulting SO and spindle amplitude. Separate classifiers were trained using trials from spontaneous control and stimulated datasets, and we evaluated their performance by applying them to held-out data both within and across conditions. We were able to predict both when large SOs occurred spontaneously, and whether a phase-locked auditory click effectively enlarged them with good accuracy for predicting the SO trough (∼70%) and SO peak values (∼80%). Also, we were able to predict when stimulation would elicit spindle activity with an accuracy of ∼60%. Finally, we evaluate the importance of the various SO features used to make these predictions. Our results offer new insight into SO and spindle dynamics and may suggest techniques for developing future methods for online optimization of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navarrete
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Steven Arthur
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, 5 The Parade, Roath, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Matthias S Treder
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, 5 The Parade, Roath, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Ohno A, Okumura A, Fukasawa T, Nakata T, Suzuki M, Tanaka M, Okai Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto H, Tsuji T, Kidokoro H, Saitoh S, Natsume J. Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion: Predictive EEG findings. Brain Dev 2022; 44:221-228. [PMID: 34876315 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a common type of acute encephalopathy in Japan; the condition is clinically characterized by prolonged seizures as the initial neurological symptom, followed by late seizures 4-6 days later. It is difficult to differentiate AESD from prolonged febrile seizures (PFSs). Here, we explored the use of electroencephalography to differentiate AESD from PFSs. METHODS We studied the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of children <6 years of age diagnosed with AESD or PFSs; all EEGs were recorded within 48 h of seizure onset (i.e., before the late seizures of AESD). Two pediatric neurologists evaluated all EEGs, focusing on the basic rhythm, slowing during wakefulness/arousal by stimuli, spindles, fast waves, and slowing during sleep. RESULTS The EEGs of 14 children with AESD and 31 children with PFSs were evaluated. Spindles were more commonly reduced or absent in children with AESD than in those with PFSs (71% vs. 31%, p = 0.021). Fast waves were also more commonly reduced or absent in children with AESD (21% vs. 0%, p = 0.030). The rates of all types of slowing did not differ between children with AESD and those with PFSs, but continuous or frequent slowing during sleep was more common in the former (50% vs. 17%, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS EEG findings may usefully differentiate AESD from PFSs. Reduced or absent spindles/fast waves and continuous or frequent slowing during sleep are suggestive of AESD in children with prolonged seizures associated with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiko Nakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motomasa Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu Okai
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Okazaki City Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kidokoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
Traditionally, sleep and wakefulness have been considered as two global, mutually exclusive states. However, this view has been challenged by the discovery that sleep and wakefulness are actually locally regulated and that islands of these two states may often coexist in the same individual. Importantly, such a local regulation seems to be the key for many essential functions of sleep, including the maintenance of cognitive efficiency and the consolidation of new skills and memories. Indeed, local changes in sleep-related oscillations occur in brain areas that are used and involved in learning during wakefulness. In turn, these changes directly modulate experience-dependent brain adaptations and the consolidation of newly acquired memories. In line with these observations, alterations in the regional balance between wake- and sleep-like activity have been shown to accompany many pathologic conditions, including psychiatric and neurologic disorders. In the last decade, experimental research has started to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the local regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The results of this research have opened new avenues of investigation regarding the function of sleep and have revealed novel potential targets for the treatment of several pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Avvenuti
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
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Saravanapandian V, Nadkarni D, Hsu SH, Hussain SA, Maski K, Golshani P, Colwell CS, Balasubramanian S, Dixon A, Geschwind DH, Jeste SS. Abnormal sleep physiology in children with 15q11.2-13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome. Mol Autism 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34344470 PMCID: PMC8336244 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a common and vexing comorbidity. Clinical heterogeneity amongst these warrants studies of the mechanisms associated with specific genetic etiologies. Duplications of 15q11.2-13.1 (Dup15q syndrome) are highly penetrant for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and ASD, as well as sleep disturbances. Genes in the 15q region, particularly UBE3A and a cluster of GABAA receptor genes, are critical for neural development, synaptic protein synthesis and degradation, and inhibitory neurotransmission. During awake electroencephalography (EEG), children with Dup15q syndrome demonstrate increased beta band oscillations (12-30 Hz) that likely reflect aberrant GABAergic neurotransmission. Healthy sleep rhythms, necessary for robust cognitive development, are also highly dependent on GABAergic neurotransmission. We therefore hypothesized that sleep physiology would be abnormal in children with Dup15q syndrome. METHODS To test the hypothesis that elevated beta oscillations persist in sleep in Dup15q syndrome and that NREM sleep rhythms would be disrupted, we computed: (1) beta power, (2) spindle density, and (3) percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in overnight sleep EEG recordings from a cohort of children with Dup15q syndrome (n = 15) and compared them to age-matched neurotypical children (n = 12). RESULTS Children with Dup15q syndrome showed abnormal sleep physiology with elevated beta power, reduced spindle density, and reduced or absent SWS compared to age-matched neurotypical controls. LIMITATIONS This study relied on clinical EEG where sleep staging was not available. However, considering that clinical polysomnograms are challenging to collect in this population, the ability to quantify these biomarkers on clinical EEG-routinely ordered for epilepsy monitoring-opens the door for larger-scale studies. While comparable to other human studies in rare genetic disorders, a larger sample would allow for examination of the role of seizure severity, medications, and developmental age that may impact sleep physiology. CONCLUSIONS We have identified three quantitative EEG biomarkers of sleep disruption in Dup15q syndrome, a genetic condition highly penetrant for ASD. Insights from this study not only promote a greater mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology defining Dup15q syndrome, but also lay the foundation for studies that investigate the association between sleep and cognition. Abnormal sleep physiology may undermine healthy cognitive development and may serve as a quantifiable and modifiable target for behavioral and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Saravanapandian
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. .,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Divya Nadkarni
- Division of Pediatric Epilepsy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsiou Hsu
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shaun A Hussain
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Amos Dixon
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Mendes RAV, Zacharias LR, Ruggiero RN, Leite JP, Moraes MFD, Lopes-Aguiar C. Hijacking of hippocampal-cortical oscillatory coupling during sleep in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106608. [PMID: 31740330 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment is the most common cognitive deficit in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This type of epilepsy is currently regarded as a network disease because of its brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity between temporal and extra-temporal regions. In patients with TLE, network dysfunctions can be observed during ictal states, but are also described interictally during rest or sleep. Here, we examined the available literature supporting the hypothesis that hippocampal-cortical coupling during sleep is hijacked in TLE. First, we look at studies showing that the coordination between hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (100-200 Hz), corticothalamic spindles (9-16 Hz), and cortical delta waves (1-4 Hz) during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is critical for spatial memory consolidation. Then, we reviewed studies showing that animal models of TLE display precise coordination between hippocampal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and spindle oscillations in the prefrontal cortex. This aberrant oscillatory coupling seems to surpass the physiological ripple-delta-spindle coordination, which could underlie memory consolidation impairments. We also discuss the role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for local synaptic plasticity and memory. Sleep episodes of REM provide windows of opportunity for reactivation of expression of immediate early genes (i.e., zif-268 and Arc). Besides, hippocampal theta oscillations during REM sleep seem to be critical for memory consolidation of novel object place recognition task. However, it is still unclear which extend this particular phase of sleep is affected in TLE. In this context, we show some preliminary results from our group, suggesting that hippocampal theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling is exacerbated during REM in a model of basolateral amygdala fast kindling. In conclusion, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that circuits responsible for memory consolidation during sleep seem to be gradually coopted and degraded in TLE. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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DelRosso LM, Mogavero MP, Brockmann P, Bruni O, Ferri R. Sleep spindles in children with restless sleep disorder, restless legs syndrome and normal controls. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1221-1225. [PMID: 33867265 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and identify differences in sleep spindles in children with restless sleep disorder (RSD), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and normal controls. METHODS PSG (polysomnography) from children with RSD, RLS and normal controls were analyzed. Sleep spindle activity was detected on one frontal and one central electrode, for each epoch of N2 and N3 sleep. Sleep spindle density, duration and intensity (density × duration) were then obtained and used for analysis. RESULTS Thirty-eight children with RSD, twenty-three children with RLS and twenty-nine controls were included. The duration of frontal spindles in sleep stage N2 was longer in children with RSD than in controls. Frontal spindle density and intensity tended to be increased in RSD children. No significant differences were found for central spindles. CONCLUSION Children with RSD had longer frontal spindles. This finding may contribute to explain the occurrence of excessive movement activity during sleep and the presence of daytime symptoms. SIGNIFICANCE Recent research has demonstrated that children with RSD have increased NREM instability and sympathetic activation during sleep. Analyzing sleep spindles in children with RSD in comparison with children with RLS and controls adds to our understanding of the pathophysiology or RSD and its effects on daytime impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes M DelRosso
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Maria Paola Mogavero
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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12
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Copping NA, Silverman JL. Abnormal electrophysiological phenotypes and sleep deficits in a mouse model of Angelman Syndrome. Mol Autism 2021; 12:9. [PMID: 33549123 PMCID: PMC7866697 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired communication, motor and balance deficits, intellectual disabilities, recurring seizures and abnormal sleep patterns. The genetic cause of AS is neuronal-specific loss of expression of UBE3A (ubiquitin-protein ligase E6-AP), an imprinted gene. Seizure and sleep disorders are highly prevalent (> 80%) in the AS population. The present experiments were designed to identify translational, neurophysiological outcome measures in a model of AS. Methods We used the exon-2 deletion mouse (Ube3a-del) on a C57BL/6J background to assess seizure, sleep and electrophysiological phenotypes. Seizure susceptibility has been reported in Ube3a-del mice with a variety of seizure induction methods. Here, we provoked seizures by a single high-dose injection of 80 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole. Novel experiments included the utilization of wireless telemetry devices to acquire global electroencephalogram (EEG) and neurophysiological data on electrographic seizures, power spectra, light–dark cycles, sleep stages and sleep spindles in Ube3a-del and WT mice. Results Ube3a-del mice exhibited reduced seizure threshold compared to WT. EEG illustrated that Ube3a-del mice had increased epileptiform spiking activity and delta power, which corroborates findings from other laboratories and recapitulates clinical reports in AS. This is the first report to use a cortical surface-based recording by a wireless telemetry device over tethered/fixed head-mount depth recordings. Less time in both paradoxical and slow-wave sleep, longer latencies to paradoxical sleep stages and total less sleep time in Ube3a-del mice were observed compared to WT. For the first time, we detected fewer sleep spindles in the AS mouse model. Limitations This study was limited to the exon 2 deletion mouse model, and future work will investigate the rat model of AS, containing a complete Ube3a deletion and pair EEG with behavior. Conclusions Our data enhance rigor and translatability as our study provides important corroboration of previous reports on epileptiform and elevated delta power. For the first time we report neurophysiological phenotypes collected via translational methodology. Furthermore, this is the first report of reduced sleep spindles, a critical marker of memory consolidation during sleep, in an AS model. Our results are useful outcomes for therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Copping
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Room 1001B, Research II Building 96, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - J L Silverman
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Room 1001B, Research II Building 96, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Sopp MR, Friesen E, Schäfer SK, Brueckner AH, Wirth BE, Weber J, Lass-Hennemann J, Michael T. Wakefulness impairs selective consolidation of relevant trauma-associated memories resulting in more frequent intrusions. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103776. [PMID: 33276275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that sleep reduces intrusive memories after analog trauma. This effect is assumed to be caused by sleep's impact on memory consolidation. However, the underlying processes of this phenomenon have not been uncovered. Thus, the current study investigates the hypothesis that sleep reduces intrusive memories by supporting the selective consolidation of relevant memories. Seventy-five participants were exposed to traumatic picture stories before nocturnal sleep or wakefulness during daytime. Memory for relevant and irrelevant trauma-associated stimuli was assessed prior to and after the retention period. Consistent with the hypothesis, results demonstrate reduced memory loss for relevant as opposed to irrelevant trauma-associated stimuli after sleep but not after wakefulness. Moreover, an incremental retention benefit for relevant trauma-associated stimuli was negatively correlated with the number of intrusive trauma memories after wakefulness. These results suggest that lack of sleep impairs selective gating of relevant trauma-associated memories, thereby enhancing intrusion development after trauma.
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Xu W, De Carvalho F, Clarke AK, Jackson A. Communication from the cerebellum to the neocortex during sleep spindles. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101940. [PMID: 33161064 PMCID: PMC7938225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly little is known about neural activity in the sleeping cerebellum. Using long-term wireless recording, we characterised dynamic cerebro-thalamo-cerebellar interactions during natural sleep in monkeys. Similar sleep cycles were evident in both M1 and cerebellum as cyclical fluctuations in firing rates as well as a reciprocal pattern of slow waves and sleep spindles. Directed connectivity from motor cortex to the cerebellum suggested a neocortical origin of slow waves. Surprisingly however, spindles were associated with a directional influence from the cerebellum to motor cortex, conducted via the thalamus. Furthermore, the relative phase of spindle-band oscillations in the neocortex and cerebellum varied systematically with their changing amplitudes. We used linear dynamical systems analysis to show that this behaviour could only be explained by a system of two coupled oscillators. These observations appear inconsistent with a single spindle generator within the thalamo-cortical system, and suggest instead a cerebellar contribution to neocortical sleep spindles. Since spindles are implicated in the off-line consolidation of procedural learning, we speculate that this may involve communication via cerebello-thalamo-neocortical pathways in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - F De Carvalho
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - A K Clarke
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - A Jackson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
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Carpentier N, O'Reilly C, Carrier J, Poirier G, Paquet J, Gibbs SA, Zadra A, Desautels A. Spindles insufficiency in sleepwalkers' deep sleep. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:339-343. [PMID: 32896465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleepwalkers have consistently shown N3 sleep discontinuity, especially after sleep deprivation. In healthy subjects, sleep spindles activity has been positively correlated to sleep stability. We aimed to compare spindles density during N3 sleep between sleepwalkers and healthy controls. METHODS Two cohorts of 10 and 21 adult sleepwalkers respectively controlled with 10 and 18 healthy volunteers underwent one baseline and one recovery sleep recording after 38h (cohort 1) and 25h (cohort 2) of sleep deprivation. For the two recordings, we performed an automatic detection of spindles (11-16Hz) from EEG signal during N3 sleep, restricted to the first sleep cycle and repeated for all cycles. For better interpretation of results, we extended the analysis to N2 sleep and we also measured the density of slow waves oscillation (SWO) (0.5-4Hz) during the same periods. RESULTS Compared to controls, sleepwalkers showed significantly lower spindle densities during N3 sleep considering the first sleep cycle (both cohorts) or all cycles (cohort 1). SWO densities did not differ (cohort 1) or were lower (cohort 2) for sleepwalkers. The effect of sleep deprivation did not interact with the effect of group on spindles and SWO densities. CONCLUSION This work suggests that the instability of N3 sleep inherent to sleepwalkers may be underpinned by a specific alteration of spindles activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carpentier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada; Center for Medicine and Research in Sleep, Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France.
| | - Christian O'Reilly
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada; Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gaétan Poirier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean Paquet
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Steve A Gibbs
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Antonio Zadra
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alex Desautels
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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16
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Lloret MA, Cervera-Ferri A, Nepomuceno M, Monllor P, Esteve D, Lloret A. Is Sleep Disruption a Cause or Consequence of Alzheimer's Disease? Reviewing Its Possible Role as a Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1168. [PMID: 32050587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the idea that sleep is critical for cognitive processing has gained strength. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide and presents a high prevalence of sleep disturbances. However, it is difficult to establish causal relations, since a vicious circle emerges between different aspects of the disease. Nowadays, we know that sleep is crucial to consolidate memory and to remove the excess of beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorilated tau accumulated in AD patients' brains. In this review, we discuss how sleep disturbances often precede in years some pathological traits, as well as cognitive decline, in AD. We describe the relevance of sleep to memory consolidation, focusing on changes in sleep patterns in AD in contrast to normal aging. We also analyze whether sleep alterations could be useful biomarkers to predict the risk of developing AD and we compile some sleep-related proposed biomarkers. The relevance of the analysis of the sleep microstructure is highlighted to detect specific oscillatory patterns that could be useful as AD biomarkers.
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17
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LaGoy AD, Ferrarelli F, Sinnott AM, Eagle SR, Johnson CD, Connaboy C. You Snooze, You Win? An Ecological Dynamics Framework Approach to Understanding the Relationships Between Sleep and Sensorimotor Performance in Sport. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15:31-9. [PMID: 32005348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has a widespread impact across different domains of performance, including sensorimotor function. From an ecological dynamics perspective, sensorimotor function involves the continuous and dynamic coupling between perception and action. Sport performance relies on sensorimotor function as successful movement behaviors require accurate and efficient coupling between perceptions and actions. Compromised sleep impairs different aspects of sensorimotor performance, including perceptual attunement and motor execution. Changes in sensorimotor performance can be related to specific features of sleep, notably sleep spindles and slow waves. One unaddressed area of study is the extent to which specific sleep features contribute to overall sport-specific performance.
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18
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Kam K, Pettibone WD, Shim K, Chen RK, Varga AW. Dynamics of sleep spindles and coupling to slow oscillations following motor learning in adult mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107100. [PMID: 31622665 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep spindles have been implicated in motor learning in human subjects, but their occurrence, timing in relation to cortical slow oscillations, and relationship to offline gains in motor learning have not been examined in animal models. In this study, we recorded EEG over bilateral primary motor cortex in conjunction with EMG for 24 h following a period of either baseline handling or following rotarod motor learning to monitor sleep. We measured several biophysical properties of sleep spindles and their temporal coupling with cortical slow oscillations (SO, <1 Hz) and cortical delta waves (1-4 Hz). Following motor learning, we found an increase in spindles during an early period of NREM sleep (1-4 h) without changes to biophysical properties such as spindle power, peak frequency and coherence. In this same period of early NREM sleep, both SO and delta power increased after motor learning. Notably, a vast majority of spindles were associated with minimal SO power, but in the subset that were associated with significant SO power (>1 z-score above the population mean), spindle-associated SO power was greater in spindles following motor learning compared to baseline sleep. Also, we did not observe a group-level preferred phase in spindle-SO or spindle-delta coupling. While SO power alone was not predictive of motor performance in early NREM sleep, both spindle density and the difference in the magnitude of the mean resultant vector length of the phase angle for SO-associated spindles, a measure of its coupling precision, were positively correlated with offline change in motor performance. These findings support a role for sleep spindles and their coupling to slow oscillations in motor learning and establish a model in which spindle timing and the brain circuits that support offline plasticity can be mechanistically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ward D Pettibone
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shim
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rebecca K Chen
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew W Varga
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Viral infection causes comprehensive rearrangements of the cell that reflect as much host defense mechanisms as virus-induced structures assembled to facilitate infection. Regardless of their pro- or antiviral role, large intracellular structures are readily detectable by microscopy and often provide a signature characteristic of a specific viral infection. The structural features and localization of these assemblies have thus been commonly used for the diagnostic and classification of viruses since the early days of virology. More recently, characterization of viral superstructures using molecular and structural approaches have revealed very diverse organizations and roles, ranging from dynamic viral factories behaving like liquid organelles to ultra-stable crystals embedding and protecting virions. This chapter reviews the structures, functions and biotechnological applications of virus-induced superstructures with a focus on assemblies that have a regular organization, for which detailed structural descriptions are available. Examples span viruses infecting all domains of life including the assembly of virions into crystalline arrays in eukaryotic and bacterial viruses, nucleus-like compartments involved in the replication of large bacteriophages, and pyramid-like structures mediating the egress of archaeal viruses. Among these superstructures, high-resolution structures are available for crystalline objects produced by insect viruses: viral polyhedra which function as the infectious form of occluded viruses, and spindles which are potent virulence factors of entomopoxviruses. In turn, some of these highly symmetrical objects have been used to develop and validate advanced structural approaches, pushing the boundary of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasséli Coulibaly
- Infection & Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
The mitotic spindle has long been known to play a crucial role in mitosis, orchestrating the segregation of chromosomes into two daughter cells during mitosis with high fidelity. Intracellular forces generated by the mitotic spindle are increasingly well understood, and recent work has revealed that the efficiency and the accuracy of mitosis is ensured by the scaling of mitotic spindle size with cell size. However, the role of the spindle in cancer progression has largely been ignored. Two recent studies point toward the role of mitotic spindle evolution in cancer progression through extracellular force generation. Cancer cells with lengthened spindles exhibit highly increased metastatic potential. Further, interpolar spindle elongation drives protrusive extracellular force generation along the mitotic axis to allow mitotic elongation, a morphological change that is required for cell division. Together, these findings open a new research area studying the role of the mitotic spindle evolution in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sungmin Nam
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Hsiao-Chun Huang
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Halász P, Ujma PP, Fabó D, Bódizs R, Szűcs A. Epilepsy as a derailment of sleep plastic functions may cause chronic cognitive impairment - A theoretical review. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 45:31-41. [PMID: 30878843 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on a peculiar way of chronic cognitive impairment associated with interictal epileptic activity during NREM sleep. We review three major groups of epilepsy: mesiotemporal epilepsy (MTLE) involving the epileptic derailment of the hippocampal declarative memory system; childhood developmental epileptic encephalopathies; and the spectrum disorders of the perisylvian communication network with the centrotemporal spike phenomenon, overarching child- and adulthood epilepsies, totaling up the majority of epilepsies in childhood. We outline high impact research-lines on the cognitive harm of epilepsy; causing specific or global cognitive decline through its interference with sleep plastic functions. We highlight the key role of interictal activity in the development of cognitive impairment and the fact that we are unarmed against this harm, antiepileptic pharmaco-therapy being ineffective against the interictal process marked by spikes and high frequency oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Halász
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, H-1145, Hungary.
| | - Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fabó
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, H-1145, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, H-1145, Hungary; Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Anna Szűcs
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, H-1145, Hungary; Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
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Akman O, Raol YH, Auvin S, Cortez MA, Kubova H, de Curtis M, Ikeda A, Dudek FE, Galanopoulou AS. Methodologic recommendations and possible interpretations of video-EEG recordings in immature rodents used as experimental controls: A TASK1-WG2 report of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:437-459. [PMID: 30525114 PMCID: PMC6276777 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immature rodents to study physiologic aspects of cortical development requires high‐quality recordings electroencephalography (EEG) with simultaneous video recording (vEEG) of behavior. Normative developmental vEEG data in control animals are fundamental for the study of abnormal background activity in animal models of seizures or other neurologic disorders. Electrical recordings from immature, freely behaving rodents can be particularly difficult because of the small size of immature rodents, their thin and soft skull, interference with the recording apparatus by the dam, and other technical challenges. In this report of the TASK1 Working Group 2 (WG2) of the International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force, we provide suggestions that aim to optimize future vEEG recordings from immature rodents, as well as their interpretation. We focus on recordings from immature rodents younger than 30 days old used as experimental controls, because the quality and correct interpretation of such recordings is important when interpreting the vEEG results of animals serving as models of neurologic disorders. We discuss the technical aspects of such recordings and compare tethered versus wireless approaches. We also summarize the appearance of common artifacts and various patterns of electrical activity seen in young rodents used as controls as a function of behavioral state, age, and (where known) sex and strain. The information herein will hopefully help improve the methodology of vEEG recordings from immature rodents and may lead to results and interpretations that are more consistent across studies from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akman
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Bilim University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yogendra H Raol
- Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Translational Epilepsy Research Program University of Colorado Aurora Colorado U.S.A
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141 APHP University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France.,University Hospital Robert-Debré Service of Pediatric Neurology Paris France
| | - Miguel A Cortez
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Program of Neurosciences and Mental Health Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning SickKids Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Kubova
- Department of Developmental Epileptology Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation Milan Italy
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - F Edward Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
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den Bakker H, Sidorov MS, Fan Z, Lee DJ, Bird LM, Chu CJ, Philpot BD. Abnormal coherence and sleep composition in children with Angelman syndrome: a retrospective EEG study. Mol Autism 2018. [PMID: 29719672 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0214-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, speech and motor impairments, epilepsy, abnormal sleep, and phenotypic overlap with autism. Individuals with AS display characteristic EEG patterns including high-amplitude rhythmic delta waves. Here, we sought to quantitatively explore EEG architecture in AS beyond known spectral power phenotypes. We were motivated by studies of functional connectivity and sleep spindles in autism to study these EEG readouts in children with AS. Methods We analyzed retrospective wake and sleep EEGs from children with AS (age 4-11) and age-matched neurotypical controls. We assessed long-range and short-range functional connectivity by measuring coherence across multiple frequencies during wake and sleep. We quantified sleep spindles using automated and manual approaches. Results During wakefulness, children with AS showed enhanced long-range EEG coherence across a wide range of frequencies. During sleep, children with AS showed increased long-range EEG coherence specifically in the gamma band. EEGs from children with AS contained fewer sleep spindles, and these spindles were shorter in duration than their neurotypical counterparts. Conclusions We demonstrate two quantitative readouts of dysregulated sleep composition in children with AS-gamma coherence and spindles-and describe how functional connectivity patterns may be disrupted during wakefulness. Quantitative EEG phenotypes have potential as biomarkers and readouts of target engagement for future clinical trials and provide clues into how neural circuits are dysregulated in children with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna den Bakker
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Michael S Sidorov
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Zheng Fan
- 4Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David J Lee
- 5Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Lynne M Bird
- 6Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA.,7Division of Dysmorphology/Genetics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- 8Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA.,9Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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den Bakker H, Sidorov MS, Fan Z, Lee DJ, Bird LM, Chu CJ, Philpot BD. Abnormal coherence and sleep composition in children with Angelman syndrome: a retrospective EEG study. Mol Autism 2018; 9:32. [PMID: 29719672 PMCID: PMC5924514 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, speech and motor impairments, epilepsy, abnormal sleep, and phenotypic overlap with autism. Individuals with AS display characteristic EEG patterns including high-amplitude rhythmic delta waves. Here, we sought to quantitatively explore EEG architecture in AS beyond known spectral power phenotypes. We were motivated by studies of functional connectivity and sleep spindles in autism to study these EEG readouts in children with AS. Methods We analyzed retrospective wake and sleep EEGs from children with AS (age 4–11) and age-matched neurotypical controls. We assessed long-range and short-range functional connectivity by measuring coherence across multiple frequencies during wake and sleep. We quantified sleep spindles using automated and manual approaches. Results During wakefulness, children with AS showed enhanced long-range EEG coherence across a wide range of frequencies. During sleep, children with AS showed increased long-range EEG coherence specifically in the gamma band. EEGs from children with AS contained fewer sleep spindles, and these spindles were shorter in duration than their neurotypical counterparts. Conclusions We demonstrate two quantitative readouts of dysregulated sleep composition in children with AS—gamma coherence and spindles—and describe how functional connectivity patterns may be disrupted during wakefulness. Quantitative EEG phenotypes have potential as biomarkers and readouts of target engagement for future clinical trials and provide clues into how neural circuits are dysregulated in children with AS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-018-0214-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna den Bakker
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Michael S Sidorov
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Zheng Fan
- 4Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David J Lee
- 5Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Lynne M Bird
- 6Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA.,7Division of Dysmorphology/Genetics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- 8Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA.,9Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,3Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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Boutin A, Pinsard B, Boré A, Carrier J, Fogel SM, Doyon J. Transient synchronization of hippocampo-striato-thalamo-cortical networks during sleep spindle oscillations induces motor memory consolidation. Neuroimage 2017; 169:419-430. [PMID: 29277652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep benefits motor memory consolidation. This mnemonic process is thought to be mediated by thalamo-cortical spindle activity during NREM-stage2 sleep episodes as well as changes in striatal and hippocampal activity. However, direct experimental evidence supporting the contribution of such sleep-dependent physiological mechanisms to motor memory consolidation in humans is lacking. In the present study, we combined EEG and fMRI sleep recordings following practice of a motor sequence learning (MSL) task to determine whether spindle oscillations support sleep-dependent motor memory consolidation by transiently synchronizing and coordinating specialized cortical and subcortical networks. To that end, we conducted EEG source reconstruction on spindle epochs in both cortical and subcortical regions using novel deep-source localization techniques. Coherence-based metrics were adopted to estimate functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical structures over specific frequency bands. Our findings not only confirm the critical and functional role of NREM-stage2 sleep spindles in motor skill consolidation, but provide first-time evidence that spindle oscillations [11-17 Hz] may be involved in sleep-dependent motor memory consolidation by locally reactivating and functionally binding specific task-relevant cortical and subcortical regions within networks including the hippocampus, putamen, thalamus and motor-related cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Boutin
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montréal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Basile Pinsard
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montréal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Boré
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montréal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montréal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Fan D, Wang Q, Su J, Xi H. Stimulus-induced transitions between spike-wave discharges and spindles with the modulation of thalamic reticular nucleus. J Comput Neurosci 2017; 43:203-225. [PMID: 28939929 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-017-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) controls spindles and spike-wave discharges (SWD) in seizure or sleeping processes. The dynamical mechanisms of spatiotemporal evolutions between these two types of activity, however, are not well understood. In light of this, we first use a single-compartment thalamocortical neural field model to investigate the effects of TRN on occurrence of SWD and its transition. Results show that the increasing inhibition from TRN to specific relay nuclei (SRN) can lead to the transition of system from SWD to slow-wave oscillation. Specially, it is shown that stimulations applied in the cortical neuronal populations can also initiate the SWD and slow-wave oscillation from the resting states under the typical inhibitory intensity from TRN to SRN. Then, we expand into a 3-compartment coupled thalamocortical model network in linear and circular structures, respectively, to explore the spatiotemporal evolutions of wave states in different compartments. The main results are: (i) for the open-ended model network, SWD induced by stimulus in the first compartment can be transformed into sleep-like slow UP-DOWN and spindle states as it propagates into the downstream compartments; (ii) for the close-ended model network, weak stimulations performed in the first compartment can result in the consistent experimentally observed spindle oscillations in all three compartments; in contrast, stronger periodic single-pulse stimulations applied in the first compartment can induce periodic transitions between SWD and spindle oscillations. Detailed investigations reveal that multi-attractor coexistence mechanism composed of SWD, spindles and background state underlies these state evolutions. What's more, in order to demonstrate the state evolution stability with respect to the topological structures of neural network, we further expand the 3-compartment coupled network into 10-compartment coupled one, with linear and circular structures, and nearest-neighbor (NN) coupled network as well as its realization of small-world (SW) topology via random rewiring, respectively. Interestingly, for the cases of linear and circular connetivities, qualitatively similar results were obtained in addition to the more irregularity of firings. However, SWD can be eventually transformed into the consistent low-amplitude oscillations for both NN and SW networks. In particular, SWD evolves into the slow spindling oscillations and background tonic oscillations within the NN and SW network, respectively. Our modeling and simulation studies highlight the effect of network topology in the evolutions of SWD and spindling oscillations, which provides new insights into the mechanisms of cortical seizures development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggui Fan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0408, USA
| | - Hongguang Xi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0408, USA
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Carpentier N, Cecchin T, Koessler L, Louis-Dorr V, Jonas J, Vignal JP, Carpentier M, Szurhaj W, Bourgin P, Maillard L. Stereo-electroencephalography identifies N2 sleep and spindles in human hippocampus. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1696-1706. [PMID: 28755545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the hippocampal stereo-electroencephalogram during sleep according to sleep stages (including N2 sleep) and cycles, together with the hippocampal spindles. METHODS All patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy undergoing intra-hippocampal implantation between August 2012 and June 2013 at Nancy University Hospital were screened. Six patients with explored hippocampus devoid of pathological features were analyzed. During one night, we identified continuous periods of successive N2, N3 and REM sleep for two full cycles. We performed a spectral analysis of the hippocampal signal for each labeled sleep period. RESULTS N2, N3 and REM sleeps were individualized according to their spectral powers, for each frequency band and sleep cycle. Hippocampal spindles showed dynamic intrinsic properties, the 11.5-16Hz frequency band being mainly dominant, whereas the 9-11.5Hz frequency band heightening during the beginning and the end of the transient. For N3 and REM sleep stages, the power of the hippocampal signal was significantly decreased between the first and the second sleep cycle. CONCLUSION Distinct N2 sleep, fast spindles and homeostatic profile are all common properties shared by hippocampus and cortex during sleep. SIGNIFICANCE The close functional link between hippocampus and cortex may have various sleep-related substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Cecchin
- CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Koessler
- CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Louis-Dorr
- CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
| | - Jacques Jonas
- Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vignal
- Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
| | - Marc Carpentier
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William Szurhaj
- Department of Neurology, Salengro University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- Sleep Disorder Center and CNRS UPR3212, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Louis Maillard
- Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France; CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Nancy, France
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Pandiar D, Vijayalakshmi C, Kumar A, Maliyekkal SP, Pattamparambath M. Light Microscopic Features of Type II Dens Invaginatus in A Deciduous Mandibular Molar. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZJ03-ZJ04. [PMID: 28658929 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26493.9800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pandiar
- Phd Scholar, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - C Vijayalakshmi
- Senior Resident, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Ex-Resident, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | | | - Manjusha Pattamparambath
- Fellow in Head and Neck Pathology, Department of Pathology, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala, India
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Kurdziel LBF, Mantua J, Spencer RMC. Novel word learning in older adults: A role for sleep? Brain Lang 2017; 167:106-113. [PMID: 27291336 PMCID: PMC5148724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an offline period during which newly acquired semantic information is transformed into longer-lasting memories. Language acquisition, which requires new word learning and semantic integration, is preferentially benefitted by a period of sleep in children and young adults. Specific features of sleep (e.g., sleep stage characteristics) have been associated with enhanced language acquisition and generalization. However, with increasing age, even in healthy individuals, sleep quality and quantity decrease. Simultaneously, deficits in word retrieval and new word learning emerge. Yet it is unknown whether age-related alterations in language ability are linked with alterations in sleep. The goal of this review is to examine changes in language learning and sleep across the lifespan. We consider how sleep detriments that occur with aging could affect abilities to learn novel words and semantic generalization and propose hypotheses to motivate future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B F Kurdziel
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Janna Mantua
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
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Young A, Wimmer RD. Implications for the thalamic reticular nucleus in impaired attention and sleep in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 180:44-47. [PMID: 27510855 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is an inhibitory shell positioned between the thalamus and the cortex. It is uniquely situated to modulate the flow of sensory information from the surroundings to the cortex as well as influencing ongoing cortical activity by modulating cortico-thalamo-cortical transmission. Although the thinness, architecture and location of the TRN deep in the brain has previously made this a difficult structure to study, novel optical and genetic tools have allowed for more precise targeting of this area. Recent research has implicated a role for the TRN in attention and sleep. Interestingly, impairments in attention and sleep resulting from TRN perturbation are strikingly similar to the clinical deficits observed in schizophrenia. This review aims to discuss recent evidence for the role of TRN in attention and sleep born from optogenetic work and connect these findings with those clinically observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Young
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf D Wimmer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; The Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Piantoni G, Halgren E, Cash SS. Spatiotemporal characteristics of sleep spindles depend on cortical location. Neuroimage 2017; 146:236-45. [PMID: 27840241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery almost one century ago, sleep spindles, 0.5-2s long bursts of oscillatory activity at 9-16Hz during NREM sleep, have been thought to be global and relatively uniform throughout the cortex. Recent work, however, has brought this concept into question but it remains unclear to what degree spindles are global or local and if their properties are uniform or location-dependent. We addressed this question by recording sleep in eight patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy with intracranial electrocorticography, which combines high spatial resolution with extensive cortical coverage. We find that spindle characteristics are not uniform but are strongly influenced by the underlying cortical regions, particularly for spindle density and fundamental frequency. We observe both highly isolated and spatially distributed spindles, but in highly skewed proportions: while most spindles are restricted to one or very few recording channels at any given time, there are spindles that occur over widespread areas, often involving lateral prefrontal cortices and superior temporal gyri. Their co-occurrence is affected by a subtle but significant propagation of spindles from the superior prefrontal regions and the temporal cortices towards the orbitofrontal cortex. This work provides a brain-wide characterization of sleep spindles as mostly local graphoelements with heterogeneous characteristics that depend on the underlying cortical area. We propose that the combination of local characteristics and global organization reflects the dual properties of the thalamo-cortical generators and provides a flexible framework to support the many functions ascribed to sleep in general and spindles specifically.
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Manoach DS, Pan JQ, Purcell SM, Stickgold R. Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:599-608. [PMID: 26602589 PMCID: PMC4833702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit. Sleep spindles, a defining thalamocortical oscillation of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep, correlate with IQ and are thought to promote long-term potentiation and enhance memory consolidation. We review evidence that reduced spindle activity in SZ is an endophenotype that impairs sleep-dependent memory consolidation, contributes to symptoms, and is a novel treatment biomarker. Studies showing that spindles can be pharmacologically enhanced in SZ and that increasing spindles improves memory in healthy individuals suggest that treating spindle deficits in patients with SZ may improve cognition. Spindle activity is highly heritable, and recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified SZ risk genes that may contribute to spindle deficits and illuminate their mechanisms. For example, the SZ risk gene CACNA1I encodes a calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the thalamic spindle generator and plays a critical role in spindle activity based on a mouse knockout. Future genetic studies of animals and humans can delineate the role of this and other genes in spindles. Such cross-disciplinary research, by forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to proteins and cellular functions to endophenotypes, cognitive impairments, symptoms, and diagnosis, has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of SZ. This review highlights the importance of deficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits of SZ and implicates reduced sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
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Bragin A, Li L, Almajano J, Alvarado-Rojas C, Reid AY, Staba RJ, Engel J. Pathologic electrographic changes after experimental traumatic brain injury. Epilepsia 2016; 57:735-45. [PMID: 27012461 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI) using the fluid percussion model. METHODS Experiments were conducted on adult 2- to 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two groups of animals were studied: (1) the TBI group with depth and screw electrodes implanted immediately after the fluid percussion injury (FPI) procedure, and (2) a naive age-matched control group with the same electrode implantation montage. Pairs of tungsten microelectrodes (50 μm outer diameter) and screw electrodes were implanted in neocortex inside the TBI core, areas adjacent to TBI, and remote areas. EEG activity, recorded on the day of FPI, and continuously for 2 weeks, was analyzed for possible electrographic biomarkers of epileptogenesis. Video-EEG monitoring was also performed continuously in the TBI group to capture electrographic and behavioral seizures until the caps came off (28-189 days), and for 1 week, at 2, 3, and 6 months of age, in the control group. RESULTS Pathologic high-frequency oscillations (pHFOs) with a central frequency between 100 and 600 Hz, were recorded from microelectrodes, beginning during the first two post-FPI weeks, in 7 of 12 animals in the TBI group (58%) and never in the controls. pHFOs only occurred in cortical areas within or adjacent to the TBI core. These were associated with synchronous multiunit discharges and popSpikes, duration 15-40 msec. Repetitive pHFOs and EEG spikes (rHFOSs) formed paroxysmal activity, with a unique arcuate pattern, in the frequency band 10-16 Hz in the same areas as isolated pHFOs, and these events were also recorded by screw electrodes. Although loss of caps prevented long-term recordings from all rats, pHFOs and rHFOSs occurred during the first 2 weeks in all four animals that later developed seizures, and none of the rats without these events developed late seizures. SIGNIFICANCE pHFOs, similar to those associated with epileptogenesis in the status rat model of epilepsy, may also reflect epileptogenesis after FPI. rHFOSs could be noninvasive biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Bragin
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Joyel Almajano
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Catalina Alvarado-Rojas
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Aylin Y Reid
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Jerome Engel
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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Fogel SM, Ray LB, Binnie L, Owen AM. How to become an expert: A new perspective on the role of sleep in the mastery of procedural skills. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:236-48. [PMID: 26477835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Practice, sleep, practice. With enough practice - and sleep - we adopt new strategies that eventually become automatic, and subsequently require only the refinement of the existing skill to become an "expert". It is not known whether sleep is involved in the mastery and refinement of new skills that lead to expertise, nor is it known whether this may be primarily dependent on rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM stage 2 (NREM2) or slow wave sleep (SWS). Here, we employed behavioural and scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) techniques to investigate the post-learning changes in the architecture (e.g., REM, NREM2 and SWS duration) and the electrophysiological features (e.g., rapid eye movements, sleep spindles and slow wave activity) that characterize these sleep states as individuals progress from night to night, from "Novice" to "Experts" on a cognitive procedural task (e.g., the Tower of Hanoi task). Here, we demonstrate that speed of movements improves over the course of training irrespective of whether sleep or wake intervenes training sessions, whereas accuracy improves gradually, but only significantly over a night of sleep immediately prior to mastery of the task. On the night that subjects are first exposed to the task, the density of fast spindles increased significantly during both NREM2 and SWS accompanied by increased NREM2 sigma power and SWS delta power, whereas, on the night that subjects become experts on the task, they show increased REM sleep duration and spindles became larger in terms of amplitude and duration during SWS. Re-exposure to the task one-week after it had already been mastered resulted in increased NREM sleep duration, and again, increased spindle density of fast spindles during SWS and NREM2 and increased NREM2 sigma power and SWS delta power. Importantly, increased spindle density was correlated with overnight improvement in speed and accuracy. Taken together, these results help to elucidate how REM and NREM sleep are uniquely involved in memory consolidation over the course of the mastery of a new cognitively complex skill, and help to resolve controversies regarding sequential nature of memory processing during sleep in humans, for which consistent evidence is currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Fogel
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Laura B Ray
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Binnie
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Pisarenco I, Caporro M, Prosperetti C, Manconi M. High-density electroencephalography as an innovative tool to explore sleep physiology and sleep related disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:S0167-8760(14)00003-8. [PMID: 24412343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High density EEG represents a promising tool to achieve new insights regarding sleep physiology and pathology. It combines the advantages of an EEG technique as an optimal temporal resolution with the spatial resolution of the neuroimaging. So far its application in sleep research contributed to better characterize some of the peculiar microstructural figures of sleep such as spindles and K-complexes, and to understand the fundamental relationships between sleep and synaptic plasticity, learning and consciousness. Its application is not limited to neurophysiology, being recently also applied to study some sleep related psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stroke. adding some interesting new pieces in the pathophysiological puzzle of these diseases. Due to its non-invasive, repetitive and reliable tempo-spatial resolution it is reasonable that the field of application of this tool will be soon enlarged to other areas of neuroscience. The present review aims to offer a complete overview regarding the use of high density EEG over the last decade in sleep research and sleep medicine, including its possible future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pisarenco
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M Caporro
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - C Prosperetti
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
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Piantoni G, Astill RG, Raymann RJEM, Vis JC, Coppens JE, Van Someren EJW. Modulation of γ and spindle-range power by slow oscillations in scalp sleep EEG of children. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:252-8. [PMID: 23403325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deep sleep is characterized by slow waves of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. They represent alternating down states and up states of, respectively, hyperpolarization with accompanying neuronal silence and depolarization during which neuronal firing resumes. The up states give rise to faster oscillations, notably spindles and gamma activity which appear to be of major importance to the role of sleep in brain function and cognition. Unfortunately, while spindles are easily detectable, gamma oscillations are of very small amplitude. No previous sleep study has succeeded in demonstrating modulations of gamma power along the time course of slow waves in human scalp EEG. As a consequence, progress in our understanding of the functional role of gamma modulation during sleep has been limited to animal studies and exceptional human studies, notably those of intracranial recordings in epileptic patients. Because high synaptic density, which peaks some time before puberty depending on the brain region (Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997), generates oscillations of larger amplitude, we considered that the best chance to demonstrate a modulation of gamma power by slow wave phase in regular scalp sleep EEG would be in school-aged children. Sleep EEG was recorded in 30 healthy children (aged 10.7 ± 0.8 years; mean ± s.d.). Time-frequency analysis was applied to evaluate the time course of spectral power along the development of a slow wave. Moreover, we attempted to modify sleep architecture and sleep characteristics through automated acoustic stimulation coupled to the occurrence of slow waves in one subset of the children. Gamma power increased on the rising slope and positive peak of the slow wave. Gamma and spindle activity is strongly suppressed during the negative peak. There were no differences between the groups who received and did not receive acoustic stimulation in the sleep parameters and slow wave-locked time-frequency analysis. Our findings show, for the first time in scalp EEG in humans, that gamma activity is associated with the up-going slope and peak of the slow wave. We propose that studies in children provide a uniquely feasible opportunity to conduct investigations into the role of gamma during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piantoni
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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