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Yu Y, Feng Y, Zhou Z, Li K, Hu X, Liao L, Xing H, Shao Y. Substitution of gp120 C4 region compensates for V3 loss-of-fitness mutations in HIV-1 CRF01_AE co-receptor switching. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2169196. [PMID: 36647730 PMCID: PMC9980400 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2169196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is mediated by a viral envelope subsequently binding to CD4 receptor and two main coreceptors, CCR5 (R5) for primary infection and CXCR4 (X4) in chronic infection. Switching from R5 to X4 tropism in HIV-1 infection is associated with increased viral pathogenesis and disease progression. The coreceptor switching is mainly due to variations in the V3 loop, while the mechanism needs to be further elucidated. We systematically studied the determinant for HIV-1 coreceptor switching by substitution of the genes from one R5 and one X4 pseudoviruses. The study results in successfully constructing two panels of chimeric viruses of R5 to X4 forward and X4 to R5 reverse switching. The determinants for tropism switching are the combined substitution of the V3 loop and C4 region of the HIV-1 envelope. The possible mechanism of the tropism switching includes two components, the V3 loop to enable the viral envelope binding to the newly switched coreceptor and the C4 region, to compensate for the loss of fitness caused by deleterious V3 loop mutations to maintain the overall viral viability. The combined C4 and V3 substitution showed at least an eightfold increase in replication activity compared with the pseudovirus with only V3 loop substitution. The site-directed mutations of N425R and S440-I442 with charged amino acids could especially increase viral activity. This study could facilitate HIV-1 phenotype surveillance and select right entry inhibitor, CCR5 or CXCR4 antagonists, for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Yu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimig Shao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Yimig Shao State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Moreno de Lara L, Werner A, Borchers A, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Marmol W, Parthasarathy S, Iyer V, Vogell A, Illanes D, Abadía-Molina AC, Ochsenbauer C, Wira CR, Rodriguez-Garcia M. Aging dysregulates neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to HIV in blood and genital tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256182. [PMID: 38035114 PMCID: PMC10684664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Women acquire HIV through sexual transmission, with increasing incidence in women >50 years old. Identifying protective mechanisms in the female genital tract (FGT) is important to prevent HIV-acquisition in women as they age. Human genital and blood neutrophils inactivate HIV by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), an innate protective mechanism against HIV-infection. However, how NET formation is triggered by HIV in different tissues and whether this mechanism is affected by aging remain unknown. We demonstrate that the mechanisms that trigger NET release in response to HIV are different in blood and genital tissues, and that NET release decreases with aging. In blood neutrophils, HIV stimulation independently activated calcium pathways and endosomal TLR8, but aging reduced calcium responses, resulting in delayed NET release. In contrast, calcium responses were absent in genital neutrophils and NET release was triggered preferentially through TLR8 activation, but aging impaired this pathway. HIV induced NET formation through non-lytic pathways in blood and FGT neutrophils, except for a small subset of NETs that incorporated annexin V and lactoferrin predominantly in blood, suggesting proinflammatory and lytic NET release. Our findings demonstrate that blood neutrophils cannot model genital neutrophil responses which has important implications to understanding protection against HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno de Lara
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alexandra Werner
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Borchers
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Wendelin Marmol
- Program in Genetics, Molecular, and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Vidya Iyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison Vogell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Diego Illanes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana C. Abadía-Molina
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine and UAB Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Childs LM, Baskerville EB, Cobey S. Trade-offs in antibody repertoires to complex antigens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0245. [PMID: 26194759 PMCID: PMC4528422 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens vary in their antigenic complexity. While some pathogens such as measles present a few relatively invariant targets to the immune system, others such as malaria display considerable antigenic diversity. How the immune response copes in the presence of multiple antigens, and whether a trade-off exists between the breadth and efficacy of antibody (Ab)-mediated immune responses, are unsolved problems. We present a theoretical model of affinity maturation of B-cell receptors (BCRs) during a primary infection and examine how variation in the number of accessible antigenic sites alters the Ab repertoire. Naive B cells with randomly generated receptor sequences initiate the germinal centre (GC) reaction. The binding affinity of a BCR to an antigen is quantified via a genotype-phenotype map, based on a random energy landscape, that combines local and distant interactions between residues. In the presence of numerous antigens or epitopes, B-cell clones with different specificities compete for stimulation during rounds of mutation within GCs. We find that the availability of many epitopes reduces the affinity and relative breadth of the Ab repertoire. Despite the stochasticity of somatic hypermutation, patterns of immunodominance are strongly shaped by chance selection of naive B cells with specificities for particular epitopes. Our model provides a mechanistic basis for the diversity of Ab repertoires and the evolutionary advantage of antigenically complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Childs
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Cobey
- Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Jin C, Peng X, Liu F, Cheng L, Lu X, Yao H, Wu H, Wu N. MicroRNA-181 expression regulates specific post-transcriptional level of SAMHD1 expression in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:760-7. [PMID: 25201733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SAM domain and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) is a newly discovered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 host restriction factor with high expression in HIV-1-non-permissive cells and low expression in HIV-1-permissive cells. The regulatory mechanism of SAMHD1 expression is still unclear. We examined the relationship between the expression levels of SAMHD1 mRNA and protein and microRNA-181 (miR-181) level in different cell lines. MiR-181 level was negatively correlated with SAMHD1 expression level. By examining the impact of miR-181 on SAMHD1 3' untranslated region (UTR) reporter luciferase activity and on SAMHD1 mRNA and argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 (AGO2) binding, we found that miR-181 acted directly on the SAMHD1 3' UTR and regulated SAMHD1 mRNA levels after transcription. MiR-181 over-expression significantly reduced the level of SAMHD1 expression in THP-1 cells; miR-181 inhibition up-regulated SAMHD1 expression in THP-1 and Jurkat cells. Our results suggest that miR-181 regulates the level of post-transcriptional SAMHD1 expression negatively by directly binding to the 3' UTR in SAMHD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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5
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Iordanskiy S, Santos S, Bukrinsky M. Nature, nurture and HIV: The effect of producer cell on viral physiology. Virology 2013; 443:208-13. [PMID: 23747196 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and CD4-positive T lymphocytes are the major targets and producers of HIV-1. While the molecular details underlying HIV replication in macrophages and T cells become better understood, it remains unclear whether viruses produced by these target cells differ in their biological properties. Recent reports suggest that HIV virions incorporate a large number of producer cell proteins and lipids which have an effect on subsequent viral replication in newly infected cells. The identity and abundance of these incorporated factors varies between different types of producer cells, suggesting that they may influence the replication capacity and pathogenic activity of the virions produced by T cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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6
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising strategy to suppress the expression of disease-relevant genes and induce post-transcriptional gene silencing. Their simplicity and stability endow RNAi with great advantages in molecular medicine. Several RNAi-based drugs are in various stages of clinical investigation. This review summarizes the ongoing research endeavors on RNAi in molecular medicine, delivery systems for RNAi-based drugs, and a compendium of RNAi drugs in different stages of clinical development. Of special interest are RNAi-based drug target discovery and validation, delivery systems for RNAi-based drugs, such as nanoparticles, rabies virus protein-based vehicles, and bacteriophages for RNA packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Modern, Biopharmaceuticals, State Key, Laboratory Breeding Base of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Chattopadhyay PK, Roederer M. Good cell, bad cell: flow cytometry reveals T-cell subsets important in HIV disease. Cytometry A 2010; 77:614-22. [PMID: 20583275 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a key technology in the study of HIV disease. In this article, we review various cellular markers that can be measured in the setting of pathogenesis or vaccination studies, including markers of activation, differentiation, senescence, immune suppression, and function. In addition, we discuss important considerations for making these measurements. Finally, we examine how flow cytometry studies have taught researchers about the disease process, and the potential for flow cytometry technology to guide treatment decisions and evaluate vaccine candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Ramana Rao PV, Rajasekaran S, Raja A. Natural killer cell-mediated cytokine response among HIV-positive south Indians with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:33-42. [PMID: 20028198 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mainly through secreted cytokines. Cytokine dysregulation among HIV may cause rapid disease progression. Our objective was to examine whether impaired production of innate cytokines are responsible for cytokine dysregulation during HIV infection. The study included 30 subjects each of normal healthy subjects (NHS), pulmonary tuberculosis patients (TB), HIV-infected individuals (HIV), and HIV-TB co-infected patients (HIV-TB). Intracellular cytokine staining method was used to enumerate the cytokine-positive NK cells. Unlike NHS (100%), only 27% of HIV-TB and 57% of HIV infected patients have detectable plasma interleukin (IL)-15 levels that signify impaired rather than decreased IL-15 production. Basal type 1 cytokine (IL-2, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha])-secreting NK cells (NK1 cytokines) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in TB, HIV, and HIV-TB, when compared with NHS. Stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv enhanced the NK1 cytokines in NHS (P < 0.05), but not in other groups. With IL-15+IL-12 stimulation, we found increased NK1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) in HIV (P < 0.05), but not in HIV-TB, when compared to unstimulated condition. Supplementing IL-15+IL-12 has potential in improving the frequency of NK1 cytokines for HIV, but not HIV-TB, suggesting that TB influences cytokine response during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ramana Rao
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai, India
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9
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Shimizu S, Hong P, Arumugam B, Pokomo L, Boyer J, Koizumi N, Kittipongdaja P, Chen A, Bristol G, Galic Z, Zack JA, Yang O, Chen ISY, Lee B, An DS. A highly efficient short hairpin RNA potently down-regulates CCR5 expression in systemic lymphoid organs in the hu-BLT mouse model. Blood 2010; 115:1534-44. [PMID: 20018916 PMCID: PMC2830759 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-215855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the expression of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 holds great promise for controlling HIV-1 infection in patients. Here we report stable knockdown of human CCR5 by a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mouse model. We delivered a potent shRNA against CCR5 into human fetal liver-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HPSCs) by lentiviral vector transduction. We transplanted vector-transduced HPSCs solidified with Matrigel and a thymus segment under the mouse kidney capsule. Vector-transduced autologous CD34(+) cells were subsequently injected in the irradiated mouse, intended to create systemic reconstitution. CCR5 expression was down-regulated in human T cells and monocytes/macrophages in systemic lymphoid tissues, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, the major site of HIV-1 replication. The shRNA-mediated CCR5 knockdown had no apparent adverse effects on T-cell development as assessed by polyclonal T-cell receptor Vbeta family development and naive/memory T-cell differentiation. CCR5 knockdown in the secondary transplanted mice suggested the potential of long-term hematopoietic reconstitution by the shRNA-transduced HPSCs. CCR5 tropic HIV-1 infection was effectively inhibited in mouse-derived human splenocytes ex vivo. These results demonstrate that lentiviral vector delivery of shRNA into human HPSCs could stably down-regulate CCR5 in systemic lymphoid organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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10
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Di Paolo NC, Miao EA, Iwakura Y, Murali-Krishna K, Aderem A, Flavell RA, Papayannopoulou T, Shayakhmetov DM. Virus binding to a plasma membrane receptor triggers interleukin-1 alpha-mediated proinflammatory macrophage response in vivo. Immunity 2009; 31:110-21. [PMID: 19576795 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of viral components by host pattern-recognition receptors triggers the induction of the antiviral innate immune response. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and NLRP3 inflammasome were shown to be the principal specific sensors of viral double-stranded DNA. Here we present evidence that macrophages in vivo activated an innate immune response to a double-stranded DNA virus, adenovirus (Ad), independently of TLR9 or NLRP3 inflammasome. In response to Ad, macrophage-derived IL-1 alpha triggered IL-1RI-dependent production of a defined set of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The IL-1 alpha-mediated response required a selective interaction of virus arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motifs with macrophage beta(3) integrins. Thus, these data identify IL-1 alpha-IL-1RI as a key pathway allowing for the activation of proinflammatory responses to the virus, independently of its genomic nucleic acid recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Rao PVR, Rajasekaran S, Raja A. Augumentation of natural killer activity with exogenous interleukins in patients with HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1435-43. [PMID: 19000024 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A depressed level of natural killer (NK) activity is one of the various immunological abnormalities in HIV infection. Defective NK cell functions can be partially restored in vitro by interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12. IL-15 shares receptor and several biological properties with IL-2. The effect of IL-15 on NK cells in patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection (HIV-TB) is unclear. This study examined the cytotoxic activity and cytokine response of NK cells in HIV-TB after stimulation with IL-15 and IL-12/IL-2. The study includes 16 normal healthy subjects (NHS), 15 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), 15 HIV-infected subjects (HIV), and 15 HIV-TB patients. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells was assessed by dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine dye-based flow cytometry. Interferon-gamma present in the culture supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Basal NK cytotoxicity was found to be lower in HIV-TB (p < 0.05) and HIV when compared to NHS or TB. Maximal NK cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) was observed with an IL-15 and IL-12 combination in all the groups. At a 50:1 effector/target ratio, the mean fold increase in NK cytotoxicity upon stimulation was 2.11 for HIV and 1.84 for HIV-TB. Interferon-gamma levels from the stimulated cultures were elevated (p < 0.05) in the HIV and HIV-TB groups. We found no correlation between NK cytotoxicity and CD4 counts in HIV-TB. There is a positive correlation between NK cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion for HIV-TB. The combination of IL-15 and IL-12 may have potential to improve the NK activity of HIV and HIV-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasa V. Ramana Rao
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - S. Rajasekaran
- Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai 600 047, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai 600 031, India
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12
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13
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Quaranta MG, Mattioli B, Giordani L, Viora M. HIV‐1 Nef equips dendritic cells to reduce survival and function of CD8
+
T cells: a mechanism of immune evasion. FASEB J 2004; 18:1459-61. [PMID: 15240562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1633fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The accessory HIV-1 Nef protein is a crucial determinant for viral replication and pathogenesis. During HIV infection, loss of immune control in the setting of a strong and broad HIV-specific T-lymphocyte response, leads to a lethal outcome through AIDS. Moreover, dysfunction of dendritic cells (DCs) may contribute to the immune suppression associated with AIDS progression. We recently demonstrated that exogenous Nef selectively activates immature DCs manipulating their phenotypical, morphological, and functional developmental program. Here, we tracked whether Nef, targeting DCs, could be involved in the dysregulation of CD8+ T cell responses. We found that Nef inhibits the capacity of DCs to prime alloreactive CD8+ T cell responses down-regulating their proliferation and functional competence. This coincides with the induction of CD8+ T cell apoptosis. Nef oversees apoptotic killing of CD8+ T cells up-regulating TNF-alpha and FasL production by DCs and interfering with the death receptor pathway in CD8+ T cells and thus activating caspase 8. Our findings suggest that Nef may contribute to the immune evasion associated with HIV-1 infection, subverting DC biology. This may help explain the pleiotropic function that Nef plays during infection and makes this protein an attractive target for preventive and therapeutic intervention.
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14
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Dumont S, Valladeau J, Bechetoille N, Gofflo S, Maréchal S, Amara A, Schmitt D, Dezutter-Dambuyant C. When integrated in a subepithelial mucosal layer equivalent, dendritic cells keep their immature stage and their ability to replicate type R5 HIV type 1 strains in the absence of T cell subsets. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:383-97. [PMID: 15157357 DOI: 10.1089/088922204323048131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many potential targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reside in the human reproductive tract, including dendritic cells (DC). The ability of these cells to replicate HIV-1 is dependent on many factors such as their differentiation/maturation stage. Nevertheless, precise mechanisms underlying the early steps of transmucosal infection are still unknown. Our purpose was to investigate DC/HIV-1 interactions in a subepithelial mucosal layer equivalent (SEMLE) reconstructed in vitro. We used mixed interstitial DC (IntDC)/Langerhans cell (LC)-like cell subpopulations generated in vitro from CD34(+) progenitors. These cells were either integrated in SEMLE or maintained in suspension. Experimental infections were performed with a type X4 strain (HIV-1(LAI)) and a type R5 strain (HIV-1(Ba-L)). Proviral DNA was detected by in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and viral replication was quantified by measuring p24 core protein release in the culture media. Our results showed that SEMLE enable DC to retain immature stage and reproduce the tropic selection that occurs in vivo. Indeed, IntDC/LC were infected by both types of HIV-1 strains, regardless of the infection schedule, whereas only type R5 virus replicated in DC in the absence of T cell subsets. Furthermore, the ability of DC to replicate HIV-1(BaL) was lost after 14 days of culture unless the cells had previously been integrated in SEMLE. These results suggest that this 3D model maintains the ability of DC to replicate type R5 virus by delaying their maturation. In conclusion, this in vitro model mimics human submucosa and can be considered as relevant for studying the preliminary steps of transmucosal HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Dumont
- INSERM Unit 346, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
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15
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the host immune system and one of the strategies developed by HIV is to activate apoptotic programmes that destroy immune effectors. Not only does the HIV genome encode pro-apoptotic proteins, which kill both infected and uninfected lymphocytes through either members of the tumour-necrosis factor family or the mitochondrial pathway, but it also creates a state of chronic immune activation that is responsible for the exacerbation of physiological mechanisms of clonal deletion. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which HIV manipulates the apoptotic machinery to its advantage, assesses the functional consequences of this process and evaluates how new therapeutics might counteract this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
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16
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Motsinger A, Haas DW, Stanic AK, Van Kaer L, Joyce S, Unutmaz D. CD1d-restricted human natural killer T cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:869-79. [PMID: 11927631 PMCID: PMC2193731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) T cells are unique T lymphocytes that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) Valpha24-Vbeta11 and have been implicated to play a role in various diseases. A subset of NKT cells express CD4 and hence are potential targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We demonstrate that both resting and activated human Valpha24(+) T cells express high levels of the HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and Bonzo (CXCR6), but low levels of CCR7, as compared with conventional T cells. Remarkably NKT cells activated with alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-pulsed dendritic cells were profoundly more susceptible to infection with R5-tropic, but not X4-tropic, strains of HIV-1, compared with conventional CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, resting CD4(+) NKT cells were also more susceptible to infection. After initial infection, HIV-1 rapidly replicated and depleted the CD4(+) subset of NKT cells. In addition, peripheral blood NKT cells were markedly and selectively depleted in HIV-1 infected individuals. Although the mechanisms of this decline are not clear, low numbers or absence of NKT cells may affect the course of HIV-1 infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that CD4(+) NKT cells are directly targeted by HIV-1 and may have a potential role during viral transmission and spread in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Seronegativity
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Motsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Evolutionary biology is widely perceived as a discipline with relevance that lies purely in academia. Until recently, that perception was largely true, except for the often neglected role of evolutionary biology in the improvement of agricultural crops and animals. In the past two decades, however, evolutionary biology has assumed a broad relevance extending far outside its original bounds. Phylogenetics, the study of Darwin's theory of “descent with modification,” is now the foundation of disease tracking and of the identification of species in medical, pharmacological, or conservation settings. It further underlies bioinformatics approaches to the analysis of genomes. Darwin's “evolution by natural selection” is being used in many contexts, from the design of biotechnology protocols to create new drugs and industrial enzymes, to the avoidance of resistant pests and microbes, to the development of new computer technologies. These examples present opportunities for education of the public and for nontraditional career paths in evolutionary biology. They also provide new research material for people trained in classical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Bull
- Section of Integrative Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1023
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051
| | - H. A. Wichman
- Section of Integrative Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1023
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051
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Labrosse B, Treboute C, Brelot A, Alizon M. Cooperation of the V1/V2 and V3 domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 for interaction with the CXCR4 receptor. J Virol 2001; 75:5457-64. [PMID: 11356952 PMCID: PMC114257 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.12.5457-5464.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry is triggered by the interaction of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein with a cellular chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. We have identified different mutations in human CXCR4 that prevent efficient infection by one HIV-1 strain (NDK) but not another (LAI) and sought to define these strain-dependent effects at the gp120 level. The lack of activity toward the NDK strain of the HHRH chimeric CXCR4 in which the second extracellular loop (ECL2) derived from the rat CXCR4 and of CXCR4 with mutations at an aspartic acid in ECL2 (D193A and D193R) was apparently due to the sequence of the third variable loop (V3) of gp120, more precisely, to its C-terminal part. Indeed, substitution of the LAI V3 loop or only its C-terminal part in the NDK gp 120 context was sufficient to restore usage of the HHRH, D193A, and D193R receptors. The same result was achieved upon mutation of a single lysine residue of the NDK V3 loop to alanine (K319A) but not to arginine (K319R). These results provide a strong case for a direct interaction between the gp120 V3 loop and the ECL2 domain of CXCR4. By contrast, V3 substitutions had no effect on the inability of NDK to infect cells via a mutant CXCR4 in which the amino-terminal extracellular domain (NT) is deleted. In experiments with a set of chimeric NDK-LAI gp120s, the V1/V2 region from LAI gp120 was both necessary and sufficient for usage of the NT-deleted CXCR4. Different variable domains of gp120 can therefore cooperate for a functional interaction with CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Labrosse
- INSERM U.332, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, 75014 Paris, France
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