1
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Lee JY, Huh HD, Lee DK, Park SY, Shin JE, Gee HY, Park HW. Reprogramming anchorage dependency to develop cell lines for recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400104. [PMID: 38700448 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
As the biopharmaceutical industry continues to mature in its cost-effectiveness and productivity, many companies have begun employing larger-scale biomanufacturing and bioprocessing protocols. While many of these protocols require cells with anchorage-independent growth, it remains challenging to induce the necessary suspension adaptations in many different cell types. In addition, although transfection efficiency is an important consideration for all cells, especially for therapeutic protein production, cells in suspension are generally more difficult to transfect than adherent cells. Thus, much of the biomanufacturing industry is focused on the development of new human cell lines with properties that can support more efficient biopharmaceutical production. With this in mind, we identified a set of "Adherent-to-Suspension Transition" (AST) factors, IKZF1, BTG2 and KLF1, the expression of which induces adherent cells to acquire anchorage-independent growth. Working from the HEK293A cell line, we established 293-AST cells and 293-AST-TetR cells for inducible and reversible reprogramming of anchorage dependency. Surprisingly, we found that the AST-TetR system induces the necessary suspension adaptations with an accompanying increase in transfection efficiency and protein expression rate. Our AST-TetR system therefore represents a novel technological platform for the development of cell lines used for generating therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin D Huh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Demirden SF, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16904-16926. [PMID: 38645343 PMCID: PMC11025085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most effective tools for preventing diseases. In this sense, with the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of which continue all over the world, humanity has once again remembered the importance of the vaccine. Also, with the various epidemic outbreaks that occurred previously, the development processes of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens have accelerated. By these efforts, many different new vaccine platforms have been approved for commercial use and have been introduced to the commercial landscape. In addition, innovations have been made in the production processes carried out with conventionally produced vaccine types to create a rapid response to prevent potential epidemics or pandemics. In this situation, various cell lines are being positioned at the center of the production processes of these new generation viral vaccines as expression platforms. Therefore, since the main goal is to produce a fast, safe, and effective vaccine to prevent the disease, in addition to existing expression systems, different cell lines that have not been used in vaccine production until now have been included in commercial production for the first time. In this review, first current viral vaccine types in clinical use today are described. Then, the reason for using cell lines, which are the expression platforms used in the production of these viral vaccines, and the general production processes of cell culture-based viral vaccines are mentioned. Also, selection parameters for animal cell lines as expression platforms in vaccine production are explained by considering bioprocess efficiency and current regulations. Finally, all different cell lines used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production and their properties are summarized, with an emphasis on the current and future status of cell cultures in industrial viral vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Izmir, 35100, Turkiye
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3
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Muzika NS, Kamai T, Williams LE, Kleiman M. Characterization of gelling agents in callus inducing media: Physical properties and their effect on callus growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14312. [PMID: 38651242 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In plant tissue culture, callus formation serves as a crucial mechanism for regenerating entire plants, enabling the differentiation of diverse tissues. Researchers have extensively studied the influence of media composition, particularly plant growth regulators, on callus behavior. However, the impact of the physical properties of the media, a well-established factor in mammalian cell studies, has received limited attention in the context of plant tissue culture. Previous research has highlighted the significance of gelling agents in affecting callus growth and differentiation, with Agar, Phytagel, and Gelrite being the most used options. Despite their widespread use, a comprehensive comparison of their physical properties and their subsequent effects on callus behavior remains lacking. Our study provides insights into optimizing plant tissue culture media by analyzing the physical properties of gelling agents and their impact on callus induction and differentiation. We compared the phenotypes of calli grown on media composed of these different gelling agents and correlated them to the physical properties of these media. We tested water retention, examined pore size using cryo-SEM, measured the media mechanical properties, and studied diffusion characteristics. We found that the mechanical properties of the media are the only quality correlated with callus phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Sadot Muzika
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamir Kamai
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Gilat Research Center, Israel
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel
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4
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Syddall KL, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright JF, Alexandru-Crivac CN, Hodgson A, Racher AJ, Young RJ, James DC. Directed evolution of biomass intensive CHO cells by adaptation to sub-physiological temperature. Metab Eng 2024; 81:53-69. [PMID: 38007176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective means to increase the biosynthetic capacity of host CHO cells. Lonza proprietary CHOK1SV® cells were evolved by serial sub-culture for over 150 generations at 32 °C. During this period the specific proliferation rate of hypothermic cells gradually recovered to become comparable to that of cells routinely maintained at 37 °C. Cold-adapted cell populations exhibited (1) a significantly increased volume and biomass content (exemplified by total RNA and protein), (2) increased mitochondrial function, (3) an increased antioxidant capacity, (4) altered central metabolism, (5) increased transient and stable productivity of a model IgG4 monoclonal antibody and Fc-fusion protein, and (6) unaffected recombinant protein N-glycan processing. This phenotypic transformation was associated with significant genome-scale changes in both karyotype and the relative abundance of thousands of cellular mRNAs across numerous functional groups. Taken together, these observations provide evidence of coordinated cellular adaptations to sub-physiological temperature. These data reveal the extreme genomic/functional plasticity of CHO cells, and that directed evolution is a viable genome-scale cell engineering strategy that can be exploited to create host cells with an increased cellular capacity for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Syddall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Alejandro Fernandez-Martell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Joseph F Cartwright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Cristina N Alexandru-Crivac
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Adam Hodgson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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5
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Sacco SA, McAtee Pereira AG, Trenary I, Smith KD, Betenbaugh MJ, Young JD. Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1⍺ (PGC-1⍺) in Chinese hamster ovary cells increases oxidative metabolism and IgG productivity. Metab Eng 2023; 79:108-117. [PMID: 37473833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used extensively to produce protein therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in the biopharmaceutical industry. MAbs are large proteins that are energetically demanding to synthesize and secrete; therefore, high-producing CHO cell lines that are engineered for maximum metabolic efficiency are needed to meet increasing demands for mAb production. Previous studies have identified that high-producing cell lines possess a distinct metabolic phenotype when compared to low-producing cell lines. In particular, it was found that high mAb production is correlated to lactate consumption and elevated TCA cycle flux. We hypothesized that enhancing flux through the mitochondrial TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation would lead to increased mAb productivities and final titers. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1⍺ (PGC-1⍺), a gene that promotes mitochondrial metabolism, in an IgG-producing parental CHO cell line. Stable cell pools overexpressing PGC-1⍺ exhibited increased oxygen consumption, indicating increased mitochondrial metabolism, as well as increased mAb specific productivity compared to the parental line. We also performed 13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to quantify how PGC-1⍺ overexpression alters intracellular metabolic fluxes, revealing not only increased TCA cycle flux, but global upregulation of cellular metabolic activity. This study demonstrates the potential of rationally engineering the metabolism of industrial cell lines to improve overall mAb productivity and to increase the abundance of high-producing clones in stable cell pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sacco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin D Smith
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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6
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Yamaguchi K, Ogawa R, Tsukahara M, Kawakami K. Efficient production of recombinant proteins in suspension CHO cells culture using the Tol2 transposon system coupled with cycloheximide resistance selection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7628. [PMID: 37165015 PMCID: PMC10172305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA recombination techniques in mammalian cells has been applied to the production of therapeutic proteins for several decades. To be used for commercial production, established cell lines should stably express target proteins with high productivity and acceptable quality for human use. In the conventional transfection method, the screening process is laborious and time-consuming since superior cell lines had to be selected from an enormous number of transfected cell pools and clonal cell lines with a wide variety of transgene insertion locations. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of a Tol2 transposon system and cell selection by cycloheximide resistance is an efficient method to express therapeutic proteins, such as human antibody in suspension culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The resulting stable cell lines showed constant productivity and cell growth over a long enough cultivation periods for recombinant protein production. We anticipate that this approach will prove widely applicable to protein production in research and development of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keina Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan.
| | - Risa Ogawa
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsukahara
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
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7
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Kimiz‐Gebologlu I, Demirden SF, Oncel SS. A study of the THP‐1 cell line as the potential biologics production platform with the emphasis on serum‐free media substitution for economic expediency. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2200154. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Furkan Demirden
- Department of Bioengineering Faculty of Engineering Ege University Izmir Turkiye
| | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Department of Bioengineering Faculty of Engineering Ege University Izmir Turkiye
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8
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Logan M, Rinas K, McConkey B, Aucoin MG. Vero cells gain renal tubule markers in low-calcium and magnesium chemically defined media. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6180. [PMID: 35418617 PMCID: PMC9008052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a chemically defined, animal component-free media was developed to promote Vero growth in suspension. Key media compounds were screened using Plackett–Burman styled experiments to create a media formulation to support suspension growth. Vero cells remained viable in suspension, but their growth rate was extremely low, conversely, other cell types such as CHO-K1, MDCK and HEK293T were able to grow in single cell suspension in the same media. To investigate the slow growth of Vero cells, RNA-seq analysis was conducted. Vero cells were cultured in three different conditions: adherently in serum-containing medium, adherently in in-house medium, and in suspension in low calcium and magnesium in-house medium. This study illustrates that adherent cells maintain similar gene expression, while the suspension phenotype tends to overexpress genes related to renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Logan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karsten Rinas
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendan McConkey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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9
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Sacco SA, Tuckowski AM, Trenary I, Kraft L, Betenbaugh MJ, Young JD, Smith KD. Attenuation of glutamine synthetase selection marker improves product titer and reduces glutamine overflow in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1712-1727. [PMID: 35312045 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The glutamine synthetase (GS) expression system is commonly used to ensure stable transgene integration and amplification in CHO host lines. Transfected cell populations are typically grown in the presence of the GS inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSX), to further select for increased transgene copy number. However, high levels of GS activity produce excess glutamine. We hypothesized that attenuating the GS promoter while keeping the strong IgG promoter on the GS-IgG expression vector would result in a more efficient cellular metabolic phenotype. Herein, we characterized CHO cell lines expressing GS from either an attenuated promoter or an SV40 promoter and selected with/without MSX. CHO cells with the attenuated GS promoter had higher IgG specific productivity and lower glutamine production compared to cells with SV40-driven GS expression. Selection with MSX increased both specific productivity and glutamine production, regardless of GS promoter strength. 13 C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was performed to further assess metabolic differences between these cell lines. Interestingly, central carbon metabolism was unaltered by the attenuated GS promoter while the fate of glutamate and glutamine varied depending on promoter strength and selection conditions. This study highlights the ability to optimize the GS expression system to improve IgG production and reduce wasteful glutamine overflow, without significantly altering central metabolism. Additionally, a detailed supplementary analysis of two "lactate runaway" reactors provides insight into the poorly understood phenomenon of excess lactate production by some CHO cell cultures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sacco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela M Tuckowski
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Kraft
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin D Smith
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.,Asimov, 1325 Boylston St, Boston, MA, 02215
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10
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Bioengineering Outlook on Cultivated Meat Production. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030402. [PMID: 35334693 PMCID: PMC8950996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated meat or cell-based meat)—CM—is fabricated through the process of cellular agriculture (CA), which entails application of bioengineering, i.e., tissue engineering (TE) principles to the production of food. The main TE principles include usage of cells, grown in a controlled environment provided by bioreactors and cultivation media supplemented with growth factors and other needed nutrients and signaling molecules, and seeded onto the immobilization elements—microcarriers and scaffolds that provide the adhesion surfaces necessary for anchor-dependent cells and offer 3D organization for multiple cell types. Theoretically, many solutions from regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering can be applied in CM-TE, i.e., CA. However, in practice, there are a number of specificities regarding fabrication of a CM product that needs to fulfill not only the majority of functional criteria of muscle and fat TE, but also has to possess the sensory and nutritional qualities of a traditional food component, i.e., the meat it aims to replace. This is the reason that bioengineering aimed at CM production needs to be regarded as a specific scientific discipline of a multidisciplinary nature, integrating principles from biomedical engineering as well as from food manufacturing, design and development, i.e., food engineering. An important requirement is also the need to use as little as possible of animal-derived components in the whole CM bioprocess. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge on different bioengineering aspects, pertinent to different current scientific disciplines but all relevant for CM engineering, relevant for muscle TE, including different cell sources, bioreactor types, media requirements, bioprocess monitoring and kinetics and their modifications for use in CA, all in view of their potential for efficient CM bioprocess scale-up. We believe such a review will offer a good overview of different bioengineering strategies for CM production and will be useful to a range of interested stakeholders, from students just entering the CA field to experienced researchers looking for the latest innovations in the field.
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11
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:141-165. [PMID: 35300518 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review describes key milestones related to the production of biopharmaceuticals-therapies manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. The market for biopharmaceuticals has grown significantly since the first biopharmaceutical approval in 1982, and the scientific maturity of the technologies used in their manufacturing processes has grown concomitantly. Early processes relied on established unit operations, with research focused on process scale-up and improved culture productivity. In the early 2000s, changes in regulatory frameworks and the introduction of Quality by Design emphasized the importance of developing manufacturing processes to deliver a desired product quality profile. As a result, companies adopted platform processes and focused on understanding the dynamic interplay between product quality and processing conditions. The consistent and reproducible manufacturing processes of today's biopharmaceutical industry have set high standards for product efficacy, quality, and safety, and as the industry continues to evolve in the coming decade, intensified processing capabilities for an expanded range of therapeutic modalities will likely become routine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
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12
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Abstract
Ethical and possible reproducibility issues arise when using fetal bovine serum in cell culture media.
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13
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Lao González T, Ávalos Olivera I, Rodríguez-Mallon A. Mammalian Cell Culture as a Platform for Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:37-62. [PMID: 34816397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than three decades, mammalian cells have been the host par excellence for the recombinant protein production for therapeutic purposes in humans. Due to the high cost of media and other supplies used for cell growth, initially this expression platform was only used for the production of proteins of pharmaceutical importance including antibodies. However, large biotechnological companies that used this platform continued research to improve its technical and economic feasibility. The main qualitative improvement was obtained when individual cells could be cultured in a liquid medium similar to bacteria and yeast cultures. Another important innovation for growing cells in suspension was the improvement in chemically defined media that does not contain macromolecules; they were cheaper to culture as any other microbial media. These scientific milestones have reduced the cost of mammalian cell culture and their use in obtaining proteins for veterinary use. The ease of working with mammalian cell culture has permitted the use of this expression platform to produce active pharmaceutic ingredients for veterinary vaccines. In this chapter, the protocol to obtain recombinant mammalian cell lines will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thailín Lao González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ileanet Ávalos Olivera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alina Rodríguez-Mallon
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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14
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Establishment of a Suspension MDBK Cell Line in Serum-Free Medium for Production of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus-1. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091006. [PMID: 34579242 PMCID: PMC8473029 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line is currently used for the production of bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. For the purpose of vaccine manufacturing, suspension cells are preferred over adherent ones due to simplified sub-cultivation and an easier scale-up process, both of which could significantly reduce production cost. This study aimed to establish a procedure for the culture of BoHV-1 in the suspended MDBK cell line in serum-free medium. We screened several commercially available serum-free media and chose ST503 for subsequent experiments. We successfully adapted the adherent MDBK cells to suspended growth in ST503 in the absence of serum. The maximum density of suspension-adapted MDBK cells could reach 2.5 × 107 cells/mL in ST503 medium with optimal conditions. The average size of suspension-adapted cells increased to 18 ± 1 µm from 16 ± 1 µm. Moreover, we examined tumorigenicity of the suspended cells and found no sign of tumorigenicity post adaptation. Next, we developed a protocol for the culture of BoHV-1 in the cell line described above and found that ultrasonic treatment could facilitate virus release and enhance virus yield by 11-fold, with the virus titer reaching 8.0 ± 0.2 log10TCID50/mL. Most importantly, the prototype inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine we generated using the suspension cultures of MDBK cells induced neutralizing antibodies to a titer comparable to that of the commercial inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine. Overall, we established and optimized a protocol for the production of inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine in MDBK cells adapted for suspension culture, which provides insights for future large-scale manufacturing of BoHV-1 vaccine.
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15
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Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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16
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Klingler F, Mathias S, Schneider H, Buck T, Raab N, Zeh N, Shieh YW, Pfannstiel J, Otte K. Unveiling the CHO surfaceome: Identification of cell surface proteins reveals cell aggregation-relevant mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3015-3028. [PMID: 33951178 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells are the main production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. For the improvement of production processes, it is essential to understand the interaction between CHO cells and their microenvironment. While the cellular membrane is the crucial surface barrier between the inner and outer cell compartments, the subgroup of cell surface proteins (surfaceome) is of particular interest due to its potential to react to external factors and initiate cell communication and interaction pathways. Therefore, the CHO surfaceome was explored for the first time by enriching exposed N-glycosylated membrane proteins before tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, identifying a total of 449 surface proteins, including 34 proteins specific for production cells. Functional annotation and classification located most proteins to the cell surface belonging mainly to the protein classes of receptors, enzymes, and transporters. In addition, adhesion molecules as cadherins, integrins, Ig superfamily and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as collagens, laminins, thrombospondin, fibronectin, and tenascin were significantly enriched, which are involved in mechanisms for the formation of cell junctions, cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion as focal adhesions. As cell adhesion and aggregation counteracts scalable production of biopharmaceuticals, experimental validation confirmed differential expression of integrin β1 (ITGB1) and β3, CD44, laminin, and fibronectin on the surface of aggregation-prone CHO production cells. The subsequent modulation of the central interaction protein ITGB1 by small interfering RNA knockdown substantially counteracted cell aggregation pointing toward novel engineering routes for aggregation reduction in biopharmaceutical production cells and exemplifying the potential of the surfaceome for specified engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Helga Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Theresa Buck
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Yu-Wei Shieh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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17
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Dai X, Miao Y, Han P, Zhang X, Yang S, Lv Q, Hua D. PABPC1 Enables Cells with the Suspension Cultivation Feature. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:309-317. [PMID: 33502842 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based vaccine manufacturing is an important strategy for viral disease prevention. Cultivating cells in suspension could maximize the utility of large bioreactors for cost-effective and scaled up vaccine production, where adapting adherent cells to suspension culture is the bottleneck and key. Through whole transcriptome sequencing of suspension and adherent strains of BHK-21 and CHO-K1 cells followed by the identification of differentially expressed genes, mutational analysis, gene ontology, and pathway enrichment analysis, we identified four candidate genes, PABPC1, LARS, GLUL, PFN1, feasible for genetically modulating anchorage-dependent cells toward cell suspension culture, and experimentally validated the functionality of PABPC1 in both BHK-21 and CHO-K1 cells. Our study unveiled a novel role of PABPC1 that could potentially aid in the establishment of a cost-effective vaccine manufacturing platform relying on cell cultivation in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Wuhan Ammunition Life-tech Company, Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430200, China
| | - Yujie Miao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Peiyu Han
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Siming Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China
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18
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Shahin-Shamsabadi A, Selvaganapathy PR. Engineering Murine Adipocytes and Skeletal Muscle Cells in Meat-like Constructs Using Self-Assembled Layer-by-Layer Biofabrication: A Platform for Development of Cultivated Meat. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:304-312. [PMID: 33440375 DOI: 10.1159/000511764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global meat consumption has been growing on a per capita basis over the past 20 years resulting in ever-increasing devotion of resources in the form of arable land and potable water to animal husbandry which is unsustainable and inefficient. One approach to meet this insatiable demand is to use biofabrication methods used in tissue engineering in order to make skeletal muscle tissue-like constructs known as cultivated meat to be used as a food source. Here, we demonstrate the use of a scaffold-free biofabrication method that forms cell sheets composed of murine adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells and assembles these sheets in parallel to create a 3D meat-like construct without the use of any exogenous materials. This layer-by-layer self-assembly and stacking process is fast (4 days of culture to form sheets and few hours for assembly) and scalable (stable sheets with diameters >3 cm are formed). Tissues formed with only muscle cells were equivalent to lean meat with comparable protein and fat contents (lean beef had 1.5 and 0.9 times protein and fat, respectively, as our constructs) and incorporating adipocyte cells in different ratios to myoblasts and/or treatment with different media cocktails resulted in a 5% (low fat meat) to 35% (high fat meat) increase in the fat content. Not only such constructs can be used as cultivated meat, they can also be used as skeletal muscle models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Ravi Selvaganapathy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
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19
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O'Neill EN, Cosenza ZA, Baar K, Block DE. Considerations for the development of cost-effective cell culture media for cultivated meat production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:686-709. [PMID: 33325139 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innovation in cultivated meat development has been rapidly accelerating in recent years because it holds the potential to help attenuate issues facing production of dietary protein for a growing world population. There are technical obstacles still hindering large-scale commercialization of cultivated meat, of which many are related to the media that are used to culture the muscle, fat, and connective tissue cells. While animal cell culture media has been used and refined for roughly a century, it has not been specifically designed with the requirements of cultivated meat in mind. Perhaps the most common industrial use of animal cell culture is currently the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which sell for orders of magnitude more than meat. Successful production of cultivated meat requires media that is food grade with minimal cost, can regulate large-scale cell proliferation and differentiation, has acceptable sensory qualities, and is animal ingredient-free. Much insight into strategies for achieving media formulations with these qualities can be obtained from knowledge of conventional culture media applications and from the metabolic pathways involved in myogenesis and protein synthesis. In addition, application of principles used to optimize media for large-scale microbial fermentation processes producing lower value commodity chemicals and food ingredients can also be instructive. As such, the present review shall provide an overview of the current understanding of cell culture media as it relates to cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N O'Neill
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Zachary A Cosenza
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David E Block
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
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20
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Marigliani B, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP. Adaptation of Mammalian Cells to Chemically Defined Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 82:e88. [PMID: 31756045 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to circumvent ethical, technical, and economic drawbacks regarding the use of animal serum in cell culturing, it is possible to adapt mammalian cells to serum-free media. Nowadays, there are several serum-free formulations available, including fully animal derived-free and chemically defined media, and different adaptation techniques. This article focuses on the gradual adaptation of a mammalian suspension cell culture to a chemically defined medium. The first step is to transfer the cells cultured in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to a chemically defined medium of your choice, containing the same amount of FBS. The next steps consist of progressively reducing the amount of FBS, while monitoring cell growth and viability up to the complete elimination of FBS. This protocol has been successfully used to adapt THP-1 cells to a chemically defined medium with similar maximum specific growth rate as those cultured with FBS. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: Gradual adaptation to chemically defined medium Alternate Protocol: Direct adaptation to chemically defined medium Support Protocol 1: Determining maximum specific growth rate of a cell culture Support Protocol 2: Cell freezing and thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- PRONAMETRO, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Louie S, Lakkyreddy J, Castellano BM, Haley B, Nguyen Dang A, Lam C, Tang D, Lang S, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is responsible for degradation of insulin in culture media. J Biotechnol 2020; 320:44-49. [PMID: 32526262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultured in serum-free chemically-defined media (CDM) are used for manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Growth factors, such as insulin are commonly utilized in manufacturing platforms to enhance CHO cell viability and growth. Here we report that insulin is degraded in the culture media over time mainly due to the activity of the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Insulin degradation was faster in cell lines that released more IDE, which negatively impacted cell growth and in turn, production titers. Deletion of the IDE gene in a representative CHO cell line nearly abolished insulin degradation in seed train and end-of-production media. In summary, our data suggests that selecting cell lines that have lower IDE expression or targeted-deletion of the IDE gene can improve culture viability and growth for insulin-dependent CHO production platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Louie
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Jayanthi Lakkyreddy
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Brian M Castellano
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Anh Nguyen Dang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Steven Lang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations (CCBO) Department, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States.
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22
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Li SW, Wright M, Healey JF, Hutchinson JM, O’Rourke S, Mesa KA, Lollar P, Berman PW. Gene editing in CHO cells to prevent proteolysis and enhance glycosylation: Production of HIV envelope proteins as vaccine immunogens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233866. [PMID: 32470085 PMCID: PMC7259603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several candidate HIV subunit vaccines based on recombinant envelope (Env) glycoproteins have been advanced into human clinical trials. To facilitate biopharmaceutical production, it is necessary to produce these in CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, the cellular substrate used for the manufacturing of most recombinant protein therapeutics. However, previous studies have shown that when recombinant Env proteins from clade B viruses, the major subtype represented in North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, are expressed in CHO cells, they are proteolyzed and lack important glycan-dependent epitopes present on virions. Previously, we identified C1s, a serine protease in the complement pathway, as the endogenous CHO protease responsible for the cleavage of clade B laboratory isolates of -recombinant gp120s (rgp120s) expressed in stable CHO-S cell lines. In this paper, we describe the development of two novel CHOK1 cell lines with the C1s gene inactivated by gene editing, that are suitable for the production of any protein susceptible to C1s proteolysis. One cell line, C1s-/- CHOK1 2.E7, contains a deletion in the C1s gene. The other cell line, C1s-/- MGAT1- CHOK1 1.A1, contains a deletion in both the C1s gene and the MGAT1 gene, which limits glycosylation to mannose-5 or earlier intermediates in the N-linked glycosylation pathway. In addition, we compare the substrate specificity of C1s with thrombin on the cleavage of both rgp120 and human Factor VIII, two recombinant proteins known to undergo unintended proteolysis (clipping) when expressed in CHO cells. Finally, we demonstrate the utility and practicality of the C1s-/- MGAT1- CHOK1 1.A1 cell line for the expression of clinical isolates of clade B Envs from rare individuals that possess broadly neutralizing antibodies and are able to control virus replication without anti-retroviral drugs (elite neutralizer/controller phenotypes). The Envs represent unique HIV vaccine immunogens suitable for further immunogenicity and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - John F. Healey
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennie M. Hutchinson
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Sara O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Pete Lollar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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23
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Louie S, Heidersbach A, Blanco N, Haley B, Rose CM, Liu PS, Yim M, Tang D, Lam C, Sandoval WN, Shaw D, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Endothelial intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 contributes to cell aggregate formation in CHO cells cultured in serum‐free media. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2951. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salina Louie
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Amy Heidersbach
- Molecular Biology DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Noelia Blanco
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Molecular Biology DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Christopher M. Rose
- Microchemistry Proteomic and Lipidomic (MPL) DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Peter S. Liu
- Microchemistry Proteomic and Lipidomic (MPL) DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Mandy Yim
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Danming Tang
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Wendy N. Sandoval
- Microchemistry Proteomic and Lipidomic (MPL) DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - David Shaw
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture DepartmentGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California
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24
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Schenke-Layland K, Liebscher S, Layland SL. Use of Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Natural Materials in Bioengineering. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Bioreactors for large-scale culture of mammalian cells are playing vital roles in biotechnology and bioengineering. Various bioreactors have been developed, but their capacity and efficiency are often limited by insufficient mass transfer rate and high shear stress. A rolled scaffold (RS) is a fully defined scaffold for high-density adherent culture of mammalian cells. The RS is a polymer film with spacers, that is rolled into a cylinder with a pre-determined gap between each turn. Cells are cultured on its inner surfaces, while media flows through the gap. The RS exhibits high surface-area-to-volume ratio over 100 cm2/mL and can transport nutrients and gases with significantly reduced shear stress via convection in a unidirectional laminar flow, rather than diffusion and random turbulent flow as in stirred-tank bioreactors. In this paper, we expanded Chinese Hamster Ovary cells with RS bioreactors and demonstrated cell culture density over 60 million cells/mL with a growth rate higher than conventional suspension culture. Besides, murine embryonic stem cells were successfully expanded without losing their pluripotency. The RS will provide an affordable, scalable, and reliable platform for large-scale culture of recombinant cells in biopharmaceutical industries and shear-sensitive stem cells for tissue engineering.
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26
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Semliki Forest Virus replicon particles production in serum-free medium BHK-21 cell cultures and their use to express different proteins. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:949-962. [PMID: 31422494 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals as vaccines in serum-free media results in reduced risk of contamination and simpler downstream processing. The production of enveloped viruses and viral vectors such as Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) typically requires lipids that are provided by supplementation with animal serum, so production under serum-free conditions is challenging. In this work, the capacity to deliver genetic material of SFV-viral replicon particles (SFV-VRPs) produced in BHK-21 cells adapted to serum-free medium (BHK/SFM) was evaluated. Three transgenes were evaluated: GFP used as a model protein, while hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 protease domain (HCV-NS3p) and rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) were selected based on their distinct nature (enzyme and glycoprotein, respectively). BHK/SFM cells produced a sevenfold higher number of SFV-VRPs, as determined by qRT-PCR. These particles showed similar capacities of infecting BHK/FBS or BHK/SFM cells. GFP expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, HCV-NS3p activity by enzymatic assay, and RVGP expression by ELISA and Western Blot. Expression analysis revealed higher levels of GFP and HCV-NS3p in BHK/SFM, while the levels of RVGP were similar for BHK/SFM and BHK/FBS. In conclusion, the BHK/SFM cells showed increased SFV-VRP production yields, without affecting vector infectivity or heterologous gene expression, hence validating the use of BHK/SFM for industrial applications.
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27
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Barbalinardo M, Caicci F, Cavallini M, Gentili D. Protein Corona Mediated Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801219. [PMID: 30058105 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Medical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) require understanding of their interactions with living systems in order to control their physiological response, such as cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. When NPs are exposed to biological fluids, the adsorption of extracellular proteins on the surface of NPs, creating the so-called protein corona, can critically affect their interactions with cells. Here, the effect of surface coating of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the adsorption of serum proteins (SPs) and its consequence on cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts are shown. In particular, citrate-capped AgNPs are internalized by cells and show a time- and dose-dependent toxicity, while the passivation of the NP surface with an oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-alkanethiol drastically reduces their uptake and cytotoxicity. The exposure to growth media containing SPs reveals that citrate-capped AgNPs are promptly coated and stabilized by proteins, while the AgNPs resulting from capping with the OEG-alkanethiol are more resistant to adsorption of proteins onto their surface. Using NIH-3T3 cultured in serum-free, the key role of the adsorption of SPs onto surface of NPs is shown as only AgNPs with a preformed protein corona can be internalized by the cells and, consequently, carry out their inherent cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Barbalinardo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Caicci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Specht EA, Welch DR, Rees Clayton EM, Lagally CD. Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Leong DSZ, Teo BKH, Tan JGL, Kamari H, Yang YS, Zhang P, Ng SK. Application of maltose as energy source in protein-free CHO-K1 culture to improve the production of recombinant monoclonal antibody. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4037. [PMID: 29511312 PMCID: PMC5840386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are generally considered to be un-utilized for growth of mammalian cells because their permeability across the cell membrane is low. However, in our previous study, we discovered that CHO and HEK293 cells consume maltose in culture media without serum and glucose. This is interesting because the transporter for maltose in mammalian cells has not been discovered to-date, and the only animal disaccharide transporter that is recently discovered is a sucrose transporter. The application of oligosaccharides in mammalian cell-based biopharmaceutical manufacturing can be beneficial, because it can theoretically increase carbohydrate content of the culture medium and decrease lactate production. Here, we first determined that specific maltose consumption rate in CHO cells was similar to galactose and fructose at 0.257 ng/cell/day. We then demonstrated that CHO cells can be cultivated with reasonable cell growth using higher maltose concentrations. After which, we evaluated the use of maltose supplementation in the production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody in batch and fed-batch cultures, demonstrating improvements in recombinant monoclonal antibody titer of 15% and 23% respectively. Finally, glycosylation profiles of the antibodies were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sow Zong Leong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian Kah Hui Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice Gek Ling Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hayati Kamari
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Sheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Cartwright JF, Anderson K, Longworth J, Lobb P, James DC. Highly sensitive detection of mutations in CHO cell recombinant DNA using multi-parallel single molecule real-time DNA sequencing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1485-1498. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Cartwright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Karin Anderson
- Cell Line Development; BioTherapeutic Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pfizer Inc; Andover Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Longworth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | | | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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31
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Costello A, Lao N, Clynes M, Barron N. Conditional Knockdown of Endogenous MicroRNAs in CHO Cells Using TET-ON-SanDI Sponge Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1603:87-100. [PMID: 28493125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length and have proven to be useful targets for genetic modifications for desirable phenotype in the biotech industry. The use of constitutively expressed "miRNA sponge" vectors in which multiple, tandem miRNA binding sites containing transcripts are transcriptionally regulated by a constitutive promoter for down regulating the levels of endogenous microRNAs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has shown to be more advantageous than using synthetic antisense oligonucleotides. The application of miRNA sponges in biotechnological processes, however, could be more effective, if expression of miRNA sponges could be tuned. In this chapter, we present a method for the generation of stable CHO cell lines expressing a TET-ON-SanDI-miRNA-sponge that is in theory expressed only in the presence of an inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Costello
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.
| | - Nga Lao
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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32
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Fernandez-Martell A, Johari YB, James DC. Metabolic phenotyping of CHO cells varying in cellular biomass accumulation and maintenance during fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:645-660. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
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33
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McGillicuddy N, Floris P, Albrecht S, Bones J. Examining the sources of variability in cell culture media used for biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:5-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Lam C, Santell L, Wilson B, Yim M, Louie S, Tang D, Shaw D, Chan P, Lazarus RA, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Taming hyperactive hDNase I: Stable inducible expression of a hyperactive salt- and actin-resistant variant of human deoxyribonuclease I in CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:523-533. [PMID: 28127892 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the most common causes of clonal instability are DNA copy number loss and silencing, toxicity of the expressed protein(s) may also induce clonal instability. Human DNase I (hDNase I) is used therapeutically for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) and may have potential benefit for use in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). hDNase I is an endonuclease that catalyzes degradation of extracellular DNA and is inhibited by both salt and G-actin. Engineered versions of hDNase I, bearing multiple point mutations, which renders them Hyperactive, Salt- and Actin-Resistant (HSAR-hDNase I) have been developed previously. However, constitutive expression of HSAR-hDNase I enzymes has been very challenging and, despite considerable efforts and screening thousands of clones, no stable clone capable of constitutive expression had been obtained. Here, we developed a regulated expression system for stable expression of an HSAR-hDNase I in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The HSAR-hDNase I clones were stable and, upon induction, expressed enzymatically functional protein. Our findings suggest that degradation of host's DNA mediated by HSAR-hDNase I during cell division is the likely cause of clonal instability observed in cells constitutively expressing this protein. Purified HSAR-hDNase I was both hyperactive and resistant to inhibition by salt and G-actin, resulting in an enzyme having ca. 10-fold greater specific activity and the potential to be a superior therapeutic agent to wild type (WT) hDNase I. Furthermore, the ability to regulate hDNase I expression has enabled process development improvements that achieve higher cell growth and product titers while maintaining product quality. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:523-533, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lam
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Lydia Santell
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Blair Wilson
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Dept., Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Mandy Yim
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Salina Louie
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Danming Tang
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - David Shaw
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Pamela Chan
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Dept., Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
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35
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Alves CS, Dobrowsky TM. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Expression of "Difficult to Express" Proteins in CHO Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:1-23. [PMID: 28493120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advances in the field of mammalian expression, there are still proteins that are characterized as difficult to express. Determining the expression bottleneck requires troubleshooting techniques specific for the given molecule and host. The complex array of intracellular processes involved in protein expression includes transcription, protein folding, post-translation processing, and secretion. Challenges in any of these steps could result in low protein expression, while the inherent properties of the molecule itself may limit its production via mechanisms such as cytotoxicity or inherent instability. Strategies to identify the rate-limiting step and subsequently improve expression and production are discussed here.
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36
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Hansen HG, Pristovšek N, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Improving the secretory capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells by ectopic expression of effector genes: Lessons learned and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Walther CG, Whitfield R, James DC. Importance of Interaction between Integrin and Actin Cytoskeleton in Suspension Adaptation of CHO cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1286-302. [PMID: 26679704 PMCID: PMC4858566 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical production process relies upon mammalian cell technology where single cells proliferate in suspension in a chemically defined synthetic environment. This environment lacks exogenous growth factors, usually contributing to proliferation of fibroblastic cell types such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Use of CHO cells for production hence requires a lengthy 'adaptation' process to select clones capable of proliferation as single cells in suspension. The underlying molecular changes permitting proliferation in suspension are not known. Comparison of the non-suspension-adapted clone CHO-AD and a suspension-adapted propriety cell line CHO-SA by flow cytometric analysis revealed a highly variable bi-modal expression pattern for cell-to-cell contact proteins in contrast to the expression pattern seen for integrins. Those have a uni-modal expression on suspension and adherent cells. Integrins showed a conformation distinguished by regularly distributed clusters forming a sphere on the cell membrane of suspension-adapted cells. Actin cytoskeleton analysis revealed reorganisation from the typical fibrillar morphology found in adherent cells to an enforced spherical subcortical actin sheath in suspension cells. The uni-modal expression and specific clustering of integrins could be confirmed for CHO-S, another suspension cell line. Cytochalasin D treatment resulted in breakdown of the actin sheath and the sphere-like integrin conformation demonstrating the link between integrins and actin in suspension-adapted CHO cells. The data demonstrates the importance of signalling changes, leading to an integrin rearrangement on the cell surface, and the necessity of the reinforcement of the actin cytoskeleton for proliferation in suspension conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa G Walther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Robert Whitfield
- Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David C James
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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38
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Misaghi S, Shaw D, Louie S, Nava A, Simmons L, Snedecor B, Poon C, Paw JS, Gilmour-Appling L, Cupp JE. Slashing the timelines: Opting to generate high-titer clonal lines faster via viability-based single cell sorting. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Misaghi
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - David Shaw
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Salina Louie
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Adrian Nava
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Laura Simmons
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Jonathan S. Paw
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | | | - James E. Cupp
- Dept. of Immunology; Genentech, Inc; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
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39
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McElearney K, Ali A, Gilbert A, Kshirsagar R, Zang L. Tryptophan oxidation catabolite,N-formylkynurenine, in photo degraded cell culture medium results in reduced cell culture performance. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:74-82. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle McElearney
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen; 225 Binney Street Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Amr Ali
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen; 225 Binney Street Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Alan Gilbert
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen; 225 Binney Street Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen; 225 Binney Street Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Li Zang
- Analytical Development, Biogen; 225 Binney Street Cambridge MA 02142
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40
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Kluge S, Benndorf D, Genzel Y, Scharfenberg K, Rapp E, Reichl U. Monitoring changes in proteome during stepwise adaptation of a MDCK cell line from adherence to growth in suspension. Vaccine 2015; 33:4269-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Alves CS, Gilbert A, Dalvi S, Germain BS, Xie W, Estes S, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Integration of cell line and process development to overcome the challenge of a difficult to express protein. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1201-11. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Gilbert
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Swati Dalvi
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Wenqi Xie
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Scott Estes
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
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42
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Genzel Y. Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: Where do we stand? Biotechnol J 2015; 10:728-40. [PMID: 25903999 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Established animal cells, such as Vero, Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), are still the main cell lines used for viral vaccine production, although new "designer cells" have been available for some years. These designer cell lines were specifically developed as a cell substrate for one application and are well characterized. Later screening for other possible applications widened the product range. These cells grow in suspension in chemically defined media under controlled conditions and can be used for up to 100 passages. Scale-up is easier and current process options allow cultivation in disposable bioreactors at cell concentrations higher than 1 × 10(7) cells/mL. This review covers the limitations of established cell lines and discusses the requirements and screening options for new host cells. Currently available designer cells for viral vaccine production (PER.C6, CAP, AGE1.CR, EB66 cells), together with other new cell lines (PBS-1, QOR/2E11, SogE, MFF-8C1 cells) that were recently described as possible cell substrates are presented. Using current process knowledge and cell line development tools, future upstream processing could resemble today's Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell processes for monoclonal antibody production: small scale bioreactors (disposable) in perfusion or fed-batch mode with cell concentrations above 1 × 10(8) cells/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
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43
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Biaggio RT, Abreu-Neto MS, Covas DT, Swiech K. Serum-free suspension culturing of human cells: adaptation, growth, and cryopreservation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Madhavarao CN, Agarabi CD, Wong L, Müller-Loennies S, Braulke T, Khan M, Anderson H, Johnson GR. Evaluation of butyrate-induced production of a mannose-6-phosphorylated therapeutic enzyme using parallel bioreactors. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:184-92. [PMID: 24033810 PMCID: PMC10723619 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactor process changes can have a profound effect on the yield and quality of biotechnology products. Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycan content and the enzymatic catalytic kinetic parameters are critical quality attributes (CQAs) of many therapeutic enzymes used to treat lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Here, we have evaluated the effect of adding butyrate to bioreactor production cultures of human recombinant β-glucuronidase produced from CHO-K1 cells, with an emphasis on CQAs. The β-glucuronidase produced in parallel bioreactors was quantified by capillary electrophoresis, the catalytic kinetic parameters were measured using steady-state analysis, and mannose-6-phosphorylation status was assessed using an M6P-specific single-chain antibody fragment. Using this approach, we found that butyrate treatment increased β-glucuronidase production up to approximately threefold without significantly affecting the catalytic properties of the enzyme. However, M6P content in β-glucuronidase was inversely correlated with the increased enzyme production induced by butyrate treatment. This assessment demonstrated that although butyrate dramatically increased β-glucuronidase production in bioreactors, it adversely impacted the mannose-6-phosphorylation of this LSD therapeutic enzyme. This strategy may have utility in evaluating manufacturing process changes to improve therapeutic enzyme yields and CQAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyrus D. Agarabi
- Division of Product Quality Research, OTR, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Lily Wong
- Bethesda, MD 20892, OTR, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Sven Müller-Loennies
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Division of Product Quality Research, OTR, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Howard Anderson
- Bethesda, MD 20892, OTR, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
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45
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Gilbert A, McElearney K, Kshirsagar R, Sinacore MS, Ryll T. Investigation of metabolic variability observed in extended fed batch cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1519-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Gilbert
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA 02142
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46
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Rodrigues ME, Costa AR, Henriques M, Cunnah P, Melton DW, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. Advances and Drawbacks of the Adaptation to Serum-Free Culture of CHO-K1 Cells for Monoclonal Antibody Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1279-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Hajihashemi MR, Li X, Jiang H. Morphological characterization of cells in concentrated suspensions using multispectral diffuse optical tomography. OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2012; 285:4632-4637. [PMID: 23372258 PMCID: PMC3556526 DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on a non-spherical model of particle scattering, we investigate the capabilities and limitations of a T-matrix based inverse algorithm to morphologically characterize cells in concentrated suspensions. Here the cells are modeled as randomly orientated spheroidal particles with homogenous dielectric properties and suspended in turbid media. The inverse algorithm retrieves the geometrical parameters and the concentration of cells simultaneously by inverting the reduced scattering coefficient spectra obtained from multispectral diffuse optical tomography (MS-DOT). Both round and spheroidal cells are tested and the role of multiple and higher order scattering of particles on the performance of the algorithm is evaluated using different concentrations of cells.
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48
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Davies SL, Lovelady CS, Grainger RK, Racher AJ, Young RJ, James DC. Functional heterogeneity and heritability in CHO cell populations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:260-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Croset A, Delafosse L, Gaudry JP, Arod C, Glez L, Losberger C, Begue D, Krstanovic A, Robert F, Vilbois F, Chevalet L, Antonsson B. Differences in the glycosylation of recombinant proteins expressed in HEK and CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:336-48. [PMID: 22814405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins. It has important roles for protein structure, stability and functions. In vivo the glycostructures influence pharmacokinetics and immunogenecity. It is well known that significant differences in glycosylation and glycostructures exist between recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian, yeast and insect cells. However, differences in protein glycosylation between different mammalian cell lines are much less well known. In order to examine differences in glycosylation in mammalian cells we have expressed 12 proteins in the two commonly used cell lines HEK and CHO. The cells were transiently transfected, and the expressed proteins were purified. To identify differences in glycosylation the proteins were analyzed on SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF), mass spectrometry and released glycans on capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE-LIF). For all proteins significant differences in the glycosylation were detected. The proteins migrated differently on SDS-PAGE, had different isoform patterns on IEF, showed different mass peak distributions on mass spectrometry and showed differences in the glycostructures detected in CGE. In order to verify that differences detected were attributed to glycosylation the proteins were treated with deglycosylating enzymes. Although, culture conditions induced minor changes in the glycosylation the major differences were between the two cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Croset
- Protein and Cell Sciences, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Arthuso FS, Bartolini P, Soares CRJ. Laboratory production of human prolactin from CHO cells adapted to serum-free suspension culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:2212-24. [PMID: 22692846 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human prolactin (hPRL) is a polypeptide with 199 amino acids and a molecular mass of 23 kDa. Previously, a eukaryotic hPRL expression vector was used to transfect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: this work describes a fast and practical laboratory adaptation of these transfected cells, in ~40 days, to grow in suspension in serum-free medium. High cell densities of up to 4.0 × 10(6) cell/ml were obtained from spinner flask cultures and a stable and continuous production process was developed for at least 30 days. Two harvesting strategies were set up, 50 or 100 % of the total conditioned medium being collected daily and replaced by fresh culture medium. The volumetric productivity was 5-7 μg hPRL/ml, as determined directly in the collected medium via reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). A two-step process based on a cationic exchanger followed by size exclusion chromatography was applied to obtain purified hPRL from conditioned medium. Two hPRL isoforms, non-glycosylated and glycosylated, could also be separated by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and, when analyzed by RP-HPLC, HPSEC, Western blotting, and bioassay, were found to be comparable to the World Health Organization International Reference Reagent of hPRL. These results are useful for the practical scale-up to the pilot and industrial scale of a bioprocess based on CHO cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Santos Arthuso
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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