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Khafizova GV, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Sokornova SV, Polev DE, Matveeva TV. Nicotiana noctiflora Hook. Genome Contains Two Cellular T-DNAs with Functional Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3787. [PMID: 38005684 PMCID: PMC10674353 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium (Rhizobium)-mediated transformation leads to the formation of crown galls or hairy roots on infected plants. These effects develop due to the activity of T-DNA genes, gathered on a big plasmid, acquired from agrobacteria during horizontal gene transfer. However, a lot of plant species are known to contain such sequences, called cellular T-DNAs (cT-DNAs), and maintain normal phenotypes. Some of the genes remain intact, which leads to the conclusion of their functional role in plants. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the cT-DNAs in the Nicotiana noctiflora Hook. genome, including gene expression and opine identification. Deep sequencing of the Nicotiana noctiflora genome revealed the presence of two different cT-DNAs, NnT-DNA1 and NnT-DNA2, which contain the intact genes iaaM, iaaH, acs, orf13, orf13a, and orf14. According to the expression analysis results, all these genes are most active in roots in comparison with other organs, which is consistent with data on cT-DNA gene expression in other plant species. We also used genetic engineering approaches and HPTLC and HPLC-MS methods to investigate the product of the acs gene (agrocinopine synthase), which turned out to be similar to agrocinopine A. Overall, this study expands our knowledge of cT-DNAs in plants and brings us closer to understanding their possible functions. Further research of cT-DNAs in different species and their functional implications could contribute to advancements in plant genetics and potentially unveil novel traits with practical applications in agriculture and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Khafizova
- Department of Genetic and Breeding, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (G.V.K.)
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (N.S.); (N.V.I.)
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (N.S.); (N.V.I.)
| | - Sofie V. Sokornova
- Department of Genetic and Breeding, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (G.V.K.)
| | - Dmitrii E. Polev
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Matveeva
- Department of Genetic and Breeding, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (G.V.K.)
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Lastochkina O, Aliniaeifard S, SeifiKalhor M, Bosacchi M, Maslennikova D, Lubyanova A. Novel Approaches for Sustainable Horticultural Crop Production: Advances and Prospects. HORTICULTURAE 2022; 8:910. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of plant growth, yield and quality due to diverse environmental constrains along with climate change significantly limit the sustainable production of horticultural crops. In this review, we highlight the prospective impacts that are positive challenges for the application of beneficial microbial endophytes, nanomaterials (NMs), exogenous phytohormones strigolactones (SLs) and new breeding techniques (CRISPR), as well as controlled environment horticulture (CEH) using artificial light in sustainable production of horticultural crops. The benefits of such applications are often evaluated by measuring their impact on the metabolic, morphological and biochemical parameters of a variety of cultures, which typically results in higher yields with efficient use of resources when applied in greenhouse or field conditions. Endophytic microbes that promote plant growth play a key role in the adapting of plants to habitat, thereby improving their yield and prolonging their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. Focusing on quality control, we considered the effects of the applications of microbial endophytes, a novel class of phytohormones SLs, as well as NMs and CEH using artificial light on horticultural commodities. In addition, the genomic editing of plants using CRISPR, including its role in modulating gene expression/transcription factors in improving crop production and tolerance, was also reviewed.
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Mou Q, Xue X, Ma Y, Banik M, Garcia V, Guo W, Wang J, Song T, Chen LQ, Lu Y. Efficient delivery of a DNA aptamer-based biosensor into plant cells for glucose sensing through thiol-mediated uptake. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0902. [PMID: 35767607 PMCID: PMC9242441 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA aptamers have been widely used as biosensors for detecting a variety of targets. Despite decades of success, they have not been applied to monitor any targets in plants, even though plants are a major platform for providing oxygen, food, and sustainable products ranging from energy fuels to chemicals, and high-value products such as pharmaceuticals. A major barrier to progress is a lack of efficient methods to deliver DNA into plant cells. We herein report a thiol-mediated uptake method that more efficiently delivers DNA into Arabidopsis and tobacco leaf cells than another state-of-the-art method, DNA nanostructures. Such a method allowed efficient delivery of a glucose DNA aptamer sensor into Arabidopsis for sensing glucose. This demonstration opens a new avenue to apply DNA aptamer sensors for functional studies of various targets, including metabolites, plant hormones, metal ions, and proteins in plants for a better understanding of the biodistribution and regulation of these species and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbing Mou
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xueyi Xue
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mandira Banik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tingjie Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (L.-Q.C.)
| | - Yi Lu
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.L.); (L.-Q.C.)
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Wang XJ, Luo Q, Li T, Meng PH, Pu YT, Liu JX, Zhang J, Liu H, Tan GF, Xiong AS. Origin, evolution, breeding, and omics of Apiaceae: a family of vegetables and medicinal plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac076. [PMID: 38239769 PMCID: PMC10795576 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Many of the world's most important vegetables and medicinal crops, including carrot, celery, coriander, fennel, and cumin, belong to the Apiaceae family. In this review, we summarize the complex origins of Apiaceae and the current state of research on the family, including traditional and molecular breeding practices, bioactive compounds, medicinal applications, nanotechnology, and omics research. Numerous molecular markers, regulatory factors, and functional genes have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve vegetable and medicinal crops in Apiaceae. In addition, current trends in Apiaceae application and research are also briefly described, including mining new functional genes and metabolites using omics research, identifying new genetic variants associated with important agronomic traits by population genetics analysis and GWAS, applying genetic transformation, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, and nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on Apiaceae vegetable and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping-Hong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ursache R, Fujita S, Dénervaud Tendon V, Geldner N. Combined fluorescent seed selection and multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 assembly for fast generation of multiple Arabidopsis mutants. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:111. [PMID: 34717688 PMCID: PMC8556964 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing is an efficient method for targeted disruption of gene function in plants. Use of CRISPR-Cas9 has increased rapidly in recent years and is becoming a routine method for generating single and higher order Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. Low entry, reliable assembly of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors and efficient mutagenesis is necessary to enable a maximum of researchers to break through the genetic redundancy within plant multi-gene families and allow for a plethora of gene function studies that have been previously unachievable. It will also allow routine de novo generation of mutations in ever more complex genetic backgrounds that make introgression of pre-existing alleles highly cumbersome. RESULTS To facilitate rapid and efficient use of CRISPR/Cas9 for Arabidopsis research, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9-based toolbox for generating mutations at multiple genomic loci, using two-color fluorescent seed selection. In our system, up-to eight gRNAs can be routinely introduced into a binary vector carrying either a FastRed, FastGreen or FastCyan fluorescent seed selection cassette. FastRed and FastGreen binary vectors can be co-transformed as a cocktail via floral dip to introduce sixteen gRNAs at the same time. The seeds can be screened either for red or green fluorescence, or for the presence of both colors. Importantly, in the second generation after transformation, Cas9 free plants are identified simply by screening the non-fluorescent seeds. Our collection of binary vectors allows to choose between two widely-used promoters to drive Cas enzymes, either the egg cell-specific (pEC1.2) from A. thaliana or the constitutive promoter from Petroselinum crispum (PcUBi4-2). Available enzymes are "classical" Cas9 codon-optimized for A. thaliana and a recently reported, intron-containing version of Cas9 codon-optimized for Zea mays, zCas9i. We observed the highest efficiency in producing knockout phenotypes by using intron-containing zCas9i driven under egg-cell specific pEC1.2 promoter. Finally, we introduced convenient restriction sites flanking promoter, Cas9 and fluorescent selection cassette in some of the T-DNA vectors, thus allowing straightforward swapping of all three elements for further adaptation and improvement of the system. CONCLUSION A rapid, simple and flexible CISPR/Cas9 cloning system was established that allows assembly of multi-guide RNA constructs in a robust and reproducible fashion, by avoiding generation of very big constructs. The system enables a flexible, fast and efficient screening of single or higher order A. thaliana mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Ursache
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- UMR5546 CNRS, Toulouse-INP, University of Toulouse, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville Tolosane, 31320, France
| | | | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Nagahara S, Higashiyama T, Mizuta Y. Detection of a biolistic delivery of fluorescent markers and CRISPR/Cas9 to the pollen tube. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:191-205. [PMID: 34146158 PMCID: PMC8360903 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biolistic delivery into pollen. In recent years, genome editing techniques, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, have been highlighted as a new approach to plant breeding. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been widely utilized to generate transgenic plants by introducing plasmid DNA containing CRISPR/Cas9 into plant cells. However, this method has general limitations, such as the limited host range of Agrobacterium and difficulties in tissue culture, including callus induction and regeneration. To avoid these issues, we developed a method to genetically modify germ cells without the need for Agrobacterium-mediated transfection and tissue culture using tobacco as a model. In this study, plasmid DNA containing sequences of Cas9, guide RNA, and fluorescent reporter was introduced into pollen using a biolistic delivery system. Based on the transient expression of fluorescent reporters, the Arabidopsis UBQ10 promoter was found to be the most suitable promoter for driving the expression of the delivered gene in pollen tubes. We also evaluated the delivery efficiency in male germ cells in the pollen by expression of the introduced fluorescent marker. Mutations were detected in the target gene in the genomic DNA extracted from CRISPR/Cas9-introduced pollen tubes, but were not detected in the negative control. Bombarded pollen germinated pollen tubes and delivered their contents into the ovules in vivo. Although it is necessary to improve biolistic delivery efficiency and establish a method for the screening of genome-modified seeds, our findings provide important insights for the detection and production of genome-modified seeds by pollen biolistic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Nagahara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bukyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoko Mizuta
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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Anjanappa RB, Gruissem W. Current progress and challenges in crop genetic transformation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153411. [PMID: 33872932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation remains the most sought-after technology for functional genomics and crop genetic improvement, especially for introducing specific new traits and to modify or recombine already existing traits. Along with many other agricultural technologies, the global production of genetically engineered crops has steadily grown since they were first introduced 25 years ago. Since the first transfer of DNA into plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, different transformation methods have enabled rapid advances in molecular breeding approaches to bring crop varieties with novel traits to the market that would be difficult or not possible to achieve with conventional breeding methods. Today, transformation to produce genetically engineered crops is the fastest and most widely adopted technology in agriculture. The rapidly increasing number of sequenced plant genomes and information from functional genomics data to understand gene function, together with novel gene cloning and tissue culture methods, is further accelerating crop improvement and trait development. These advances are welcome and needed to make crops more resilient to climate change and to secure their yield for feeding the increasing human population. Despite the success, transformation remains a bottleneck because many plant species and crop genotypes are recalcitrant to established tissue culture and regeneration conditions, or they show poor transformability. Improvements are possible using morphogenetic transcriptional regulators, but their broader applicability remains to be tested. Advances in genome editing techniques and direct, non-tissue culture-based transformation methods offer alternative approaches to enhance varietal development in other recalcitrant crops. Here, we review recent developments in plant transformation and regeneration, and discuss opportunities for new breeding technologies in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi B Anjanappa
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Kausch AP, Wang K, Kaeppler HF, Gordon-Kamm W. Maize transformation: history, progress, and perspectives. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:38. [PMID: 37309443 PMCID: PMC10236110 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize functional genomics research and genetic improvement strategies have been greatly accelerated and refined through the development and utilization of genetic transformation systems. Maize transformation is a composite technology based on decades' efforts in optimizing multiple factors involving microbiology and physical/biochemical DNA delivery, as well as cellular and molecular biology. This review provides a historical reflection on the development of maize transformation technology including the early failures and successful milestones. It also provides a current perspective on the understanding of tissue culture responses and their impact on plant regeneration, the pros and cons of different DNA delivery methods, the identification of a palette of selectable/screenable markers, and most recently the development of growth-stimulating or morphogenic genes to improve efficiencies and extend the range of transformable genotypes. Steady research progress in these interdependent components has been punctuated by benchmark reports celebrating the progress in maize transformation, which invariably relied on a large volume of supporting research that contributed to each step and to the current state of the art. The recent explosive use of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has heightened the demand for higher transformation efficiencies, especially for important inbreds, to support increasingly sophisticated and complicated genomic modifications, in a manner that is widely accessible. These trends place an urgent demand on taking maize transformation to the next level, presaging a new generation of improvements on the horizon. Once realized, we anticipate a near-future where readily accessible, genotype-independent maize transformation, together with advanced genomics, genome editing, and accelerated breeding, will contribute to world agriculture and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P. Kausch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, RI 02892 USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Heidi F. Kaeppler
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Verma P, Tandon R, Yadav G, Gaur V. Structural Aspects of DNA Repair and Recombination in Crop Improvement. Front Genet 2020; 11:574549. [PMID: 33024442 PMCID: PMC7516265 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.574549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of global climate change combined with an exponentially increasing human population have put substantial constraints on agriculture, accelerating efforts towards ensuring food security for a sustainable future. Conventional plant breeding and modern technologies have led to the creation of plants with better traits and higher productivity. Most crop improvement approaches (conventional breeding, genome modification, and gene editing) primarily rely on DNA repair and recombination (DRR). Studying plant DRR can provide insights into designing new strategies or improvising the present techniques for crop improvement. Even though plants have evolved specialized DRR mechanisms compared to other eukaryotes, most of our insights about plant-DRRs remain rooted in studies conducted in animals. DRR mechanisms in plants include direct repair, nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Although each DRR pathway acts on specific DNA damage, there is crosstalk between these. Considering the importance of DRR pathways as a tool in crop improvement, this review focuses on a general description of each DRR pathway, emphasizing on the structural aspects of key DRR proteins. The review highlights the gaps in our understanding and the importance of studying plant DRR in the context of crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Reetika Tandon
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitanjali Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Gaur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Jha P, Ochatt SJ, Kumar V. WUSCHEL: a master regulator in plant growth signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:431-444. [PMID: 31984435 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent knowledge on functions of WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors in diverse signaling pathways governing shoot meristem biology and several other aspects of plant dynamics. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators involved in controlling different cellular and biological functions as well as diverse signaling pathways in plant growth and development. WUSCHEL (WUS) is a homeodomain transcription factor necessary for the maintenance of the stem cell niche in the shoot apical meristem, the differentiation of lateral primordia, plant cell totipotency and other diverse cellular processes. Recent research about WUS has uncovered several unique features including the complex signaling pathways that further improve the understanding of vital network for meristem biology and crop productivity. In addition, several reports bridge the gap between WUS expression and plant signaling pathway by identifying different WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) genes during the formation of shoot (apical and axillary) meristems, vegetative-to-embryo transition, genetic transformation, and other aspects of plant growth and development. In this respect, the WOX family of TFs comprises multiple members involved in diverse signaling pathways, but how these pathways are regulated remains to be elucidated. Here, we review the current status and recent discoveries on the functions of WUS and newly identified WOX family members in the regulatory network of various aspects of plant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sergio J Ochatt
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Zienkiewicz M, Krupnik T, Drożak A, Kania K. PEG-mediated, Stable, Nuclear and Chloroplast Transformation of Cyanidioschizon merolae. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3355. [PMID: 33654854 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to achieve nuclear or chloroplast transformation in plants has been a long standing goal, especially in microalgae research. Over past years there has been only little success, but transient and stable nuclear transformation has been achieved in multiple species. Our newly developed method allows for relatively simple transformation of Cyanidioschizon merolae in both nuclear and chloroplast genome by means of homologous recombination between the genome and a transformation vector. The use of chloramphenicol resistance gene as the selectable marker allows for plate-based efficient selection of mutant colonies. Overall, the method allows the generation of mutant strains within 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Krupnik
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Drożak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Kania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Pathways of DNA Transfer to Plants from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Related Bacterial Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:231-251. [PMID: 31226020 PMCID: PMC6717549 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of host plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related species represents a unique model for natural horizontal gene transfer. Almost five decades of studying the molecular interactions between Agrobacterium and its host cells have yielded countless fundamental insights into bacterial and plant biology, even though several steps of the DNA transfer process remain poorly understood. Agrobacterium spp. may utilize different pathways for transferring DNA, which likely reflects the very wide host range of Agrobacterium. Furthermore, closely related bacterial species, such as rhizobia, are able to transfer DNA to host plant cells when they are provided with Agrobacterium DNA transfer machinery and T-DNA. Homologs of Agrobacterium virulence genes are found in many bacterial genomes, but only one non-Agrobacterium bacterial strain, Rhizobium etli CFN42, harbors a complete set of virulence genes and can mediate plant genetic transformation when carrying a T-DNA-containing plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
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13
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Investigating Transgene Integration and Organization in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genome. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30543066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8952-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present detailed experimental procedures for investigating integration patterns of transgenes in cotton genome. We use conventional PCR and genomic Southern blot hybridization to characterize integration of T-DNA components and vector backbone fragments. For multiple-copy insertions into the same site (complex loci), transgene/transgene junctions (including canonical and truncated T-DNA and transgene involved vector backbone sequences) are characterized by PCR and sequencing. Inverse PCR and sequencing are used to characterize transgene/cotton genome junctions. Distribution of T-DNA insertion in cotton genome is evaluated by analysis of transgene flanking sequences. The pre-insertion sites can also be cloned and sequenced (based on the flanking sequences) for survey of genomic structure changes brought by transgene integration by comparing a pre-insertion site with corresponding transgene/plant junctions.
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14
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Tsuboyama S, Nonaka S, Ezura H, Kodama Y. Improved G-AgarTrap: A highly efficient transformation method for intact gemmalings of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10800. [PMID: 30018332 PMCID: PMC6050340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liverworts are key species for studies of plant evolution, occupying a basal position among the land plants. Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a highly studied model liverwort, and many relevant techniques, including genetic transformation, have been established for this species. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is widely used in many plant species because of its low cost. Recently, we developed a simplified Agrobacterium-mediated method for transforming M. polymorpha, known as AgarTrap (agar-utilized transformation with pouring solutions). The AgarTrap procedure, which involves culturing the liverwort tissue in various solutions on a single solid medium, yields up to a hundred independent transformants. AgarTrap is a simple procedure, requiring minimal expertise, cost, and time. Here, we investigated four factors that influence AgarTrap transformation efficiency: (1) humidity, (2) surfactant in the transformation buffer, (3) Agrobacterium strain, and (4) light/dark condition. We adapted the AgarTrap protocol for transforming intact gemmalings, achieving an exceptionally high transformation efficiency of 97%. The improved AgarTrap method will enhance the molecular biological study of M. polymorpha. Furthermore, this method provides new possibilities for improving transformation techniques for a variety of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
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15
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Tsuboyama S, Kodama Y. AgarTrap Protocols on your Benchtop: Simple Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:93-99. [PMID: 31819711 PMCID: PMC6879393 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is a powerful technique in plant biology. We recently developed a simplified Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method for the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, named AgarTrap (agar-utilized transformation with pouring solutions). AgarTrap is easy to perform; all procedures can be completed within a week using a single plate of solid medium, and basic operations involve simply pouring the appropriate solutions onto the solid medium. Thus far, we have developed three types of AgarTrap methods (S-AgarTrap, G-AgarTrap, and T-AgarTrap) using three different M. polymorpha tissues: sporelings, intact gemmalings, and mature thallus pieces, respectively. Each AgarTrap method can be used to transform tissues at high efficiency, thereby producing sufficient numbers of transformants for study. The ease and efficiency of these AgarTrap methods will likely prompt widespread molecular biological analyses of M. polymorpha. In this review, we describe the basic characteristics of the three AgarTrap methods and present the detailed protocols used in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-28-649-8154 Fax: +81-28-649-8651
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16
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Fukudome A, Goldman JS, Finlayson SA, Koiwa H. Silencing Arabidopsis CARBOXYL-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 4 induces cytokinin-oversensitive de novo shoot organogenesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:799-812. [PMID: 29573374 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a post-embryonic development programme that has been widely exploited by plant biotechnology. DNSO is a hormonally regulated process in which auxin and cytokinin (CK) coordinate suites of genes encoding transcription factors, general transcription factors, and RNA metabolism machinery. Here we report that silencing Arabidopsis thaliana carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase-like 4 (CPL4RNAi ) resulted in increased phosphorylation levels of RNA polymerase II (pol II) CTD and altered lateral root development and DNSO efficiency of the host plants. Under standard growth conditions, CPL4RNAi lines produced no or few lateral roots. When induced by high concentrations of auxin, CPL4RNAi lines failed to produce focused auxin maxima at the meristem of lateral root primordia, and produced fasciated lateral roots. In contrast, root explants of CPL4RNAi lines were highly competent for DNSO. Efficient DNSO of CPL4RNAi lines was observed even under 10 times less the CK required for the wild-type explants. Transcriptome analysis showed that CPL4RNAi , but not wild-type explants, expressed high levels of shoot meristem-related genes even during priming on medium with a high auxin/CK ratio, and during subsequent shoot induction with a lower auxin/CK ratio. Conversely, CPL4RNAi enhanced the inhibitory phenotype of the shoot redifferentiation defective2-1 mutation, which affected snRNA biogenesis and formation of the auxin gradient. These results indicated that CPL4 functions in multiple regulatory pathways that positively and negatively affect DNSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Fukudome
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jared S Goldman
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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17
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Plants as sources of natural and recombinant anti-cancer agents. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:506-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Sardesai N, Subramanyam S. Agrobacterium: A Genome-Editing Tool-Delivery System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:463-488. [PMID: 30043343 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing global population, it will be extremely challenging to provide food to the world without increasing food production by at least 70% over the next 30 years. As we reach the limits of expanding arable land, the responsibility of meeting this production goal will rely on increasing yields. Traditional plant breeding practices will not be able to realistically meet these expectations, thrusting plant biotechnology into the limelight to fulfill these needs. Better varieties will need to be developed faster and with the least amount of regulatory hurdles. With the need to add, delete, and substitute genes into existing genomes, the field of genome editing and gene targeting is now rapidly developing with numerous new technologies coming to the forefront. Agrobacterium-mediated crop transformation has been the most utilized method to generate transgenic varieties that are better yielding, have new traits, and are disease and pathogen resistant. Genome-editing technologies rely on the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genomic DNA of target species to facilitate gene disruption, addition, or replacement through either non-homologous end joining or homology-dependent repair mechanisms. DSBs can be introduced through the use of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), or clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas nucleases, among others. Agrobacterium strains have been employed to deliver the reagents for genome editing to the specific target cells. Understanding the biology of transformation from the perspective not only of Agrobacterium, but also of the host, from processing of T-DNA to its integration in the host genome, has resulted in a wealth of information that has been used to engineer Agrobacterium strains having increased virulence. As more technologies are being developed, that will help overcome issues of Agrobacterium host range and random integration of DNA, combined with highly sequence-specific nucleases, a robust crop genome-editing toolkit finally seems attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Sardesai
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, USA.
| | - Subhashree Subramanyam
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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19
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Zhao X, Meng Z, Wang Y, Chen W, Sun C, Cui B, Cui J, Yu M, Zeng Z, Guo S, Luo D, Cheng JQ, Zhang R, Cui H. Pollen magnetofection for genetic modification with magnetic nanoparticles as gene carriers. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:956-964. [PMID: 29180813 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification plays a vital role in breeding new crops with excellent traits. Almost all the current genetic modification methods require regeneration from tissue culture, involving complicated, long and laborious processes. In particular, many crop species such as cotton are difficult to regenerate. Here, we report a novel transformation platform technology, pollen magnetofection, to directly produce transgenic seeds without regeneration. In this system, exogenous DNA loaded with magnetic nanoparticles was delivered into pollen in the presence of a magnetic field. Through pollination with magnetofected pollen, transgenic plants were successfully generated from transformed seeds. Exogenous DNA was successfully integrated into the genome, effectively expressed and stably inherited in the offspring. Our system is culture-free and genotype independent. In addition, it is simple, fast and capable of multi-gene transformation. We envision that pollen magnetofection can transform almost all crops, greatly facilitating breeding processes of new varieties of transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manli Yu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jerry Q Cheng
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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20
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Hwang HH, Yu M, Lai EM. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2017; 15:e0186. [PMID: 31068763 PMCID: PMC6501860 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic transformation heavily relies on the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a powerful tool to deliver genes of interest into a host plant. Inside the plant nucleus, the transferred DNA is capable of integrating into the plant genome for inheritance to the next generation (i.e. stable transformation). Alternatively, the foreign DNA can transiently remain in the nucleus without integrating into the genome but still be transcribed to produce desirable gene products (i.e. transient transformation). From the discovery of A. tumefaciens to its wide application in plant biotechnology, numerous aspects of the interaction between A. tumefaciens and plants have been elucidated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the biology and the applications of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, which may be useful for both microbiologists and plant biologists who desire a better understanding of plant transformation, protein expression in plants, and plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402
| | - Manda Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
| | - Erh-Min Lai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
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21
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22
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Chuah JA, Horii Y, Numata K. Peptide-derived Method to Transport Genes and Proteins Across Cellular and Organellar Barriers in Plants. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060264 PMCID: PMC5226412 DOI: 10.3791/54972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to introduce exogenous proteins and express (or down-regulate) specific genes in plants provides a powerful tool for fundamental research as well as new applications in the field of plant biotechnology. Viable methods that currently exist for protein or gene transfer into plant cells, namely Agrobacterium and microprojectile bombardment, have disadvantages of low transformation frequency, limited host range, or a high cost of equipment and microcarriers. The following protocol outlines a simple and versatile method, which employs rationally-designed peptides as delivery agents for a variety of nucleic acid- and protein-based cargoes into plants. Peptides are selected as tools for development of the system due to their biodegradability, reduced size, diverse and tunable properties as well as the ability to gain intracellular/organellar access. The preparation, characterization and application of optimized formulations for each type of the wide range of delivered cargoes (plasmid DNA, double-stranded DNA or RNA, and protein) are described. Critical steps within the protocol, possible modifications and existing limitations of the method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ann Chuah
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Yoko Horii
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science;
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23
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Yang B, Liu J, Jiang Y, Chen F. Chlorella species as hosts for genetic engineering and expression of heterologous proteins: Progress, challenge and perspective. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1244-1261. [PMID: 27465356 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The species of Chlorella represent a highly specialized group of green microalgae that can produce high levels of protein. Many Chlorella strains can grow rapidly and achieve high cell density under controlled conditions and are thus considered to be promising protein sources. Many advances in the genetic engineering of Chlorella have occurred in recent years, with significant developments in successful expression of heterologous proteins for various applications. Nevertheless, a lot of obstacles remain to be addressed, and a sophisticated and stable Chlorella expression system has yet to emerge. This review provides a brief summary of current knowledge on Chlorella and an overview of recent progress in the genetic engineering of Chlorella, and highlights the advances in the development of a genetic toolbox of Chlorella for heterologous protein expression. Research directions to further exploit the Chlorella expression system with respect to both challenges and perspectives are also discussed. This paper serves as a comprehensive literature review for the Chlorella community and will provide valuable insights into future exploration of Chlorella as a promising host for heterologous protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Singapore-Peking University Research Centre for a Sustainable Low-Carbon Future, CREATE Tower, Singapore.
| | - Yue Jiang
- Runke Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Singapore-Peking University Research Centre for a Sustainable Low-Carbon Future, CREATE Tower, Singapore
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24
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Molecular Approaches to Genetically Improve the Accumulation of Health-Promoting Secondary Metabolites in Staple Crops-A Case Study: The Lipoxygenase-B1 Genes and Regulation of the Carotenoid Content in Pasta Products. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071177. [PMID: 27455242 PMCID: PMC4964548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, represent a large subset of plant molecules that include compounds with health-promoting effects. Indeed, a number of epidemiological studies have shown that, when taken regularly and in adequate amounts, these molecules can have long-term beneficial effects on human health, through reduction of the incidence of degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. As the dietary intake of these phytochemicals is often inadequate, various strategies are in use to improve their content in staple crops, and the end-products thereof. One of the most effective strategies is crop improvement through genetic approaches, as this is the only way to generate new cultivars in which the high accumulation of a given phytochemical is stably fixed. Efforts to genetically improve quality traits are rapidly evolving, from classical breeding to molecular-assisted approaches; these require sound understanding of the molecular bases underlying the traits, to identify the genes/alleles that control them. This can be achieved through global analysis of the metabolic pathway responsible for phytochemical accumulation, to identify the link between phytochemical content and the activities of key enzymes that regulate the metabolic pathway, and between the key enzymes and their encoding genes/alleles. Once these have been identified, they can be used as markers for selection of new improved genotypes through biotechnological approaches. This review provides an overview of the major health-promoting properties shown to be associated with the dietary intake of phytochemicals, and describes how molecular approaches provide means for improving the health quality of edible crops. Finally, a case study is illustrated, of the identification in durum wheat of the Lipoxygenase-B1 genes that control the final carotenoid content in semolina-based foods, such as pasta products.
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25
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Biotechnological strategies for studying actinorhizal symbiosis in Casuarinaceae: transgenesis and beyond. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Fu Q, Li C, Tang M, Tao YB, Pan BZ, Zhang L, Niu L, He H, Wang X, Xu ZF. An efficient protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas by optimizing kanamycin concentration and duration of delayed selection. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 9:405-416. [PMID: 26640597 PMCID: PMC4662722 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-015-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is considered a potential biodiesel feedstock crop. Currently, the value of J. curcas is limited because its seed yield is generally low. Transgenic modification is a promising approach to improve the seed yield of J. curcas. Although Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of J. curcas has been pursued for several years, the transformation efficiency remains unsatisfying. Therefore, a highly efficient and simple Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method for J. curcas should be developed. We examined and optimized several key factors that affect genetic transformation of J. curcas in this study. The results showed that the EHA105 strain was superior to the other three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains for infecting J. curcas cotyledons, and the supplementation of 100 mM acetosyringone slightly increased the transient transformation frequency. Use of the appropriate inoculation method, optimal kanamycin concentration and appropriate duration of delayed selection also improved the efficiency of stable genetic transformation of J. curcas. The percentage of β-glucuronidase positive J. curcas shoots reached as high as 56.0 %, and 1.70 transformants per explant were obtained with this protocol. Furthermore, we optimized the root-inducing medium to achieve a rooting rate of 84.9 %. Stable integration of the T-DNA into the genomes of putative transgenic lines was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Using this improved protocol, a large number of transgenic J. curcas plantlets can be routinely obtained within approximately 4 months. The detailed information provided here for each step of J. curcas transformation should enable successful implementation of this transgenic technology in other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantang Fu
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Chaoqiong Li
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
- />College of Life Science and Agriculture, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001 Henan China
| | - Mingyong Tang
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Bang-Zhen Pan
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Lu Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Longjian Niu
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Huiying He
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Xiulan Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303 Yunnan China
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27
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Heterologous DNA Uptake in Cultured Symbiodinium spp. Aided by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132693. [PMID: 26167858 PMCID: PMC4500500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-targeted pCB302 plasmids containing sequences encoding gfp fusions with a microtubule-binding domain; gfp with the fimbrin actin-binding domain 2; and gfp with AtRACK1C from Arabidopsis thaliana, all harbored in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were used to assay heterologous expression on three different clades of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium. Accessibility to the resistant cell wall and through the plasma membrane of these dinoflagellates was gained after brief but vigorous shaking in the presence of glass beads and polyethylene glycol. A resistance gene to the herbicide Basta allowed appropriate selection of the cells expressing the hybrid proteins, which showed a characteristic green fluorescence, although they appeared to lose their photosynthetic pigments and did not further divide. Cell GFP expression frequency measured as green fluorescence emission yielded 839 per every 106 cells for Symbiodinium kawagutii, followed by 640 and 460 per every 106 cells for Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Symbiodinium sp. Mf11, respectively. Genomic PCR with specific primers amplified the AtRACK1C and gfp sequences after selection in all clades, thus revealing their presence in the cells. RT-PCR from RNA of S. kawagutii co-incubated with A. tumefaciens harboring each of the three vectors with their respective constructs, amplified products corresponding to the heterologous gfp sequence while no products were obtained from three distinct negative controls. The reported procedure shows that mild abrasion followed by co-incubation with A. tumefaciens harboring heterologous plasmids with CaMV35S and nos promoters can lead to expression of the encoded proteins into the Symbiodinium cells in culture. Despite the obvious drawbacks of the procedure, this is an important first step towards a stable transformation of Symbiodinium.
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Yang K, Qi L, Zhang Z. Isolation and characterization of a novel wall-associated kinase gene TaWAK5 in wheat (Triticum aestivum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Khan SA, Ur Rahman L, Shanker K, Singh M. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plant and somaclone production through direct and indirect regeneration from leaves in Stevia rebaudiana with their glycoside profile. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:661-670. [PMID: 24154495 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA-105 harboring pCAMBIA 1304)-mediated transgenic plant production via direct regeneration from leaf and elite somaclones generation through indirect regeneration in Stevia rebaudiana is reported. Optimum direct regeneration frequency along with highest transformation frequency was found on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA, while indirect regeneration from callus was obtained on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 2 mg/l NAA. Successful transfer of GUS-positive (GUS assay and PCR-based confirmation) transgenic as well as four somaclones up to glasshouse acclimatization has been achieved. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) profiling of transgenic and somaclonal plants showed a total of 113 bands, out of which 49 were monomorphic (43.36 %) and 64 were polymorphic (56.64 %). Transgenic plant was found to be closer to mother plant, while on the basis of steviol, stevioside, and rebaudioside A profile, somaclone S2 was found to be the best and showed maximum variability in ISSR profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Ahmad Khan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India,
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Zhang J, Hong Y. Investigating transgene integration and organization in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genome. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 958:95-107. [PMID: 23143486 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-212-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present detailed experimental procedures for investigating integration patterns of transgenes in cotton genome. We use conventional PCR and genomic Southern blot hybridization to characterize integration of T-DNA components and vector backbone fragments. For multiple copy insertions into the same site (complex loci), transgene/transgene junctions (including canonical and truncated T-DNA and transgene involved vector backbone sequences) are characterized by PCR and sequencing. Inverse PCR (see Note 1) and sequencing is used to characterize transgene/cotton genome junctions. Distribution of T-DNA insertion in cotton genome is evaluated by analysis of transgene flanking sequences. The pre-insertion sites can also be cloned and sequenced (based on the flanking sequences) for survey of genomic structure changes brought by transgene integration by comparing a pre-insertion site with corresponding transgene/plant junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Physical methods for genetic plant transformation. Phys Life Rev 2012; 9:308-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Wilson SA, Roberts SC. Recent advances towards development and commercialization of plant cell culture processes for the synthesis of biomolecules. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:249-68. [PMID: 22059985 PMCID: PMC3288596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell culture systems were initially explored for use in commercial synthesis of several high-value secondary metabolites, allowing for sustainable production that was not limited by the low yields associated with natural harvest or the high cost associated with complex chemical synthesis. Although there have been some commercial successes, most notably paclitaxel production from Taxus sp., process limitations exist with regards to low product yields and inherent production variability. A variety of strategies are being developed to overcome these limitations including elicitation, in situ product removal and metabolic engineering with single genes and transcription factors. Recently, the plant cell culture production platform has been extended to pharmaceutically active heterologous proteins. Plant systems are beneficial because they are able to produce complex proteins that are properly glycosylated, folded and assembled without the risk of contamination by toxins that are associated with mammalian or microbial production systems. Additionally, plant cell culture isolates transgenic material from the environment, allows for more controllable conditions over field-grown crops and promotes secretion of proteins to the medium, reducing downstream purification costs. Despite these benefits, the increase in cost of heterologous protein synthesis in plant cell culture as opposed to field-grown crops is significant and therefore processes must be optimized with regard to maximizing secretion and enhancing protein stability in the cell culture media. This review discusses recent advancements in plant cell culture processing technology, focusing on progress towards overcoming the problems associated with commercialization of these production systems and highlighting recent commercial successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Bhoo SH, Lai H, Ma J, Arntzen CJ, Chen Q, Mason HS. Expression of an immunogenic Ebola immune complex in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:807-16. [PMID: 21281425 PMCID: PMC4022790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The US Centers for Disease Control identifies Ebola and Marburg viruses as 'category A' pathogens (defined as posing a risk to national security as bioterrorism agents), which has lead to a search for vaccines that could prevent the disease. Because the use of such vaccines would be in the service of public health, the cost of production is an important component of their development. The use of plant biotechnology is one possible way to cost-effectively produce subunit vaccines. In this work, a geminiviral replicon system was used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ebola glycoprotein (GP1) was fused at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of humanized 6D8 IgG monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds to a linear epitope on GP1. Co-expression of the GP1-heavy chain fusion and the 6D8 light chain using a geminiviral vector in leaves of N. benthamiana produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and protein G affinity chromatography. Immune complex formation was confirmed by assays to show that the recombinant protein bound the complement factor C1q. Size measurements of purified recombinant protein by dynamic light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography also indicated complex formation. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/C mice with purified EIC resulted in anti-Ebola virus antibody production at levels comparable to those obtained with a GP1 virus-like particle. These results show excellent potential for a plant-expressed EIC as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Bhoo
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center Kyung Hee University, Yong-In 446-701, Korea
| | - Huafang Lai
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Julian Ma
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
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Imani J, Li L, Schäfer P, Kogel KH. STARTS--a stable root transformation system for rapid functional analyses of proteins of the monocot model plant barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:726-735. [PMID: 21518054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Large data sets are generated from plants by the various 'omics platforms. Currently, a limiting step in data analysis is the assessment of protein function and its translation into a biological context. The lack of robust high-throughput transformation systems for monocotyledonous plants, to which the vast majority of crop plants belong, is a major restriction and impedes exploitation of novel traits in agriculture. Here we present a stable root transformation system for barley, termed STARTS, that allows assessment of gene function in root tissues within 6 weeks. The system is based on the finding that a callus, produced on root induction medium from the scutellum of the immature embryo, is able to regenerate roots from single transformed cells by concomitant suppression of shoot development. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfer of genes involved in root development and pathogenesis, we show that those calli regenerate large amounts of uniformly transformed roots for in situ functional analysis of newly expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafargholi Imani
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plant production via direct shoot bud organogenesis from pre-plasmolyzed leaf explants of Catharanthus roseus. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1053-60. [PMID: 21207108 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Production of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plants, via direct shoot bud organogenesis from leaves of Catharanthus roseus, is reported. A. tumefaciens harbouring the plasmid pBI121 with GUS gene uidA and kanamycin resistance gene nptII was used. Highest transformation efficiency of 1.4 transgenic shoots/responded explant was obtained when pre-plasmolysed leaves, pre-incubated on shoot bud induction medium for 10 days, were subjected to sonication for 30 s prior to transformation. Using a selection medium containing 50 mg kanamycin l(-1), transformants grew into micro-shoots and formed roots on a hormone-free half strength MS medium. The transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by PCR amplification of uidA gene and GUS histochemical assay.
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Abstract
The advent of transgenic technologies has met many challenges, both technical and political; however, these technologies are now widely applied, particularly for crop improvement. Bioengineering has resulted in plants carrying resistance to herbicides, insects, and viruses, as well as entire biosynthetic pathways. Some of the technical challenges in generating transgenic plant or animal materials include: an inability to control the location and nature of the integration of transgenic DNA into the host genome, and linkage of transformed genes to selectable antibiotic resistance genes used in the production of the transgene cassette. Furthermore, successive transformation of multiple genes may require the use of several selection genes. The coordinated expression of multiple stacked genes would be required for complex biosynthetic pathways or combined traits. Engineered nonintegrating minichromosomes can overcome many of these problems and hold much promise as key players in the next generation of transgenic technologies for improved crop plants. In this review, we discuss the history of artificial chromosome technology with an emphasis on engineered plant minichromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Gaeta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Davies HM. Review article: commercialization of whole-plant systems for biomanufacturing of protein products: evolution and prospects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:845-861. [PMID: 20731788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Technology for enabling plants to biomanufacture nonnative proteins in commercially significant quantities has been available for just over 20 years. During that time, the agricultural world has witnessed rapid commercialization and widespread adoption of transgenic crops enhanced for agronomic performance (herbicide-tolerance, insect-resistance), while plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) and plant-made industrial products (PMIPs) have been limited to experimental and small-scale commercial production. This difference in the rate of commercial implementation likely reflects the very different business-development challenges associated with 'product' technologies compared with 'enabling' ('platform') technologies. However, considerable progress has been made in advancing and refining plant-based production of proteins, both technologically and in regard to identifying optimal business prospects. This review summarizes these developments, contrasting today's technologies and prospective applications with those of the industry's formative years, and suggesting how the PM(I)P industry's evolution has generated a very positive outlook for the 'plant-made' paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maelor Davies
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, and Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Pitzschke A, Hirt H. New insights into an old story: Agrobacterium-induced tumour formation in plants by plant transformation. EMBO J 2010; 29:1021-32. [PMID: 20150897 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes tumour formation in plants. Plant signals induce in the bacteria the expression of a range of virulence (Vir) proteins and the formation of a type IV secretion system (T4SS). On attachment to plant cells, a transfer DNA (T-DNA) and Vir proteins are imported into the host cells through the bacterial T4SS. Through interaction with a number of host proteins, the Vir proteins suppress the host innate immune system and support the transfer, nuclear targeting, and integration of T-DNA into host cell chromosomes. Owing to extensive genetic analyses, the bacterial side of the plant-Agrobacterium interaction is well understood. However, progress on the plant side has only been achieved recently, revealing a highly complex molecular choreography under the direction of the Vir proteins that impinge on multiple processes including transport, transcription, and chromosome status of their host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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Johanningmeier U, Fischer D. Perspective for the Use of Genetic Transformants in Order to Enhance the Synthesis of the Desired Metabolites: Engineering Chloroplasts of Microalgae for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Rao AQ, Bakhsh A, Kiani S, Shahzad K, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Riazuddin S. The myth of plant transformation. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:753-763. [PMID: 19508888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Technology development is innovative to many aspects of basic and applied plant transgenic science. Plant genetic engineering has opened new avenues to modify crops, and provided new solutions to solve specific needs. Development of procedures in cell biology to regenerate plants from single cells or organized tissue, and the discovery of novel techniques to transfer genes to plant cells provided the prerequisite for the practical use of genetic engineering in crop modification and improvement. Plant transformation technology has become an adaptable platform for cultivar improvement as well as for studying gene function in plants. This success represents the climax of years of efforts in tissue culture improvement, in transformation techniques and in genetic engineering. Plant transformation vectors and methodologies have been improved to increase the efficiency of transformation and to achieve stable expression of transgenes in plants. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of important issues related to plant transformation as well as advances made in transformation techniques during three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qayyum Rao
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Kiani
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Shahzad
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - S Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
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Schmidt G, Gadermaier G, Pertl H, Siegert M, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Ritala A, Himly M, Obermeyer G, Ferreira F. Production of recombinant allergens in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2008; 7:539-552. [PMID: 21258627 PMCID: PMC3024541 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A large percentage of allergenic proteins are of plant origin. Hence, plant-based expression systems are considered ideal for the recombinant production of certain allergens. First attempts to establish production of plant-derived allergens in plants focused on transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana infected with recombinant viral vectors. Accordingly, allergens from birch and mugwort pollen, as well as from apple have been expressed in plants. Production of house dust mite allergens has been achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco plants. Beside the use of plants as production systems, other approaches have focused on the development of edible vaccines expressing allergens or epitopes thereof, which bypasses the need of allergen purification. The potential of this approach has been convincingly demonstrated for transgenic rice seeds expressing seven dominant human T cell epitopes derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Parallel to efforts in developing recombinant-based diagnostic and therapeutic reagents, different gene-silencing approaches have been used to decrease the expression of allergenic proteins in allergen sources. In this way hypoallergenic ryegrass, soybean, rice, apple, and tomato were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schmidt
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Petrunia IV, Frolova OY, Komarova TV, Kiselev SL, Citovsky V, Dorokhov YL. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced bacteraemia does not lead to reporter gene expression in mouse organs. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2352. [PMID: 18523638 PMCID: PMC2396281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the main plant biotechnology gene transfer tool with host range which can be extended to non-plant eukaryotic organisms under laboratory conditions. Known medical cases of Agrobacterium species isolation from bloodstream infections necessitate the assessment of biosafety-related risks of A. tumefaciens encounters with mammalian organisms. Here, we studied the survival of A. tumefaciens in bloodstream of mice injected with bacterial cultures. Bacterial titers of 10(8) CFU were detected in the blood of the injected animals up to two weeks after intravenous injection. Agrobacteria carrying Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter-based constructs and isolated from the injected mice retained their capacity to promote green fluorescent protein (GFP) synthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. To examine whether or not the injected agrobacteria are able to express in mouse organs, we used an intron-containing GFP (GFPi) reporter driven either by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter or by a CaMV 35S promoter. Western and northern blot analyses as well as RT-PCR analysis of liver, spleen and lung of mice injected with A. tumefaciens detected neither GFP protein nor its transcripts. Thus, bacteraemia induced in mice by A. tumefaciens does not lead to detectable levels of genetic transformation of mouse organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Petrunia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Y. Frolova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Kiselev
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enhances Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer into plant cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2526-8. [PMID: 18310418 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02253-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is widely used for plant molecular genetics, and efficient techniques are required. Recent studies show that ethylene inhibits the gene transfer. To suppress ethylene evolution, we introduced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The ACC deaminase enhanced A. tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer into plants.
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Nonaka S, Yuhashi KI, Takada K, Sugaware M, Minamisawa K, Ezura H. Ethylene production in plants during transformation suppresses vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:647-56. [PMID: 18331427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene evolution from plants inhibits Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, but the mechanism is little understood. In this study, the possible role of ethylene in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was clarified. It was tested whether or not plant ethylene sensitivity affected genetic transformation; the sensitivity might regulate bacterial growth during co-cultivation and vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For these experiments, melon (Cucumis melo) was used, in which ethylene sensitivity was controlled by chemicals, and Arabidopsis ethylene-insensitive mutants. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was inhibited in ethylene-sensing melon, whereas, in Arabidopsis ethylene-insensitive mutant, it was enhanced. However, the ethylene sensitivity did not affect bacterial growth. vir gene expression was inhibited by application of plant exudate from ethylene-sensitive plants. The inhibitory effect of the ethylene sensitivity on genetic transformation relieved the activation of vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens with vir gene inducer molecule (acetosyringone, AS) or A. tumefaciens mutant strain which has constitutive vir gene expression. These results indicate that ethylene evolution from a plant inoculated with A. tumefaciens inhibited vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens through the ethylene signal transduction in the plant, and, as a result, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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Zhang J, Cai L, Cheng J, Mao H, Fan X, Meng Z, Chan KM, Zhang H, Qi J, Ji L, Hong Y. Transgene integration and organization in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genome. Transgenic Res 2007; 17:293-306. [PMID: 17549600 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While genetically modified upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties are ranked among the most successful genetically modified organisms (GMO), there is little knowledge on transgene integration in the cotton genome, partly because of the difficulty in obtaining large numbers of transgenic plants. In this study, we analyzed 139 independently derived T0 transgenic cotton plants transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 carrying a binary plasmid pPZP-GFP. It was found by PCR that as many as 31% of the plants had integration of vector backbone sequences. Of the 110 plants with good genomic Southern blot results, 37% had integration of a single T-DNA, 24% had two T-DNA copies and 39% had three or more copies. Multiple copies of the T-DNA existed either as repeats in complex loci or unlinked loci. Our further analysis of two T1 populations showed that segregants with a single T-DNA and no vector sequence could be obtained from T0 plants having multiple T-DNA copies and vector sequence. Out of the 57 T-DNA/T-DNA junctions cloned from complex loci, 27 had canonical T-DNA tandem repeats, the rest (30) had deletions to T-DNAs or had inclusion of vector sequences. Overlapping micro-homology was present for most of the T-DNA/T-DNA junctions (38/57). Right border (RB) ends of the T-DNA were precise while most left border (LB) ends (64%) had truncations to internal border sequences. Sequencing of collinear vector integration outside LB in 33 plants gave evidence that collinear vector sequence was determined in agrobacterium culture. Among the 130 plants with characterized flanking sequences, 12% had the transgene integrated into coding sequences, 12% into repetitive sequences, 7% into rDNAs. Interestingly, 7% had the transgene integrated into chloroplast derived sequences. Nucleotide sequence comparison of target sites in cotton genome before and after T-DNA integration revealed overlapping microhomology between target sites and the T-DNA (8/8), deletions to cotton genome in most cases studied (7/8) and some also had filler sequences (3/8). This information on T-DNA integration in cotton will facilitate functional genomic studies and further crop improvement.
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MESH Headings
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Genome, Plant
- Gossypium/genetics
- Gossypium/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transformation, Genetic
- Transgenes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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Shishkova S, García-Mendoza E, Castillo-Díaz V, Moreno NE, Arellano J, Dubrovsky JG. Regeneration of roots from callus reveals stability of the developmental program for determinate root growth in Sonoran Desert Cactaceae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:547-57. [PMID: 17136545 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In some Sonoran Desert Cactaceae the primary root has a determinate root growth: the cells of the root apical meristem undergo only a few cell division cycles and then differentiate. The determinate growth of primary roots in Cactaceae was found in plants cultivated under various growth conditions, and could not be reverted by any treatment tested. The mechanisms involved in root meristem maintenance and determinate root growth in plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we have shown that roots regenerated from the callus of two Cactaceae species, Stenocereus gummosus and Ferocactus peninsulae, have a determinate growth pattern, similar to that of the primary root. To demonstrate this, a protocol for root regeneration from callus was established. The determinate growth pattern of roots regenerated from callus suggests that the program of root development is very stable in these species. These findings will permit future analysis of the role of certain Cactaceae genes in the determinate pattern of root growth via the regeneration of transgenic roots from transformed calli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 510-3, C. P. 62250, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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47
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McCullen CA, Binns AN. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and plant cell interactions and activities required for interkingdom macromolecular transfer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2006; 22:101-27. [PMID: 16709150 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.011105.102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Host recognition and macromolecular transfer of virulence-mediating effectors represent critical steps in the successful transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This review focuses on bacterial and plant-encoded components that interact to mediate these two processes. First, we examine the means by which Agrobacterium recognizes the host, via both diffusible plant-derived chemicals and cell-cell contact, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which multiple host signals are recognized and activate the virulence process. Second, we characterize the recognition and transfer of protein and protein-DNA complexes through the bacterial and plant cell membrane and wall barriers, emphasizing the central role of a type IV secretion system-the VirB complex-in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A McCullen
- Department of Biology and Plant Sciences Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
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48
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Lacroix B, Li J, Tzfira T, Citovsky V. Will you let me use your nucleus? How Agrobacterium gets its T-DNA expressed in the host plant cell. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:333-45. [PMID: 16902581 DOI: 10.1139/y05-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium is the only known bacterium capable of natural DNA transfer into a eukaryotic host. The genes transferred to host plants are contained on a T-DNA (transferred DNA) molecule, the transfer of which begins with its translocation, along with several effector proteins, from the bacterial cell to the host-cell cytoplasm. In the host cytoplasm, the T-complex is formed from a single-stranded copy of the T-DNA (T-strand) associated with several bacterial and host proteins and it is imported into the host nucleus via interactions with the host nuclear import machinery. Once inside the nucleus, the T-complex is most likely directed to the host genome by associating with histones. Finally, the chromatin-associated T-complex is uncoated from its escorting proteins prior to the conversion of the T-strand to a double-stranded form and its integration into the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of NY, Stony Brook, 11794-5212, USA.
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49
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Lacroix B, Tzfira T, Vainstein A, Citovsky V. A case of promiscuity: Agrobacterium's endless hunt for new partners. Trends Genet 2005; 22:29-37. [PMID: 16289425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a phytopathogenic bacterium that induces the 'crown gall' disease in plants by transfer and integration of a segment of its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA into the genome of numerous plant species that represent most of the higher plant families. Recently, it has been shown that, under laboratory conditions, the host range of Agrobacterium can be extended to non-plant eukaryotic organisms. These include yeast, filamentous fungi, cultivated mushrooms and human cultured cells. In this article, we present Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of non-plant organisms as a source of new protocols for genetic transformation, as a unique tool for genomic studies (insertional mutagenesis or targeted DNA integration) and as a useful model system to study bacterium-host cell interactions. Moreover, better knowledge of the DNA-transfer mechanisms from bacteria to eukaryotic organisms can also help in understanding horizontal gene transfer--a driving force throughout biological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
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50
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Spök A, Gaugitsch H, Laffer S, Pauli G, Saito H, Sampson H, Sibanda E, Thomas W, van Hage M, Valenta R. Suggestions for the Assessment of the Allergenic Potential of Genetically Modified Organisms. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137:167-80. [PMID: 15947472 DOI: 10.1159/000086315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing continuously and, accordingly, there is a great desire to evaluate the allergenic potential of components in our daily environment (e.g., food). Although there is almost no scientific evidence that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) exhibit increased allergenicity compared with the corresponding wild type significant concerns have been raised regarding this matter. In principle, it is possible that the allergenic potential of GMOs may be increased due to the introduction of potential foreign allergens, to potentially upregulated expression of allergenic components caused by the modification of the wild type organism or to different means of exposure. According to the current practice, the proteins to be introduced into a GMO are evaluated for their physiochemical properties, sequence homology with known allergens and occasionally regarding their allergenic activity. We discuss why these current rules and procedures cannot predict or exclude the allergenicity of a given GMO with certainty. As an alternative we suggest to improve the current evaluation by an experimental comparison of the wild-type organism with the whole GMO regarding their potential to elicit reactions in allergic individuals and to induce de novo sensitizations. We also recommend that the suggested assessment procedures be equally applied to GMOs as well as to natural cultivars in order to establish effective measures for allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Spök
- Inter-University Research Centre for Technology, Work, and Culture, Graz, Austria
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