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Rengasamy N, Othman RY, Che HS, Harikrishna JA. Beyond the PAR spectra: impact of light quality on the germination, flowering, and metabolite content of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:299-311. [PMID: 34091912 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevia rebaudiana is a high value crop due to the strong commercial demand for its metabolites (steviol glycosides) but has limited geographical cultivation range. In non-native environments with different daylength and light quality, Stevia has low germination rates and early flowering resulting in lower biomass and poor yield of the desired metabolites. In this study, artificial lighting with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was used to determine if different light quality within and outside of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range can be used to improve germination rates and yields for production of steviol glycosides for the herbal supplement and food industry. RESULTS Plants treated with red and blue light at an intensity of 130 μmol m-2 s-1 supplemented with 5% of UV-A light under a 16-h photoperiod produced the most desirable overall results with a high rate of germination, low percentage of early flowering, and high yields of dry leaf, stevioside and rebaudioside A, 175 days after planting. CONCLUSION While red and blue light combinations are effective for plant growth, the use of supplemental non-PAR irradiation of UV-A wavelength significantly and desirably delayed flowering, enhanced germination, biomass, rebaudioside A and stevioside yields, while supplemental green light improved yield of biomass and rebaudioside A, but not stevioside. Overall, the combination of red, blue and UV-A light resulted in the best overall productivity for Stevia rebaudiana. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendren Rengasamy
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rofina Y Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hang S Che
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer A Harikrishna
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang T, Yang Y, Tong H, Yuan H. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into steviol glycoside synthesis in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves under nitrogen deficiency. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1709-1722. [PMID: 34129077 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis revealed the potential mechanism of nitrogen regulating steviol glycosides synthesis via shifting of leaf carbon metabolic flux or inducing certain transcription factors. Nitrogen (N) plays key regulatory roles in both stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) growth and the synthesis of its functional metabolite steviol glycosides (SGs), but the mechanism by which this nutrient regulates SGs synthesis remains to be elucidated. To address this question, a pot experiment was performed in a greenhouse where stevia plants fertilized with N (the control as CK plants) and compared with plants without the supply of N. Physiological and biochemical analyses were conducted to test the growth and metabolic responses of plants to N regimes. Our results showed that N deficiency significantly inhibited plant growth and leaf photosynthesis, while increased leaf SGs contents in stevia (49.97, 46.64 and 84.80% respectively for rebaudioside A, stevioside, and rebaudioside C), which may be partly due to "concentration effect". Then, transcriptome analysis was conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms. A total of 535 differentially expressed genes were identified, and carbon metabolism-related events were highlighted by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Many of these genes were significantly upregulated by N-deficiency, including those involved in "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "flavonoid biosynthesis" and "starch and sucrose metabolism". Our study also analyzed the expression patterns of SGs synthesis-related genes under two N regimes and the potential transcription factors linking N nutrition and SG metabolism. N-deficiency may promote SGs synthesis by changing the carbon metabolism flux or inducing certain transcription factors. Our results provide deeper insight into the relationship between N nutrition and SGs synthesis in stevia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiying Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Qianhuhoucun Village, Zhongshan Gate, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China.
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Sheikhalipour M, Esmaielpour B, Gohari G, Haghighi M, Jafari H, Farhadi H, Kulak M, Kalisz A. Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134090. [PMID: 34279430 PMCID: PMC8271991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High salt levels are one of the significant and major limiting factors on crop yield and productivity. Out of the available attempts made against high salt levels, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely employed and considered as effective strategies in this regard. Of these NPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and selenium functionalized using chitosan nanoparticles (Cs–Se NPs) were applied for a quite number of plants, but their potential roles for alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on stevia remains unclear. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is one of the reputed medicinal plants due to their diterpenoid steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A). For this reason, the current study was designed to investigate the potential of TiO2 NPs (0, 100 and 200 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (0, 10 and 20 mg L−1) to alleviate salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) in stevia. The findings of the study revealed that salinity decreased the growth and photosynthetic traits but resulted in substantial cell damage through increasing H2O2 and MDA content, as well as electrolyte leakage (EL). However, the application of TiO2 NPs (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1) increased the growth, photosynthetic performance and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the contents of H2O2, MDA and EL under the saline conditions. In addition to the enhanced growth and physiological performance of the plant, the essential oil content was also increased with the treatments of TiO2 (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1). In addition, the tested NPs treatments increased the concentration of stevioside (in the non-saline condition and under salinity stress) and rebaudioside A (under the salinity conditions) in stevia plants. Overall, the current findings suggest that especially 100 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs and 20 mg L−1 Cs–Se could be considered as promising agents in combating high levels of salinity in the case of stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Sheikhalipour
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Mohagheh Ardabili, Ardabil 13131-56199, Iran; (M.S.); (B.E.)
| | - Behrooz Esmaielpour
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Mohagheh Ardabili, Ardabil 13131-56199, Iran; (M.S.); (B.E.)
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-83111, Iran;
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Maryam Haghighi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Hessam Jafari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran;
| | - Habib Farhadi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-83111, Iran;
| | - Muhittin Kulak
- Department of Herbal and Animal Production, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Igdir University, Igdir 76000, Turkey;
| | - Andrzej Kalisz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (A.K.)
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Sun Y, Hou M, Mur LAJ, Yang Y, Zhang T, Xu X, Huang S, Tong H. Nitrogen drives plant growth to the detriment of leaf sugar and steviol glycosides metabolisms in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 141:240-249. [PMID: 31195254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides (SGs) in Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves are important due to their high sweetness and low calorific value. The yield of SGs is dependent on fertilization regimes, but the relationship between nitrogen (N) administration and SGs synthesis is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of N rates on SGs production through hydroponic and plot experiments. The SGs yield was not significantly changed by N fertilization, but leaf SGs concentrations were significantly reduced due to the "dilution effect". Additionally, N addition decreased leaf carbon (C)/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration, accompanied with the inhibited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and L-phenylalanine ammonia_lyase activities. A significant positive correlation between leaf SGs concentrations, C/N ratio and soluble sugar concentration was observed. Overall, we suggest that N-driven Stevia growth negatively affects SGs concentrations. The leaf C/N ratio and soluble sugar changes indicated the occurrence of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Menglan Hou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiying Tong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Debnath M, Ashwath N, Hill CB, Callahan DL, Dias DA, Jayasinghe NS, Midmore DJ, Roessner U. Comparative metabolic and ionomic profiling of two cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. (Bertoni) grown under salinity stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 129:56-70. [PMID: 29800808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation on the impact of increasing NaCl concentrations on hydroponically grown Stevia rebaudiana cultivars (Shoutian-2 and Fengtian). Growth parameters including plant height, biomass and physiological responses including osmotic potential were measured. In addition, the levels of steviol glycosides, elements and primary metabolites were measured and statistically evaluated. The cultivar Fengtian grew faster, accumulated less Na+ and compatible organic solutes, and more K+ in the leaves, as compared to the cv. Shoutian-2. Metabolite analysis identified 81 differentially accumulated metabolites, indicating an alteration in the metabolite phenotype of both cultivars upon exposure to salinity A general increase in many amino acids, amines, sugars and sugar phosphates with a concurrent decrease in most organic acids; including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, was observed. In the more salt tolerant cv. Fengtian, the levels of hexose phosphates and metabolites involved in cellular protection increased in response to salinity. These metabolites remained unchanged in the sensitive cv. Shoutian-2. Interestingly, salt treatment notably increased the rebaudioside A concentration by 53% while at the same time stevioside decreased by 38% in Fengtian which has important implications for controlling the relative amounts of reboudioside A and stevioside. The findings of this study leads to the conclusion that mild salinity stress can increase the yield of sweetener compounds, which is dependent on the cultivar and the level of salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Debnath
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India; Central Queensland University, Institute for Future Farming Systems, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Nanjappa Ashwath
- Central Queensland University, Institute for Future Farming Systems, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Camilla Beate Hill
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (Burwood Campus), 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Daniel Anthony Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | | | - David James Midmore
- Central Queensland University, Institute for Future Farming Systems, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Singh G, Singh G, Singh P, Parmar R, Paul N, Vashist R, Swarnkar MK, Kumar A, Singh S, Singh AK, Kumar S, Sharma RK. Molecular dissection of transcriptional reprogramming of steviol glycosides synthesis in leaf tissue during developmental phase transitions in Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11835. [PMID: 28928460 PMCID: PMC5605536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia is a natural source of commercially important steviol glycosides (SGs), which share biosynthesis route with gibberellic acids (GAs) through plastidal MEP and cytosolic MVA pathways. Ontogeny-dependent deviation in SGs biosynthesis is one of the key factor for global cultivation of Stevia, has not been studied at transcriptional level. To dissect underlying molecular mechanism, we followed a global transcriptome sequencing approach and generated more than 100 million reads. Annotation of 41,262 de novo assembled transcripts identified all the genes required for SGs and GAs biosynthesis. Differential gene expression and quantitative analysis of important pathway genes (DXS, HMGR, KA13H) and gene regulators (WRKY, MYB, NAC TFs) indicated developmental phase dependent utilization of metabolic flux between SGs and GAs synthesis. Further, identification of 124 CYPs and 45 UGTs enrich the genomic resources, and their PPI network analysis with SGs/GAs biosynthesis proteins identifies putative candidates involved in metabolic changes, as supported by their developmental phase-dependent expression. These putative targets can expedite molecular breeding and genetic engineering efforts to enhance SGs content, biomass and yield. Futuristically, the generated dataset will be a useful resource for development of functional molecular markers for diversity characterization, genome mapping and evolutionary studies in Stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajni Parmar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Navgeet Paul
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Vashist
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatsujat Singh
- Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, PDU Campus, IINRG, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Khan A, Jayanthi M, Gantasala NP, Bhooshan N, Rao U. A rapid and efficient protocol for in vitro multiplication of genetically uniform Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Indian J Exp Biol 2016; 54:477-481. [PMID: 29466627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), commonly called candy leaf or sweet leaf, endemic to South America, is an important medicinal plant. As a source of low calorie natural sweetener 'stevoside', it is used in obesity, diabetes, treatment of heartburn and tooth decay, and also serves as a food supplement. Large scale commercial propagation of S. rebaudiana demands a suitable protocol. Here, we propose an improved protocol for in vitro multiplication of S. rebaudiana from nodal explants. In this protocol, the effect of laboratory grade urea on multiple shoot induction from nodal explants was studied. The nodal explants were initially cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media for 2 weeks which facilitated the axillary bud break. Further, culturing of these explants on MS medium fortified with 6 benzyl amninopurine (BAP) (2 mg/L) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1 mg/L) with and .without urea (5 mg/L) for a period of 40 days revealed maximum shoot production of 44.56 from a single nodal explant in media supplemented with urea as compared to 22.44 without urea. The differences in the number of shoots produced were significant and these shoots readily rooted in MS media with NAA (4 mg/L). Primary and secondary hardening was successful in these plants. There were no visible morphological abnormalities observed in the micropropagated plantlets. Genetic analysis from random samples also revealed that these plants are genetically uniform. The advantage of the present protocol is that the complete process of multiple shoot induction, rooting and hardening could be completed within a period of 6 months as compared to the existing protocols.
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Modi A, Kumar N, Narayanan S. Transcript Quantification of Genes Involved in Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1391:289-301. [PMID: 27108325 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a medicinal plant having sweet, diterpenoid glycosides known as steviol glycosides which are 200-300 times sweeter than sucrose (0.4 % solution). They are synthesized mainly in the leaves via plastid localized 2-C-methyl-D-erythrose-4-phosphate pathway (MEP pathway). Fifteen genes are involved in the formation of these glycosides. In the present protocol, a method for the quantification of transcripts of these genes is shown. The work involves RNA extraction and cDNA preparation, and therefore, procedures for the confirmation of DNA-free cDNA preparation have also been illustrated. Moreover, details of plant treatments are not mentioned as this protocol may apply to relative gene expression profile in any medicinal plant with any treatment. The treatments are numbered as T0 (Control), T1, T2, T3, and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Centre of Biological Sciences (Biotechnology), School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Science, Central University of Bihar, Patna, 800014, India
| | - Subhash Narayanan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, India
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Abstract
Here we describe an efficient micropropagation protocol for Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. We present experiments carried out to optimize the suitable media for in vitro shoot multiplication and root induction and to study the effect of culture vessel on shoot multiplication. Among all different media tested for in vitro shoot multiplication, hormone-free liquid medium is most suitable. The highest number of nodes per shoot (5.4) and length of shoot (4.76 cm) at 4 weeks after subculturing are observed when single node explants are placed on modified MS medium supplemented with 1 % sucrose and 0.7 % agar. The highest response of multiplication rate (9.56) is observed on half strength of macroelement of MS with full strength of microelement of MS and 170 mg/l KH2PO4, and 185 mg/l MgSO4 in plastic growth container. Further, RAPD marker analysis of in vitro-raised plants maintained their clonal fidelity and true-to-type without showing any somaclonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan R Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, Gujarat, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Arni University, Kathgarh, Indora, HP, India
| | - Ghanshyam Patil
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, Gujarat, India
| | - Amritpal S Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, Gujarat, India
| | - N Subhash
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Centre of Biological Sciences (Biotechnology), School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Science, Central University of Bihar, Patna, 800014, India.
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Tavarini S, Sgherri C, Ranieri AM, Angelini LG. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Harvest Time on Steviol Glycosides, Flavonoid Composition, and Antioxidant Properties in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7041-7050. [PMID: 26194177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilization and harvest time on the flavonoid composition and antioxidant properties of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. At the same time, changes in stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (RebA) contents were recorded. A pot trial under open air conditions was set up, testing five N rates and three harvest times. The results showed that, by using an adequate N rate and choosing an appropriate harvest time, it was possible to significantly increase and optimize the bioactive compound levels. In particular, higher RebA, RebA/Stev ratio, total phenols and flavonoids, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside levels and antioxidant capacity were recorded by supplying 150 kg N ha(-1). Reduced or increased N availability in comparison with N150 had no consistent effect on Stevia phytochemicals content. Significant correlations were also found between stevioside and some of the flavonoids, indicating a possible role of flavonoids in the stevioside metabolic pathway, which deserves more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tavarini
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Sgherri
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ranieri
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana G Angelini
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Barbet-Massin C, Giuliano S, Alletto L, Daydé J, Berger M. Nitrogen Limitation Alters Biomass Production but Enhances Steviol Glycoside Concentration in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133067. [PMID: 26192921 PMCID: PMC4508054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for medicinal and aromatic plants for industrial uses creates an opportunity for farmers to produce alternative crops. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a perennial shrub originating from Paraguay, is of increasing interest as a source of zero-calorie natural sweeteners: the steviol glycosides (SVglys). The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of nitrogen (N) supply for leaf yield and for SVgly concentrations in leaves, which are the two major components of S. rebaudiana productivity. In this regard, the relationship between leaf N concentration, CO2 assimilation, leaf production and SVgly accumulation was investigated. The experiments were conducted consecutively in growth-chamber (CC: controlled conditions), in greenhouse (SCC: semi-controlled conditions) and in field conditions (FC) on two genotypes. In CC and SCC, three levels of N fertilization were applied. Plants were grown on four locations in the FC experiment. Both N supply (CC and SCC) and location (FC) had a significant effect on N content in leaves. When light was not limiting (SCC and FC) N content in leaves was positively correlated with CO2 assimilation rate and biomass accumulation. Irrespective of the growth conditions, N content in leaves was negatively correlated with SVgly content. However, increased SVgly content was correlated with a decreased ratio of rebaudioside A over stevioside. The evidence that the increased SVgly accumulation compensates for the negative effect on biomass production suggests that adequate SVgly productivity per plant may be achieved with relatively low fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Barbet-Massin
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Giuliano
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, UMR1248 AGIR, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Alletto
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, UMR1248 AGIR, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Daydé
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Berger
- Université de Toulouse, INP, EI Purpan, Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Karaköse H, Jaiswal R, Deshpande S, Kuhnert N. Investigation of the photochemical changes of chlorogenic acids induced by ultraviolet light in model systems and in agricultural practice with Stevia rebaudiana cultivation as an example. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:3338-3347. [PMID: 25699645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and diacyl chlorogenic acids undergo photochemical trans-cis isomerization under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The photochemical equilibrium composition was established for eight selected derivatives. In contrast to all other dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives, cynarin (1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid) undergoes a [2 + 2] photochemical cycloaddition reaction, constituting a first example of Schmidt's law in a natural product family. The relevance of photochemical isomerization in agricultural practice was investigated using 120 samples of Stevia rebaudiana leave samples grown under defined cultivation conditions. Ratios of cis to trans chlorogenic acids were determined in leaf samples and correlated with climatic and harvesting conditions. The data indicate a clear correlation between the formation of cis-caffeoyl derivatives and sunshine hours prior to harvesting and illustrate the relevance of UV exposure to plant material affecting its phytochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Karaköse
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rakesh Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sagar Deshpande
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Pal PK, Kumar R, Guleria V, Mahajan M, Prasad R, Pathania V, Gill BS, Singh D, Chand G, Singh B, Singh RD, Ahuja PS. Crop-ecology and nutritional variability influence growth and secondary metabolites of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:67. [PMID: 25849326 PMCID: PMC4351930 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant nutrition and climatic conditions play important roles on the growth and secondary metabolites of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni); however, the nutritional dose is strongly governed by the soil properties and climatic conditions of the growing region. In northern India, the interactive effects of crop ecology and plant nutrition on yield and secondary metabolites of stevia are not yet properly understood. Thus, a field experiment comprising three levels of nitrogen, two levels of phosphorus and three levels of potassium was conducted at three locations to ascertain whether the spatial and nutritional variability would dominate the leaf yield and secondary metabolites profile of stevia. RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the applications of 90 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 are the best nutritional conditions in terms of dry leaf yield for CSIR-IHBT (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute Himalayan Bioresource Technology) and RHRS (Regional Horticultural Research Station) conditions. The spatial variability also exerted considerable effect on the leaf yield and stevioside content in leaves. Among the three locations, CSIR-IHBT was found most suitable in case of dry leaf yield and secondary metabolites accumulation in leaves. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that dry leaf yield and accumulation of stevioside are controlled by the environmental factors and agronomic management; however, the accumulation of rebaudioside-A (Reb-A) is not much influenced by these two factors. Thus, leaf yield and secondary metabolite profiles of stevia can be improved through the selection of appropriate growing locations and proper nutrient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probir Kumar Pal
- />Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 HP India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- />Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Vipan Guleria
- />Regional Horticultural Research Station (RHRS), Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Jachh, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mitali Mahajan
- />Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 HP India
| | - Ramdeen Prasad
- />Division of Hill Area Tea Science, CSIR-IHBT, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 India
| | - Vijaylata Pathania
- />Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 HP India
| | - Baljinder Singh Gill
- />Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Devinder Singh
- />Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Gopi Chand
- />Division Biodiversity, CSIR-IHBT, Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 India
| | - Bikram Singh
- />Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, 176 061 HP India
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Fu X, Yin ZP, Chen JG, Shangguan XC, Wang X, Zhang QF, Peng DY. Production of chlorogenic acid and its derivatives in hairy root cultures of Stevia rebaudiana. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:262-268. [PMID: 25548875 DOI: 10.1021/jf504176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid and its derivatives (CADs) are valuable bioactive plant secondary metabolites with many health benefits. In the present study, Stevia rebaudiana hairy root cultures were established, and the culture conditions for the production of CADs were optimized. The hairy roots were induced by coculture of S. rebaudiana leaves and Agrobacterium rhizogenes (C58C1) after infection, which were further verified by PCR detection of rolB and rolC genes. HPLC-MS and HPLC analysis showed that chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQA), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-CQA) were the major CADs in the hairy roots. Eight single roots with rapid growth rate were selected. Among them, T3 had the highest yield of CADs. B5 medium supplemented with 40 g/L sucrose was more suitable for the production of CADs than others. Under optimal culture conditions, the total content of these three compounds reached 105.58 mg/g and total yield was 234.40 mg/100 mL.
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Yang Y, Huang S, Han Y, Yuan H, Gu C, Wang Z. Environmental cues induce changes of steviol glycosides contents and transcription of corresponding biosynthetic genes in Stevia rebaudiana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2015; 86:174-180. [PMID: 25500454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and secondary metabolism are commonly regulated by external cues such as light, temperature and water availability. In this study, the influences of low and high temperatures, dehydration, photoperiods, and different growing stages on the changes of steviol glycosides (SGs) contents and transcription levels of fifteen genes involved in SGs biosynthesis of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni were examined using HPLC and RT-PCR. The observations showed that the transcript levels of all the fifteen genes were maximum under 25 °C treatment, and the transcription of SrDXS, SrDXR, SrMCT, SrCMK, SrMDS, SrHDS, SrHDR, SrIDI, SrGGDPS, SrCPPS1, SrUGT85C2 and SrUGT76G1 were restrained both in low temperature (15 °C) and high temperature (35 °C). Most genes in SGs biosynthesis pathway exhibited down-regulation in dehydration. To elucidate the effect of photoperiods, the plants were treated by different simulated photoperiods (8 L/16 D, 1 0L/14 D, 14 L/10 D and 16 L/8 D), but no significant transcription changes were observed. In the study of growing stages, there were evident changes of SGs contents, and the transcript levels of all the fifteen genes were minimal in fast growing period, and exhibited evident increase both in flower-bud appearing stage and flowering stage. The obtained results strongly suggest that the effect of environmental cues on steviol glycosides contents and transcription of corresponding biosynthetic genes in S. rebaudiana is significant. It is worth to study deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yulin Han
- Experimental Teaching Center of Ecological Environment of Jiangxi Province, Department of Landscape Architecture, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunsun Gu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Khan SA, Ur Rahman L, Shanker K, Singh M. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plant and somaclone production through direct and indirect regeneration from leaves in Stevia rebaudiana with their glycoside profile. Protoplasma 2014; 251:661-670. [PMID: 24154495 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA-105 harboring pCAMBIA 1304)-mediated transgenic plant production via direct regeneration from leaf and elite somaclones generation through indirect regeneration in Stevia rebaudiana is reported. Optimum direct regeneration frequency along with highest transformation frequency was found on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA, while indirect regeneration from callus was obtained on MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 2 mg/l NAA. Successful transfer of GUS-positive (GUS assay and PCR-based confirmation) transgenic as well as four somaclones up to glasshouse acclimatization has been achieved. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) profiling of transgenic and somaclonal plants showed a total of 113 bands, out of which 49 were monomorphic (43.36 %) and 64 were polymorphic (56.64 %). Transgenic plant was found to be closer to mother plant, while on the basis of steviol, stevioside, and rebaudioside A profile, somaclone S2 was found to be the best and showed maximum variability in ISSR profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Ahmad Khan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India,
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Pal PK, Prasad R, Pathania V. Effect of decapitation and nutrient applications on shoot branching, yield, and accumulation of secondary metabolites in leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:1526-1535. [PMID: 23910992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The axillary buds of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) often remain dormant for a long time and sometimes remain dormant permanently until the plants enter into the reproductive stage. The present study was conducted to ascertain whether decapitation and foliar fertilization enhance the productivity and quality of stevia through breaking the apical dominance and increasing physiological activities. Ten treatment combinations comprising two cultural operations (non-decapitation and decapitation) and five foliar spray treatments (water spray control, KNO3 @ 5.0gL(-1), Ca(NO3)2 @ 4.06gL(-1), CuSO4·5H2O 2.0gL(-1) and (NH4)6Mo7O24 @ 1.0gL(-1)) were applied. The decapitation of apical buds of stevia increased the branches and increased dry leaf yield by 13 and 17% compared with non-decapitation during 2010 and 2011, respectively, without affecting quality. Foliar application of nutrient solutions also exerted a considerable effect on growth parameters, yield attributes and chlorophyll content, and significantly (P=0.05) higher dry leaf yield ranging from 8 to 26% over the control. Among the foliar spray treatments, KNO3 @ 5.0gL(-1) and Ca (NO3)2 4.06gL(-1) were found most effective in dry leaf yield. Thus, the decapitation of apical buds and foliar application of KNO3 and Ca (NO3)2 could enhance the productivity of stevia through improving the growth of axillary buds and physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probir Kumar Pal
- Division of Natural Plant Product, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, HP, India.
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Tavarini S, Angelini LG. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a source of bioactive compounds: the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on steviol glycoside content and antioxidant properties. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:2121-2129. [PMID: 23303701 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed at identifying the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on the no-calorie sweetener steviol glycosides (SG) and on the antioxidant properties of stevia leaf extracts. The experiment was conducted over two growing seasons at two sites in the northeastern plain of Italy. RESULTS The results showed that all analysed factors played an important role in defining the SG profile and the antioxidant properties of stevia extracts. A high level of phenols (78.24 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW by Folin-Ciocalteu method) and high antioxidant activity (812.6 µmol Fe²⁺ g⁻¹ DW by FRAP assay) were observed. The inhibition of DPPH free radicals was evaluated and an IC₅₀ mean value of 250 µg mL⁻¹ was obtained. Significant relationships among the total antioxidant capacity and the analysed compounds were found. CONCLUSION The results showed the possibility of obtaining, in the tested environments, very high SG yields thanks to the long-day conditions during the spring/summer season. The harvest time played a key role in determining the stevia quality, influencing the rebaudioside A/stevioside ratio. The strong antioxidant properties make very interesting the possibility of using stevia extracts to improve functional food properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tavarini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The University of Pisa, Via S Michele degli Scalzi 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Zeng J, Chen A, Li D, Yi B, Wu W. Effects of salt stress on the growth, physiological responses, and glycoside contents of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:5720-6. [PMID: 23711229 DOI: 10.1021/jf401237x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of three different NaCl concentrations (60, 90, and 120 mM) on the growth, physiological responses, and steviol glycoside composition of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni for 4 weeks. The results showed that the total dry weight decreased by 40% at 120 mM NaCl but remained the same at 60 and 90 mM NaCl. As salt concentration increased, chlorophyll contents decreased markedly by 10-70%, whereas the increments of the antioxidant enzyme activities were 1.0-1.6, 1.2-1.3, and 2.0-4.0 times, respectively, for superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The proline contents in salt-treated plants were 17-42 times higher than that in control. Moreover, leaf possessed significantly higher K⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio than stem and root for all salt treatments. In addition, 90-120 mM NaCl treatment notably decreased the content of rebaudioside A (RA) and stevioside (ST) by 16.2-38.2%, whereas the increment of the ratio of RA/ST of salt-treated plants was 1.1-1.4 times. These results indicate that S. rebaudiana is moderately tolerant to salt stress. Hypohaline soil can be utilized in the plantation of S. rebaudiana and may be profitable for optimizing the steviol glycoside composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zeng
- Agronomy College, Chengdu Campus, Sichuan Agricultural University , Wenjiang 611130, China
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Ceunen S, Geuns JMC. Spatio-temporal variation of the diterpene steviol in Stevia rebaudiana grown under different photoperiods. Phytochemistry 2013; 89:32-38. [PMID: 23402803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing study on the effects of photoperiodism on the metabolism of steviol glycosides (SVglys) in Stevia rebaudiana, the spatio-temporal variations of free steviol (SV) have now been evaluated. For its quantitation, an internal standard method was used, based upon a specific fluorometric detection of SV as its methoxycoumarinyl derivative. The level of free SV in leaves did not exceed 30 μg/g dry wt and was at least 1000-fold smaller than that of its glycosidic conjugates. In other organs, free SV was mainly measured in stem tissue and apices, with relatively large amounts measured in the latter. Similarly to SVglys, the content of free SV was influenced by photoperiod and genotype. In plants grown under long-days (LD) of 16 h, more spatial variations were seen compared to those under short-days (SD) of 8h. In the former, upper leaves contained almost four times more free SV compared to lower ones near the end of vegetative growth. In addition, the correlation between SV and its glycosidic conjugates was more linear under SD. Despite the variability of SV levels, a decrease was noted in all conditions after flower opening, which can be related a decreased transcription of the biosynthetic genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Ceunen
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BP 2436, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Das K, Dang R, Shivananda TN, Sur P. Interaction between phosphorus and zinc on the biomass yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). ScientificWorldJournal 2006; 5:390-5. [PMID: 15915292 PMCID: PMC5936574 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2005.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia. The results show that the yield and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. The total yield in terms of biomass production has been increased significantly with the application of Zn and P in different combinations and methods, being highest (23.34 g fresh biomass) in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil (10 kg ZnSO4/ha) and foliar spray (0.2% ZnSO4). The results also envisaged that the different yield attributes viz. height, total number of branches, and number of leaves per plant have been found to be varied with treatments, being highest in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray without the application of P. The results further indicated that the yield and yield attributes of stevia have been found to be decreased in the treatment where Zn was applied as both soil and foliar spray along with P suggesting an antagonistic effect between Zn and P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Das
- Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560027, Karnataka, India.
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Das K, Dang R, Shivananda TN, Sur P. Interaction effect between phosphorus and zinc on their availability in soil in relation to their contents in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). ScientificWorldJournal 2005; 5:490-5. [PMID: 15980919 PMCID: PMC5936550 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2005.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore to study the interaction effect between phosphorus and zinc on their availability in soil in relation to their contents in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results show that the amount of available P and Zn content in soil has been found to increase initially and, thereafter, the amount of the same decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. The amount of P and Zn in soils showed an increase with their separate applications either as soil or foliar spray while that of the same value significantly decreased both in soils and plants due to their combined applications, suggesting a mutual antagonistic effect between Zn and P affecting each other's availability in soil and content in the stevia plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Das
- Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur Road, Bangalore-560027, Karnataka, India.
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Bondarev N, Reshetnyak O, Nosov A. Features of development of Stevia rebaudiana shoots cultivated in the roller bioreactor and their production of steviol glycosides. Planta Med 2002; 68:759-762. [PMID: 12221607 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-33809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana shoots cultivated in the roller bioreactor and their production of steviol glycosides (SGs) were investigated. It was found that, owing to the highly favorable conditions of shoot cultivation created in such an apparatus, the intensity of shoot growth and SG production appeared to be 1.5 - 2.0 times higher than those of the shoots grown in tubes. These results indicate the existence of a positive correlation between these two processes. The data obtained suggest that the enhanced SG production is due to the differentiation of chlorenchyma cells and formation of specific subcellular structures for the glycoside to be accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Bondarev
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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