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Naim N, Bouymajane A, Oulad El Majdoub Y, Ezrari S, Lahlali R, Tahiri A, Ennahli S, Laganà Vinci R, Cacciola F, Mondello L, Madani I. Flavonoid Composition and Antibacterial Properties of Crocus sativus L. Petal Extracts. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron petals, which are the main by-products of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae family), are produced in large quantities and are known for their many beneficial properties. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the phenolic composition and antibacterial properties of hydroethanolic extracts from Crocus sativus L. petals collected from Serghina (province of Boulmane) in Morocco. The phenolic profiles were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS). The antibacterial potential was evaluated against four bacterial strains potentially causing food-borne disease (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes) using disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays. Results showed that a total of 27 phenolic compounds was detected in the Crocus sativus L. petal extracts, which were assigned to flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and myricetin derivatives). The most abundant compound was represented by kaempferol-sophoroside isomer (20.82 mg/g ± 0.152), followed by kaempferol-sophoroside-hexoside (2.63 mg/g ± 0.001). The hydroethanolic extracts of Crocus sativus L. petals demonstrated bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocetogenes and bacteriostatic effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Therefore, the by-product Crocus sativus L. petal extracts might be considered as valuable sources of natural antibacterial agents with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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McClean PE, Lee R, Howe K, Osborne C, Grimwood J, Levy S, Haugrud AP, Plott C, Robinson M, Skiba RM, Tanha T, Zamani M, Thannhauser TW, Glahn RP, Schmutz J, Osorno JM, Miklas PN. The Common Bean V Gene Encodes Flavonoid 3'5' Hydroxylase: A Major Mutational Target for Flavonoid Diversity in Angiosperms. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:869582. [PMID: 35432409 PMCID: PMC9009181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The classic V (violet, purple) gene of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) functions in a complex genetic network that controls seed coat and flower color and flavonoid content. V was cloned to understand its role in the network and the evolution of its orthologs in the Viridiplantae. V mapped genetically to a narrow interval on chromosome Pv06. A candidate gene was selected based on flavonoid analysis and confirmed by recombinational mapping. Protein and domain modeling determined V encodes flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), a P450 enzyme required for the expression of dihydromyricetin-derived flavonoids in the flavonoid pathway. Eight recessive haplotypes, defined by mutations of key functional domains required for P450 activities, evolved independently in the two bean gene pools from a common ancestral gene. V homologs were identified in Viridiplantae orders by functional domain searches. A phylogenetic analysis determined F3'5'H first appeared in the Streptophyta and is present in only 41% of Angiosperm reference genomes. The evolutionarily related flavonoid pathway gene flavonoid 3' hydroxylase (F3'H) is found nearly universally in all Angiosperms. F3'H may be conserved because of its role in abiotic stress, while F3'5'H evolved as a major target gene for the evolution of flower and seed coat color in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E. McClean
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Rian Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kevin Howe
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Caroline Osborne
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Shawn Levy
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Amanda Peters Haugrud
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Chris Plott
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Melanie Robinson
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Ryan M. Skiba
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Tabassum Tanha
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Mariam Zamani
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Theodore W. Thannhauser
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Raymond P. Glahn
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Juan M. Osorno
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Phillip N. Miklas
- USDA-ARS, Grain Legumes Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA, United States
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Ledesma-Escobar CA, Priego-Capote F, Robles Olvera VJ, Luque de Castro MD. Targeted Analysis of the Concentration Changes of Phenolic Compounds in Persian Lime (Citrus latifolia) during Fruit Growth. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1813-1820. [PMID: 29400054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits possess a high content of phenolic compounds; however, few studies have focused on the changes occurring during fruit growth. In this study, the changes in the concentration of 20 flavonoids, 4 phenolic acids, and their biosynthetic precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine have been evaluated during fruit maturation (14 weeks). Extracts from all samples, obtained by ultrasound assistance, were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quad system (LC-QqQ MS/MS). In general, the concentration of flavanones, which represented over 70% of the studied phenols, and flavones increased during fruit growth, reaching their maximum concentration around week 12. In general, flavanols and phenolic acids exhibited their maximum concentration at week 5 and then decreasing significantly during the rest of maturation. Phenylalanine and tyrosine showed a sinuous behavior during fruit growth. Partial least-squares showed a clear differentiation among fruits belonging to different maturation stages, coumaric acid derivatives being the most influential variables on the projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ledesma-Escobar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba , Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3 , Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Av. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91797, México
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba , Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3 , Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba , E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor J Robles Olvera
- Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Av. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91797, México
| | - María D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba , Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3 , Campus of Rabanales, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba , E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
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Wang N, Xu H, Jiang S, Zhang Z, Lu N, Qiu H, Qu C, Wang Y, Wu S, Chen X. MYB12 and MYB22 play essential roles in proanthocyanidin and flavonol synthesis in red-fleshed apple (Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana). Plant J 2017; 90:276-292. [PMID: 28107780 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are major polyphenol compounds in plant secondary metabolism. Wild red-fleshed apples (Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana) are an excellent resource because of their much high flavonoid content than cultivated apples. In this work, R6R6, R6R1 and R1R1 genotypes were identified in an F1 segregating population of M. sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana. Significant differences in flavonoid composition and content were detected among the three genotypes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, two putative flavonoid-related genes encoding R2R3-MYB transcription factors, designated MYB12 and MYB22, were cloned and characterized. The expression patterns of MYB12 and MYB22 directly correlated with those of leucoanthocyanidin reductase and flavonol synthase, respectively. Their roles in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified by overexpression in apple callus and ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. MYB12 expression in the Arabidopsis TT2 mutant complemented its proanthocyanidin-deficient phenotype. Likewise, MYB22 expression in an Arabidopsis triple mutant complemented its flavonol-deficient phenotype. MYB12 could interact with bHLH3 and bHLH33 and played an essential role in proanthocyanidin synthesis. MYB22 was found to activate flavonol pathways by combining directly with the flavonol synthase promoter. Our findings provide a valuable perspective on flavonoid synthesis and provide a basis for breeding elite functional apples with a high flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ninglin Lu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Longtan Road No. 66, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Huarong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Changzhi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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Tavarini S, Sgherri C, Ranieri AM, Angelini LG. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Harvest Time on Steviol Glycosides, Flavonoid Composition, and Antioxidant Properties in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7041-7050. [PMID: 26194177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilization and harvest time on the flavonoid composition and antioxidant properties of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. At the same time, changes in stevioside (Stev) and rebaudioside A (RebA) contents were recorded. A pot trial under open air conditions was set up, testing five N rates and three harvest times. The results showed that, by using an adequate N rate and choosing an appropriate harvest time, it was possible to significantly increase and optimize the bioactive compound levels. In particular, higher RebA, RebA/Stev ratio, total phenols and flavonoids, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside levels and antioxidant capacity were recorded by supplying 150 kg N ha(-1). Reduced or increased N availability in comparison with N150 had no consistent effect on Stevia phytochemicals content. Significant correlations were also found between stevioside and some of the flavonoids, indicating a possible role of flavonoids in the stevioside metabolic pathway, which deserves more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tavarini
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Sgherri
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ranieri
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana G Angelini
- †Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment and ‡Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" - NUTRAFOOD, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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