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Vergara I, Herrera-Noreña JS, López-Pacheco C, Soldevila G, Ortega E. Flow cytometry: A powerful analytical technique for characterizing the biological function of biotherapeutics and biosimilars. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115680. [PMID: 37634360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are complex molecules with therapeutic activity produced through biotechnology and/or genetic engineering. These medicines have clinical applications in diagnostic procedures and therapies for many disorders, including cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic degenerative diseases. Most biotherapeutics are expensive and sometimes unaffordable for low-income patients suffering from cancer or chronic illness. Biosimilars emerged in the 2000 s after patents of many innovative biotherapeutic products expired. The Biosimilar market is growing fast and demands reliable technologies for analyzing the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of products. A big challenge for biosimilar development is to prove comparable bioactivity, safety, efficacy, and toxicity profile as the innovator product. Bioactivity assessment can utilize different analytical techniques such as ELISA, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance. Flow cytometry is a versatile analytical tool that can be used for the development of quantitative, reproducible, and accurate protocols suitable for routine evaluation of bioactivity in-vitro. Nevertheless, flow cytometry has been very scarcely used in comparability evaluation between biosimilar versus an originator product. Here, we review potential applications of flow cytometry to carry out functional bioassays of biotherapeutics or biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vergara
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Sebastian Herrera-Noreña
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cynthia López-Pacheco
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Prajapati R, Somoza Á. Albumin Nanostructures for Nucleic Acid Delivery in Cancer: Current Trend, Emerging Issues, and Possible Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3454. [PMID: 34298666 PMCID: PMC8304767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide, and hence, suitable therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects are desired. Gene therapy, involving plasmids, small interfering RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides have been showing promising potential in cancer therapy. In recent years, the preparation of various carriers for nucleic acid delivery to the tumor sites is gaining attention since intracellular and extracellular barriers impart major challenges in the delivery of naked nucleic acids. Albumin is a versatile protein being used widely for developing carriers for nucleic acids. It provides biocompatibility, tumor specificity, the possibility for surface modification, and reduces toxicity. In this review, the advantages of using nucleic acids in cancer therapy and the challenges associated with their delivery are presented. The focus of this article is on the different types of albumin nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, polyplexes, and nanoconjugates, employed to overcome the limitations of the direct use of nucleic acids in vivo. This review also highlights various approaches for the modification of the surface of albumin to enhance its transfection efficiency and targeted delivery in the tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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3
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Childs PG, Reid S, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Dalby MJ. Hurdles to uptake of mesenchymal stem cells and their progenitors in therapeutic products. Biochem J 2020; 477:3349-3366. [PMID: 32941644 PMCID: PMC7505558 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since the first clinical trial utilising mesenchymal stomal/stem cells (MSCs) in 1995. In this time academic research has grown our understanding of MSC biochemistry and our ability to manipulate these cells in vitro using chemical, biomaterial, and mechanical methods. Research has been emboldened by the promise that MSCs can treat illness and repair damaged tissues through their capacity for immunomodulation and differentiation. Since 1995, 31 therapeutic products containing MSCs and/or progenitors have reached the market with the level of in vitro manipulation varying significantly. In this review, we summarise existing therapeutic products containing MSCs or mesenchymal progenitor cells and examine the challenges faced when developing new therapeutic products. Successful progression to clinical trial, and ultimately market, requires a thorough understanding of these hurdles at the earliest stages of in vitro pre-clinical development. It is beneficial to understand the health economic benefit for a new product and the reimbursement potential within various healthcare systems. Pre-clinical studies should be selected to demonstrate efficacy and safety for the specific clinical indication in humans, to avoid duplication of effort and minimise animal usage. Early consideration should also be given to manufacturing: how cell manipulation methods will integrate into highly controlled workflows and how they will be scaled up to produce clinically relevant quantities of cells. Finally, we summarise the main regulatory pathways for these clinical products, which can help shape early therapeutic design and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Childs
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, U.K
| | - Stuart Reid
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, U.K
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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4
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Zhang PY, Yu Y. Precise Personalized Medicine in Gynecology Cancer and Infertility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:382. [PMID: 32010694 PMCID: PMC6978655 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the conception of precision medicine has been put forward in oncology, this idea has been popularized and applied in many specialties. Significant progress has been made toward personalizing the entire process, including diagnosis, treatment planning, and embryo identification, and combining large-scale genetic information data and knowledge discovery can offer better prospects in reproductive medicine. This work reviews the application of precision medicine and possibilities in reproductive medicine and gynecologic cancer diagnosis and treatment. The limitations and challenges of precision medicine in this area remain to be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Yao Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Reijers JAA, Malone KE, Bajramovic JJ, Verbeek R, Burggraaf J, Moerland M. Adverse immunostimulation caused by impurities: The dark side of biopharmaceuticals. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1418-1426. [PMID: 30920013 PMCID: PMC6595286 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug safety is an important issue, especially in the experimental phases of development. Adverse immunostimulation (AI) is sometimes encountered following treatment with biopharmaceuticals, which can be life-threatening if it results in a severe systemic inflammatory reaction. Biopharmaceuticals that unexpectedly induce an inflammatory response still enter the clinic, even while meeting all regulatory requirements. Impurities (of microbial origin) in biopharmaceuticals are an often-overlooked cause of AI. This demonstrates that the current guidelines for quality control and safety pharmacology testing are not flawless. Here, based on two case examples, several shortcomings of the guidelines are discussed. The most important of these are the lack of sensitivity for impurities, lack of testing for pyrogens other than endotoxin, and the use of insensitive animal species and biomarkers in preclinical investigations. Moreover, testing for the immunotoxicity of biopharmaceuticals is explicitly not recommended by the international guidelines. Publication of cases of AI is pivotal, both to increase awareness and to facilitate scientific discussions on how to prevent AI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Verbeek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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6
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Inoue T, Ishizaka Y, Sasaki E, Lu J, Mineshige T, Yanase M, Sasaki E, Shimoda M. Thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in the common marmoset. Exp Anim 2018; 67:321-327. [PMID: 29467352 PMCID: PMC6083030 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a nonhuman primate that is
used for preclinical research on stem cell transplantation therapies due to its similarity
to human beings as well as its small size, enabling researchers to perform experiments
without preparing a large number of cells. In this study, we developed a marmoset hepatic
fibrosis model for regenerative medicine research. Six female marmosets aged 4–6 years
were administered thioacetamide (TAA) at a dose of 2.5–40 mg/kg two or three times a week.
Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by liver biopsy when blood chemistry indicated liver damage.
Administration of TAA increased total bile acid, aspartate aminotransferase, and total
bilirubin and decreased serum albumin levels. Following more than 11 weeks of continuous
injection of TAA, histological analyses detected hepatic fibrosis in all animals. Type IV
collagen 7S serum levels in animals with hepatic fibrosis were significantly higher than
in normal animals as a possible marker of hepatic fibrosis in marmosets. Serial liver
biopsies following the last administration of TAA revealed that induced fibrosis remained
up to 11 weeks. The results suggest that continuous TAA administration induces persistent
hepatic fibrosis in the common marmoset and this nonhuman primate hepatic fibrosis model
have the possibility to evaluate the therapeutic effects of test samples to ameliorate
hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Inoue
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Emi Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mineshige
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mikio Yanase
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.,Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Islet Cell Transplantation Project, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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7
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Mosayebi J, Kiyasatfar M, Laurent S. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28990364 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non-invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state-of-the-art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half-life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio-nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi-modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mosayebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Mehdi Kiyasatfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging; University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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8
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Safwat S, Ishak RA, Hathout RM, Mortada ND. Statins anticancer targeted delivery systems: re-purposing an old molecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:613-624. [PMID: 28271498 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exploring the use of statins as anticancer agents and exploiting different drug delivery systems in targeting these molecules to cancerous sites. Literature review was performed to investigate the use of statins in cancer treatment in one hand, and the different pharmaceutical approaches to deliver and target these drugs to their site of action. KEY FINDINGS Statins were used for decades as antihypercholestrolemic drugs but recently have been proven potential for broad anticancer activities. The incorporation of statins in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems not only augmented the cytotoxicity of statins but also overcame the resistance of cancerous cells against the traditional chemotherapeutic agents. Statins-loaded nanoparticles could be easily tampered to target the cancerous cells and consequently minimal drug amount could be utilized. SUMMARY This review reconnoitered the different endeavors to incorporate statins in various nanoparticles and summarized the successful effects in targeting cancerous cells and reducing their proliferation without the side effects of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Safwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Cisterna BA, Kamaly N, Choi WI, Tavakkoli A, Farokhzad OC, Vilos C. Targeted nanoparticles for colorectal cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2443-56. [PMID: 27529192 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly prevalent worldwide, and despite notable progress in treatment still leads to significant morbidity and mortality. The use of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system has become one of the most promising strategies for cancer therapy. Targeted nanoparticles could take advantage of differentially expressed molecules on the surface of tumor cells, providing effective release of cytotoxic drugs. Several efforts have recently reported the use of diverse molecules as ligands on the surface of nanoparticles to interact with the tumor cells, enabling the effective delivery of antitumor agents. Here, we present recent advances in targeted nanoparticles against CRC and discuss the promising use of ligands and cellular targets in potential strategies for the treatment of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Cisterna
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine & Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, & Center for Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Micro & Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Won Il Choi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, 101, Soho-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine & Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, & Center for Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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10
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Brys AK, Gowda R, Loriaux DB, Robertson GP, Mosca PJ. Nanotechnology-based strategies for combating toxicity and resistance in melanoma therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:565-577. [PMID: 26826558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug toxicity and resistance remain formidable challenges in cancer treatment and represent an area of increasing attention in the case of melanoma. Nanotechnology represents a paradigm-shifting field with the potential to mitigate drug resistance while improving drug delivery and minimizing toxicity. Recent clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated how a diverse array of nanoparticles may be harnessed to circumvent known mechanisms of drug resistance in melanoma to improve therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss known mechanisms of resistance to various melanoma therapies and possible nanotechnology-based strategies that could be used to overcome these barriers and improve the pharmacologic arsenal available to combat advanced stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Brys
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Daniel B Loriaux
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Paul J Mosca
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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11
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Sun L, Wu Q, Peng F, Liu L, Gong C. Strategies of polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced internalization in cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:56-72. [PMID: 26241917 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve long circulation time and high drug accumulation in the tumor sites via the EPR effects, anticancer drugs have to be protected by non-fouling polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), dextran, and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). However, the dense layer of stealth polymer also prohibits efficient uptake of anticancer drugs by target cancer cells. For cancer therapy, it is often more desirable to accomplish rapid cellular uptake after anticancer drugs arriving at the pathological site, which could on one hand maximize the therapeutic efficacy and on the other hand reduce probability of drug resistance in cells. In this review, special attention will be focused on the recent potential strategies that can enable drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to rapidly recognize cancer cells, leading to enhanced internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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12
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Hosseini M, Haji-Fatahaliha M, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Majidi J, Yousefi M. The use of nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic approach in cancer immunotherapy. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1051-61. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.998830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi I, Myojo K, Kimoto N, Imaizumi M, Takada C, Sanada H, Takaba K, Yamate J. Histopathological characterization of renal tubular and interstitial changes in 5/6 nephrectomized marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:41-51. [PMID: 25446802 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) have become a useful animal model, particularly for development of biopharmaceuticals. While various renal failure models have been established in rodents, there is currently no acceptable model in marmosets. We analyzed the damaged renal tubules and tubulointerstitial changes (inflammation and fibrosis) of 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) common marmosets by histopathological/immunohistochemical methods, and compared these findings to those in 5/6 Nx SD rats. In Nx marmosets and rats sacrificed at 5 and 13 weeks after Nx, variously dilated and atrophied renal tubules were seen in the cortex in common; however, the epithelial proliferating activity was much less in Nx marmosets. Furthermore, the degrees of inflammation and fibrosis seen in the affected cortex were more severe and massive in Nx marmosets with time-dependent increase. Interestingly, inflammation in Nx marmosets, of which degree was less in Nx rats, consisted of a large number of CD3-positive T cells and CD20-positive B cells (occasionally forming follicles), and a few CD68-positive macrophages. Based on these findings, lymphocytes might contribute to the progressive renal lesions in Nx marmosets. Fibrotic areas in Nx marmosets comprised myofibroblasts expressing vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), whereas along with vimentin and α-SMA expressions, desmin was expressed in myofibroblasts in Nx rats. This study shows that there are some differences in renal lesions induced by Nx between marmosets and rats, which would provide useful, base-line information for pharmacology and toxicology studies using Nx marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Suzuki
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan; Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.
| | - Itaru Yamaguchi
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Kensuke Myojo
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Naoya Kimoto
- Research Functions Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Minami Imaizumi
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Chie Takada
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Hiroko Sanada
- Research Functions Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Katsumi Takaba
- Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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14
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Mendes D, Alves C, Batel-Marques F. Safety profiles of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab: a pharmacovigilance study using a measure of disproportionality in a database of spontaneously reported adverse events. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 39:307-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mendes
- CHAD - Centre for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- Central Portugal Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- School of Pharmacy; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - C. Alves
- CHAD - Centre for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- Central Portugal Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- School of Pharmacy; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - F. Batel-Marques
- CHAD - Centre for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- Central Portugal Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit; AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light; Coimbra Portugal
- School of Pharmacy; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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15
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Bertrand N, Wu J, Xu X, Kamaly N, Farokhzad OC. Cancer nanotechnology: the impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 66:2-25. [PMID: 24270007 PMCID: PMC4219254 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1864] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer nanotherapeutics are progressing at a steady rate; research and development in the field has experienced an exponential growth since early 2000's. The path to the commercialization of oncology drugs is long and carries significant risk; however, there is considerable excitement that nanoparticle technologies may contribute to the success of cancer drug development. The pace at which pharmaceutical companies have formed partnerships to use proprietary nanoparticle technologies has considerably accelerated. It is now recognized that by enhancing the efficacy and/or tolerability of new drug candidates, nanotechnology can meaningfully contribute to create differentiated products and improve clinical outcome. This review describes the lessons learned since the commercialization of the first-generation nanomedicines including DOXIL® and Abraxane®. It explores our current understanding of targeted and non-targeted nanoparticles that are under various stages of development, including BIND-014 and MM-398. It highlights the opportunities and challenges faced by nanomedicines in contemporary oncology, where personalized medicine is increasingly the mainstay of cancer therapy. We revisit the fundamental concepts of enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and explore the mechanisms proposed to enhance preferential "retention" in the tumor, whether using active targeting of nanoparticles, binding of drugs to their tumoral targets or the presence of tumor associated macrophages. The overall objective of this review is to enhance our understanding in the design and development of therapeutic nanoparticles for treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bertrand
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Monticello T, Bussiere J. Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs. Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC. Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2971-3010. [PMID: 22388185 PMCID: PMC3684255 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1133] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials have been used in a range of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products for more than 40 years. These materials have evolved from their earlier use as biodegradable products such as resorbable sutures, orthopaedic implants, macroscale and microscale drug delivery systems such as microparticles and wafers used as controlled drug release depots, to multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of targeting, and controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. These newer generations of targeted and controlled release polymeric NPs are now engineered to navigate the complex in vivo environment, and incorporate functionalities for achieving target specificity, control of drug concentration and exposure kinetics at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Indeed this optimization of drug pharmacology as aided by careful design of multifunctional NPs can lead to improved drug safety and efficacy, and may be complimentary to drug enhancements that are traditionally achieved by medicinal chemistry. In this regard, polymeric NPs have the potential to result in a highly differentiated new class of therapeutics, distinct from the original active drugs used in their composition, and distinct from first generation NPs that largely facilitated drug formulation. A greater flexibility in the design of drug molecules themselves may also be facilitated following their incorporation into NPs, as drug properties (solubility, metabolism, plasma binding, biodistribution, target tissue accumulation) will no longer be constrained to the same extent by drug chemical composition, but also become in-part the function of the physicochemical properties of the NP. The combination of optimally designed drugs with optimally engineered polymeric NPs opens up the possibility of improved clinical outcomes that may not be achievable with the administration of drugs in their conventional form. In this critical review, we aim to provide insights into the design and development of targeted polymeric NPs and to highlight the challenges associated with the engineering of this novel class of therapeutics, including considerations of NP design optimization, development and biophysicochemical properties. Additionally, we highlight some recent examples from the literature, which demonstrate current trends and novel concepts in both the design and utility of targeted polymeric NPs (444 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro M. Valencia
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar F. Radovic-Moreno
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nanoparticles for Targeted and Temporally Controlled Drug Delivery. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2305-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fernandez-Fernandez A, Manchanda R, McGoron AJ. Theranostic applications of nanomaterials in cancer: drug delivery, image-guided therapy, and multifunctional platforms. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1628-51. [PMID: 21947761 PMCID: PMC3239222 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful cancer management depends on accurate diagnostics along with specific treatment protocols. Current diagnostic techniques need to be improved to provide earlier detection capabilities, and traditional chemotherapy approaches to cancer treatment are limited by lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. This review highlights advances in nanotechnology that have allowed the development of multifunctional platforms for cancer detection, therapy, and monitoring. Nanomaterials can be used as MRI, optical imaging, and photoacoustic imaging contrast agents. When used as drug carriers, nanoformulations can increase tumor exposure to therapeutic agents and result in improved treatment effects by prolonging circulation times, protecting entrapped drugs from degradation, and enhancing tumor uptake through the enhanced permeability and retention effect as well as receptor-mediated endocytosis. Multiple therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic, or gene therapy agents can be simultaneously delivered by nanocarriers to tumor sites to enhance the effectiveness of therapy. Additionally, imaging and therapy agents can be co-delivered to provide seamless integration of diagnostics, therapy, and follow-up, and different therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy and hyperthermia can be co-administered to take advantage of synergistic effects. Liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots are examples of nanoformulations that can be used as multifunctional platforms for cancer theranostics. Nanomedicine approaches in cancer have great potential for clinically translatable advances that can positively impact the overall diagnostic and therapeutic process and result in enhanced quality of life for cancer patients. However, a concerted scientific effort is still necessary to fully explore long-term risks, effects, and precautions for safe human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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21
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Immunotherapy of prostate cancer: identification of new treatments and targets for therapy, and role of WAP domain-containing proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1433-6. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0391433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma is present in over 80% of men over the age of 80 and is by far the most common cancer of men. Although radical prostatectomy is curative in early disease, the risks of incontinence and impotence can affect the quality of life of patients. Early intervention with localized immunotherapy represents a potential solution as lymphocyte infiltration does occur in prostate cancer lesions, and immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccines can significantly increase survival in late stage disease. However, lymphocytic infiltrates in the cancerous prostates have an anergic character arising from the suppressive effects of the microenvironment resulting from a conversion of effector cells into regulatory T-cells. Although TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and IL-10 (interleukin-10) are known to be strong suppressor molecules associated with prostate cancer, they are among many possible suppressive factors. We discuss the possible role of alternative suppressor molecules, including the WAP (whey acidic protein) homologue ps20 that is expressed on prostate stroma and other WAP domain-containing proteins in the immunosuppressive prostate cancer milieu and discuss novel immunotherapeutic strategies to combat this disease.
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Giezen TJ, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Meyboom RHB, Straus SMJM, Leufkens HGM, Egberts TCG. Mapping the safety profile of biologicals: a disproportionality analysis using the WHO adverse drug reaction database, VigiBase. Drug Saf 2010; 33:865-78. [PMID: 20812771 DOI: 10.2165/11538330-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologicals have specific characteristics, as compared with the small molecule drugs, and carry specific risks. Safety problems, for example infliximab and the risk for tuberculosis, have been identified via spontaneous reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, in general there is limited data on the nature of spontaneously reported suspected ADRs for biologicals. OBJECTIVE To map the safety profile of biologicals as compared with all other drugs. In addition, mechanistic classes of biologicals will be compared. METHODS Data was obtained from the ADR database (VigiBase) maintained by the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring. A disproportionality analysis was performed in which case reports for biologicals and all other drugs (the reference group), reported between January 1995 and December 2008, were selected. Vaccines were not included in the analysis. Suspected ADRs were classified according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) version 12.0 at the System Organ Class (SOC) level. Biologicals were classified into mechanistic classes: antibodies, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, hormones (reference group), interferons, receptors and others/various. The safety profile of the biologicals versus all other drugs in the database and of the various mechanistic classes of biologicals was compared using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR). RESULTS 191,004 case reports containing 546,474 suspected ADRs were reported for 62 different biologicals, and 2,556,209 case reports containing 8,761,522 suspected ADRs were reported for all other drugs (the reference group). It was found that two-thirds of all suspected ADRs reported for biologicals were reported for five active substances: etanercept (20.3%), interferon-beta-1a (15.6%), infliximab (11.6%), teriparatide (10.7%) and adalimumab (9.0%). Comparison of the safety profile of biologicals and the reference group showed that suspected ADRs for biologicals were more frequently reported in the SOCs 'Infections and infestations' (PRR 4.5), 'Surgical and medical procedures' (PRR 2.4) and 'Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified' (PRR 2.1), and less frequently reported in the SOCs 'Psychiatric disorders' (PRR 0.4), 'Vascular disorders' (PRR 0.4) and 'Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions' (PRR 0.4). Regarding the differences in safety profile between various mechanistic classes of biologicals, compared with hormones (reference group), 'Infections and infestations' were more frequently reported for receptors and antibodies. 'Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified' were more frequently reported for antibodies, cytokines, interferons and receptors, and less frequently for enzymes as compared with the reference group. CONCLUSIONS In VigiBase, five biologicals comprise two-thirds of the suspected ADRs reported for biologicals, which might distort the relation found between a specific biological and a specific adverse event in case of quantitative signal detection. Therefore the choice of reference group to be used in case of quantitative signal detection should be considered very carefully. This study confirmed that biologicals have a different safety profile compared with all other drugs in the database and, within the group of biologicals, differences exist between mechanistic classes. Infections are, for example, frequently reported for receptors and antibodies, which often have an immune compromising effect. Such predictable safety issues should be specifically studied by preregistration clinical trials and/or targeted pharmacovigilance. In addition, since not all adverse reactions can be predicted or detected during development, spontaneous reporting remains an important tool for the early detection of signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Giezen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jelkmann W. Biosimilar epoetins and other "follow-on" biologics: update on the European experiences. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:771-80. [PMID: 20706990 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After the patents of biopharmaceuticals have expired, based on specific regulatory approval pathways copied products ("biosimilars" or "follow-on biologics") have been launched in the EU. This article summarizes experiences with hematopoietic medicines, namely the epoetins (two biosimilars traded under five different brand names) and the filgrastims (two biosimilars, six brand names). Physicians and pharmacists should be familiar with the legal and pharmacological specialities of biosimilars: The production process can differ from that of the original, clinical indications can be extrapolated, glycoproteins contain varying isoforms, the formulation may differ from the original, and biopharmaceuticals are potentially immunogenic. Only on proof of quality, efficacy and safety, biosimilars are a viable option because of their lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jelkmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany.
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24
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Lebrec H, Narayanan P, Nims R. Overview of the nonclinical quality and toxicology testing for recombinant biopharmaceuticals produced in mammalian cells. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:387-96. [PMID: 20589744 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals represent significant advances in therapeutic approaches for unmet medical needs, and increasingly, traditional pharmaceutical firms have been incorporating biotechnology capabilities into their product portfolios. There are some differences in the overall safety testing paradigms for small molecules and biopharmaceuticals, this safety testing including both quality and toxicology aspects. These differences are associated with both the manufacturing processes involved and the molecules themselves. For example, for biopharmaceuticals, living cells represent the factories for synthesizing complex molecular entities. As a result of this, safety testing for this class of drugs includes adventitious agent testing (e.g. viral, mycoplasma, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents) not normally needed for small molecules. Also, strategies for nonclinical toxicology testing of biopharmaceuticals differ from the paradigms used for small molecules and often need to be defined on a case-by-case basis, primarily taking into consideration species cross-reactivity attributes of the molecule of interest. Certain studies required for small molecules are not applicable to most biopharmaceuticals (i.e. genotoxicity testing, testing for interactions with the hERG channel). This manuscript provides an overview of both the quality and nonclinical toxicology testing for these mammalian-cell-derived products, two elements pivotal to the overall nonclinical assessment of the safety of these biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lebrec
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Seattle WA, USA.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large molecules intended to bind to specific targets often expressed on the immune system, and to treat various immunopathological conditions. Therefore, mAbs can be considered to have a high potential for immunotoxicity, which is reflected in the clinical experience accumulated on mAbs-induced adverse effects related to immunosuppression, immunostimulation and hypersensitivity (immunogenicity). So far, non clinical immunotoxicity studies have been inadequate to address all safety issues in relation to the possible immunotoxicity of mAbs, because they are fraught with limitations and pitfalls primarily related to the lack of relevant animal species. In addition, clinical studies rarely include validated end-points dedicated to the prediction of immunotoxicity. With the ongoing development of mAbs as novel therapeutic strategies for a wide variety of diseases, efforts should be paid to improve our understanding of mAbs-induced immunotoxic effects and design dedicated strategies to assess their immunological safety, both non clinically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Descotes
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Poison Center and Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.
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Lynch CM, Hart BW, Grewal IS. Practical considerations for nonclinical safety evaluation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2009; 1:2-11. [PMID: 20046568 PMCID: PMC2715182 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.1.7377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a well established class of therapeutics as evidenced by a large number of FDA approved mAbs for the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies that are molecularly engineered for enhanced functions and pharmacokinetic properties are routinely being considered for development by many biotechnology companies. Safety evaluation of current generation of mAbs poses new challenges due to the highly complex nature of engineering aspects and variability induced by the diverse recombinant cell systems to generate them. This review provides a basic outline for nonclinical safety evaluation of therapeutic antibodies. Important considerations for planning a preclinical program, the types of nonclinical safety studies, and a general timeline for their conduct in relation to clinical trials are described. A list of relevant regulatory documents issued by government agencies is also provided. Adoption of these principles will greatly enhance the quality and relevance of the nonclinical safety data generated and will facilitate future development of mAb therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel M Lynch
- Departments of Preclinical Therapeutics, Regulatory Affairs and Nonclinical Development, Bothell, Washington, USA
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Descotes J, Gouraud A. Clinical immunotoxicity of therapeutic proteins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1537-49. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250802525496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wang AZ, Gu F, Zhang L, Chan JM, Radovic-Moreno A, Shaikh MR, Farokhzad OC. Biofunctionalized targeted nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1063-70. [PMID: 18613759 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.8.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of nanoparticles for the delivery of therapeutic agents has introduced new opportunities for the improvement of medical treatment. Recent efforts have focused on developing targeted nanoparticles, which are formulated by (for therapeutic delivery) functionalizing nanoparticle surfaces with targeting molecules, such as antibodies, peptides, small molecules and oligonucleotides. OBJECTIVES To review the state of targeted nanoparticles development. METHODS The authors discuss the nanoparticle platforms for therapeutic delivery, targeting molecules and the biofunctionalized targeted nanoparticles currently in development. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Biofunctionalized targeted nanoparticles have demonstrated exciting results in preclinical studies. With continued improvements, they may fulfill their potential as therapeutics carriers that can deliver the maximum dose to diseased tissue while minimizing effects on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kurz M. Developing therapeutic immunoglobulins: European regulatory perspectives and implications. BioDrugs 2008; 22:145-60. [PMID: 18481898 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prepared from pooled human blood/plasma, therapeutic immunoglobulins contain the natural antibody spectrum of the entire donor population and mediate a range of therapeutic effects when administered to patients. They are particularly indicated for the prevention of serious and life-threatening infections in patients with immune systems failing to produce functional antibodies. Other than treatment of such rare primary immunodeficiencies (primary antibody deficiencies), therapeutic immunoglobulins are also used in certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Guillain Barré syndrome, and Kawasaki disease. The conditions for licensure of therapeutic immunoglobulins in the EU and the associated regulatory issues and procedures are reviewed. Regulatory expectations about the manufacture and control of immunoglobulins are highlighted and safety and efficacy requirements described. Although the main focus is on European pharmaceutical legislation, other applicable public information is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kurz
- Regulatory Affairs, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland.
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31
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Snodin DJ, Ryle PR. Understanding and applying regulatory guidance on the nonclinical development of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. BioDrugs 2006; 20:25-52. [PMID: 16573349 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200620010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals are a well established and growing part of the therapeutic armamentarium. Beginning with recombinant versions of products such as insulin that were previously manufactured by extraction from animal and human sources, licensed biotechnology drugs and those in development now span an ever-increasing range of product types and therapeutic categories. As a consequence of this diversity, both general and product class-specific scientific guidelines have been developed on a regional (e.g. EU/US) or international (e.g. ICH - International Conference on Harmonization) basis. The current portfolio of nonclinical guidelines, particularly ICH S6, emphasizes flexibility and adaptability to the specific circumstances of the individual biotechnology product and its intended indication, taking into account factors not generally applicable to small-molecule drugs, such as pharmacodynamic responsiveness of safety and efficacy models, species specificity, and antibody formation. Guidelines developed principally with small-molecule drugs in mind may, nevertheless, have some applicability to biotechnology drugs on issues such as safety pharmacology, as well as on regulatory, procedural and dossier submission requirements. Scientific guidelines, such as those providing nonclinical guidance, are just one, albeit important, component of an increasingly complex legal/scientific environment in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Snodin
- PAREXEL Drug Development Consulting, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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