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Kurtbeyoğlu GA, Akan M. Molecular characterisation of IBDV isolates in Turkey revealed reassortant strains. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39076144 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2379950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
1. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of chickens caused by a virus (IBDV) which has a bi-segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. It has five viral proteins in its structure; the VP1 gene is encoded in segment B and the other four are in segment A.2. In this study, bursae of Fabricius and spleen samples taken from chickens suspected of having clinical or subclinical IBD from a total of 50 chicken flocks located in different geographical regions of Turkey were examined.3. The RT-PCR analysis of the VP2 gene showed that 30 of the 50 samples (60%) tested positive. Eight positive isolates were chosen and RT-PCR was performed to amplify the VP1 gene.4. The study showed that reassortant field strains that cause clinical or subclinical disease are currently circulating in broiler flocks across Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Kurtbeyoğlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Legnardi M, Poletto F, Alam S, Cherfane A, Le-Tallec B, Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Lupini C, Pasotto D, Cecchinato M. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease virus in the Near East and Persian Gulf regions. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:56-67. [PMID: 37823857 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2270531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Different field IBDVs were found to circulate in the Near and Middle East.Multiple atypical genotypes (A3B1, A4B1, A6B1) were found to circulate extensively.Traditional very virulent IBDVs (A3B2) were a minority of the detected strains.Viral exchanges can be hypothesized between the region and different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Poletto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Safaa Alam
- Near East, Gulf and Sudan CEVA Animal Health LLC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Gao H, Wang Y, Gao L, Zheng SJ. Genetic Insight into the Interaction of IBDV with Host-A Clue to the Development of Novel IBDV Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098255. [PMID: 37175960 PMCID: PMC10179583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry across the globe. As a double-stranded RNA virus, IBDV undergoes genetic mutation or recombination in replication during circulation among flocks, leading to the generation and spread of variant or recombinant strains. In particular, the recent emergence of variant IBDV causes severe immunosuppression in chickens, affecting the efficacy of other vaccines. It seems that the genetic mutation of IBDV during the battle against host response is an effective strategy to help itself to survive. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the viral genome diversity will definitely help to develop effective measures for prevention and control of infectious bursal disease (IBD). In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the relation of genetic mutation and genomic recombination of IBDV to its pathogenesis using the reverse genetic technique. Therefore, this review focuses on our current genetic insight into the IBDV's genetic typing and viral genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Damairia BA, Putri K, Wibowo MH. Examination of macroscopic and microscopic lesions in IBDV-infected organs and molecular characterization of IBDV VP1 gene fragments obtained from commercial broiler farms in Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:1061-1070. [PMID: 37576752 PMCID: PMC10420711 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1061-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an infectious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens. Instead of strict biosecurity practices, vaccination is used to control IBD. However, the disease has not been effectively managed. Variations in the observed clinical symptoms lead to confounding diagnoses. The study aimed to obtain pathological lesion data from chickens suspected of IBD virus (IBDV) infection by gross pathology, confirm IBDV infection through molecular diagnostics, and genotype the VP1 gene fragments of circulating IBDV in the field. Materials and Methods The bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, proventricular-ventricular junction, thigh muscles, and kidneys samples were collected from chickens suspected of IBDV infection from four commercial broiler farms in Central Java and The Yogyakarta Special Region Province between 2021 and 2022. The collected samples were examined histopathologically. Infectious bursal disease virus RNA was extracted from the bursa of Fabricius and VP1 gene was identified by reverse-transcriptase polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR positive sample were sequenced and analyzed in Mega X for homology search and phylogenetic tree analysis. Results Macroscopic pathological lesions in the bursa of Fabricius were demonstrated by enlarged edema and thickened plica, presence of gelatinous exudate, hemorrhage, atrophy, and caseous exudate in the lumen. Moreover, the thymus had atrophy and small gray foci were observed in the spleen. Petechiae or hemorrhage was detected on the thigh muscle, and the kidney was dull and pale. Hemorrhage in the proventricular-ventricular junction was distinct. The histopathological examination of the bursa of Fabricius showed follicular vacuolization, edema, heterophilic infiltration, follicular atrophy, congestion, and hemorrhage. The thymus and spleen showed the presence of multifocal necrosis. Hemorrhage was observed in thigh muscle and mucosal part of proventricular-ventricular junction. Vacuolization was seen in renal tubules (nephrosis). Reverse transcriptase-PCR of 26 bursa of Fabricius samples from chickens suspected of IBDV infection showed four negative and 22 positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene fragment has indicated very virulent IBD (vvIBD) and belonged to B2 genotype. Conclusion Infectious bursal diseases virus infection in broiler chicken generated macroscopic and microscopic primary lesions in the bursa of Fabricius and thigh muscle. Other organs such as the spleen, thymus, proventricular-ventricular junction, and kidney, were also involved. Molecular analysis of the VP1 gene confirmed the causative agent and grouped the virus into vvIBD and B2 genotype. All samples were collected from vaccinated birds therefore, the efficacy of available vaccine is required for urgent evaluation. Since most studies only focused on VP1, further exploration on VP2 gene is suggested notably for new-generation vaccines. Monitoring clinical signs' transformation over time could assist field diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernike Anggun Damairia
- Veterinary Science Post-Graduate Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Widodo Makmur Unggas, Jl. Raya Cilangkap No. 58, Cilangkap, Cipayung, Jakarta 13870, Indonesia
| | - Khrisdiana Putri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Michael Haryadi Wibowo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Nwagbo I, Milani A, Salviato A, Zamperin G, Sulaiman L, Maurice N, Meseko C, Fusaro A, Shittu I. Genomic Analysis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Nigeria: Identification of Unique Mutations of Yet Unknown Biological Functions in Both Segments A and B. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040867. [PMID: 37112779 PMCID: PMC10144922 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral poultry disease known worldwide for impacting the economy and food security. The disease is endemic in Nigeria, with reported outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. To gain insight into the dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) evolution in Nigeria, near-complete genomes of four IBDVs were evaluated. Amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region of the VP2 revealed conserved markers (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S) associated with very virulent (vv) IBDV, including the serine-rich heptapeptide motif (SWSASGS). Based on the newly proposed classification for segments A and B, the IBDVs clustered in the A3B5 group (where A3 are IBDVs with vvIBDV-like segment A, and where B5 are from non-vvIBDV-like segment B) form a monophyletic subcluster. Unique amino acid mutations with yet-to-be-determined biological functions have been observed in both segments. Amino acid sequences of the Nigerian IBDVs showed that they are reassortant viruses. Circulation of reassortant IBDVs may be responsible for the vaccination failures observed in the Nigerian poultry population. Close monitoring of changes in the IBDV genome is recommended to nip deleterious changes in the bud through the identification and introduction of the most appropriate vaccine candidates and advocacy/extension programs for properly implementing disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Nwagbo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Lanre Sulaiman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Nanven Maurice
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
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Zhang W, Wang X, Gao Y, Qi X. The Over-40-Years-Epidemic of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102253. [PMID: 36298808 PMCID: PMC9607638 DOI: 10.3390/v14102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of chickens caused by the virus (IBDV), which critically threatens the development of the global chicken industry and causes huge economic losses. As a large country in the poultry industry, the epidemic history of IBDV in China for more than 40 years has been briefly discussed and summarized for the first time in this report. The first classic strain of IBDV appeared in China in the late 1970s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) rapidly swept across the entirety of China, threatening the healthy development of the poultry industry for more than 30 years. Variants of IBDV, after long-term latent circulation with the accumulation of mutations since the early 1990s, suddenly reappeared as novel variant strains (nVarIBDV) in China in the mid-2010s. Currently, there is a coexistence of various IBDV genotypes; the newly emerging nVarIBDV of A2dB1 and persistently circulating vvIBDV of A3B3 are the two predominant epidemic strains endangering the poultry industry. Continuous epidemiological testing and the development of new prevention and control agents are important and require more attention. This report is of great significance to scientific cognition and the comprehensive prevention and control of the IBDV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-51051694 (X.Q.); Fax: +86-451-51997166 (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-51051694 (X.Q.); Fax: +86-451-51997166 (X.Q.)
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Ramon G, Legnardi M, Cecchinato M, Cazaban C, Tucciarone CM, Fiorentini L, Gambi L, Mato T, Berto G, Koutoulis K, Franzo G. Efficacy of live attenuated, vector and immune complex infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines in preventing field strain bursa colonization: A European multicentric study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978901. [PMID: 36172614 PMCID: PMC9510747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is among the most relevant and widespread immunosuppressive agents, which can severely damage poultry farming by causing direct losses, predisposing the host to secondary diseases and reducing the efficacy of vaccination protocols against other infections. IBDV has thus been the object of intense control activities, largely based on routine vaccination. However, the need for protecting animals from the infection in the first period of the production cycle, when the bursa susceptibility is higher, clashes with the blanketing effect of maternally derived antibodies. To overcome this issue, other strategies have been developed besides live attenuated vaccines, including vector vaccines and immune complex (icx) ones. The present study aims to investigate, in field conditions, the efficacy of these approaches in preventing IBDV infection in laying chickens vaccinated with either live attenuated, vector or immune complex (icx) vaccines. For this purpose, a multicentric study involving 481 farms located in 11 European countries was organized and IBDV infection diagnosis and strain characterization was performed at 6 weeks of age using a molecular approach. Vaccine strains were commonly detected in flocks vaccinated with live or icx vaccines. However, a significantly higher number of field strains (characterized as very virulent IBDVs) was detected in flocks vaccinated with vector vaccines, suggesting their lower capability of preventing bursal colonization. Different from vector vaccines, live and icx ones have a marked bursal tropism. It can thus be speculated that vaccine virus replication in these sites could limit vvIBDV replication by direct competition or because of a more effective activation of innate immunity. Although such different behavior doesn't necessarily affect clinical protection, further studies should be performed to evaluate if vvIBDV replication could still be associated with subclinical losses and/or for viral circulation in a “vaccinated environment” could drive viral evolution and favor the emergence of vaccine-escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Forlì, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gambi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tamas Mato
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia Co. Ltd., Ceva Animal Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Kostas Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon, Greece
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Franzo
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Chukwudi CU. Consolidating and Upscaling Molecular Research Capacity in Nigeria: On Who's Account? Front Res Metr Anal 2022; 6:788673. [PMID: 35071971 PMCID: PMC8766846 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2021.788673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular research and researchers engage in studies that seek to understand the structures, functions, and interactions of biomolecules as the basis for cellular and systemic effects in living organisms. This research approach was made possible by considerable technological advancements that equip researchers with tools to view biomolecules. Although molecular research holds great promises for improving lives and living, the technological requirements and equipment to undertake molecular research are quite expensive, often requiring a heavy start-up capital or investment. In developing countries such as Nigeria, where the majority of the population lives below the poverty line and research funding is abysmally low, such heavy investments into research that do not provide immediate solutions to societal problems are difficult. This is mostly due to limited resources available to tackle many urgent and pressing needs, and limited perspective and understanding of policymakers, leading to infrastructural and skilled personnel deficit to support molecular research. Despite all these, the field of molecular research continues to grow exponentially globally, hence, funding and investments into this critical life science research area have become imperative. With the rich biodiversity of humans, animals, and plants in Nigeria, and the huge burden of infectious diseases in the country or region, global advances in genomics and proteomics studies will be incomplete without adequate contribution from Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa region. This paper examines the progression and challenges of undertaking molecular research in Nigeria, and how Nigerian molecular research scientists are tackling these issues, with recommendations for improved molecular research capacity and output in the country or region.
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9
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Jiang N, Wang Y, Zhang W, Niu X, Huang M, Gao Y, Liu A, Gao L, Li K, Pan Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang X, Qi X. Genotyping and Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Identified in Important Poultry-Raising Areas of China During 2019 and 2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:759861. [PMID: 34926638 PMCID: PMC8671459 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.759861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious immunosuppressive disease caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which seriously threatens the healthy development of the poultry industry. Since its spread to China in the early 1990s, the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) characterized by high lethality, has been the focus of prevention and control. However, the novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV), which has been widely prevalent in China since 2017, has brought a new threat to the poultry industry. In this study, the prevalence of IBDV in the important poultry-raising areas of China from 2019 to 2020 was detected. Of these, 45.1% (101/224) of the samples and 61.9% (26/42) of the chicken flocks were shown to be positive for IBDV. For 50 IBDVs, the sequences of the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene in segment A and of the B-marker of the VP1 gene in segment B were analyzed. The results revealed the coexistence of a number of different IBDV genotypes, including A2dB1 (nVar, 26/50, 52.0%), A3B3 (HLJ0504-like, 15/50, 30.0%), A1B1 (classical, 1/50, 2.0%), and A8B1 (attenuated, 1/50, 2.0%). This indicated that the newly emerging nVarIBDV of A2dB1 and the persistently circulating HLJ0504-like vvIBDV of A3B3 are the two important epidemic strains. Furthermore, we established that segment reassortment has occurred among these circulating strains. This study is the first to reveal the novel epidemic characteristics of IBDV since the report of the emerging nVarIBDV of A2dB1 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Niu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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10
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Ekiri AB, Armson B, Adebowale K, Endacott I, Galipo E, Alafiatayo R, Horton DL, Ogwuche A, Bankole ON, Galal HM, Maikai BV, Dineva M, Wakawa A, Mijten E, Varga G, Cook AJC. Evaluating Disease Threats to Sustainable Poultry Production in Africa: Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, and Avian Infectious Bronchitis in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States, Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730159. [PMID: 34595231 PMCID: PMC8477209 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained by major poultry diseases, despite the implementation of vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the level of protection against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) afforded by current vaccination schedules and characterize the circulating virus strains in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Serum and tissue samples and data on flock, clinical and vaccination records were collected on each farm. Farms were classified as being protected or not protected against ND, IBD and IB based on a defined criterion. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing was performed for each target virus on tissue samples and positive samples were sequenced. A total of 15/44 (34.1%), 35/44 (79.5%), and 1/44 (2.3%) farms were considered to be protected against ND, IBD, and IB, respectively, at the time of sampling. NDV RNA was detected on 7/44 (15.9%) farms and sequences obtained from 3/7 farms were characterized as the lentogenic strain. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) RNA was detected on 16/44 (36.4%) farms tested; very virulent (vv) IBDV and non-virulent (nv) IBDV strains were both detected in 3/16 (18.8%) positive samples. Sequences of IBDV isolates were either clustered with a group of genotype 3 virulent IBDV strains or were related to vaccine strains MB and D78 strains. IBV RNA was detected on 36/44 (81.8%) farms, with variant02, Massachusetts, 4/91, and Q1 variants detected. Sequences of IBV isolates were either clustered with the vaccines strains Massachusetts M41 and H120 or were most closely related to the D274-like strains or a clade of sequences reported in Nigeria and Niger in 2006 and 2007. This study revealed that most study farms in Oyo and Kano states did not have adequate protective antibody titers against IBV and NDV and were therefore at risk of field challenge. Infectious bursal disease virus and IBV RNA were detected on farms with a history of vaccination suggesting potential vaccination failure, or that the vaccine strains used mismatch with the circulating strains and are therefore not protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel B. Ekiri
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Armson
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isabella Endacott
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Galipo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Hussein M. Galal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Beatty-Viv Maikai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Aliyu Wakawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang Y, Jiang N, Fan L, Niu X, Zhang W, Huang M, Gao L, Li K, Gao Y, Liu C, Cui H, Liu A, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qi X. Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of a Novel Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Genotype A2dB3). Viruses 2021; 13:v13091682. [PMID: 34578267 PMCID: PMC8472943 DOI: 10.3390/v13091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a non-enveloped, bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus and the causative agent of a poultry immunosuppressive disease known as infectious bursal disease (IBD). The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) recently posed a great threat to the development of the poultry industry. In this study, we identified a novel segment-reassortant IBDV strain, IBDV-JS19-14701 (Genotype A2dB3). Phylogenic analysis showed that Segments A and B of IBDV-JS19-14701 were derived from emerging nVarIBDV (Genotype A2dB1) and long-prevalent HLJ0504-like strains (Genotype A3B3) in China, respectively. The pathogenicity of IBDV-JS19-14701 was further evaluated via animal experiments. IBDV-JS19-14701 exhibited a similar virulence to chickens with the nVarIBDV. The identification of this reassortment event is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of nVarIBDV and will contribute to the efficient prevention and control of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Linjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xinxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.W.); (N.J.); (L.F.); (X.N.); (W.Z.); (M.H.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (Y.G.); (C.L.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-5105-1692
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12
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Genetic variability in VP1 gene of infectious bursal disease virus from the field outbreaks of Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:407. [PMID: 34291320 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is considered as menace as it affects poultry industry globally causing immunosuppression, high mortality and heavy economic loss. Outbreaks of IBD were reported in many states of India including Kerala. VP1 gene acts as an important factor in the process of virus encapsidation and its involvement in viral virulence and viral replication indicates its importance in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The present study was conducted to carry out the molecular characterization of VP1 gene of virulent IBDV in Kerala. A total of 42 samples were processed for the detection and analysis of VP1 gene of IBDV. Out of 42 samples, 21 samples were positive for VP1 gene of IBD. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP1 gene sequences reveals the clustering of IBDV isolates into very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and non-virulent IBDV (vIBDV). Eighteen isolates (11 isolates from vaccinated flock and 7 from non-vaccinated flocks) clustered with very virulent strains. Three isolates (2 isolates were from vaccinated flock and 1 from non-vaccinated flock) clustered with non-virulent IBDV strains, showing more evolutionarily similarity to south Indian strain VCN14/ABT/MVC/India. It is observed that vvIBDV isolates from this study have common ancestor with the south Indian strain PY12 but showed 9-10% divergence from this strains. The amino acid analysis of these 21 isolates revealed that 17 isolates possessed the characteristic vvIBDV TDN amino acid triplet, while the three isolates had non-vIBDV NEG amino acid triplet at 145/146/147 position. The remaining isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 shows unique PDN triplet instead of TDN. Two vvIBDV isolates (15/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and 18/CVASP/IBDV/VP1) showed 100% nucleotide and amino acid similarity with intermediate plus vaccine strain. Four vvIBDV isolates showed neutral amino acid substitution K251R which was earlier reported in Indian strains but first time in south Indian isolates. The most common unique amino acid substitution observed in our study was neutral E269D amino acid substitution in 12 isolates, neutral amino acid substitution T329S in five isolates, neutral T174N and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution A178T in isolate 10/CVASP/IBDV/VP1, non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P360R in isolate 17/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P188S in isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1. These novel mutations in our study reveal the role of genetic drift in the evolution of vvIBDV strains. The isolate 2/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 from non-vaccinated flock shows VP1 gene of non-vIBDV, but possessing VP2 of vvIBDV type indicates this is evolved by genetic shift of segments A and B. This is the first genetic characterization study of field VP1 gene of IBDV isolates in Kerala, India.
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13
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Arowolo OA, George UE, Luka PD, Maurice NA, Atuman YJ, Shallmizhili JJ, Shittu I, Oluwayelu DO. Infectious bursal disease in Nigeria: continuous circulation of reassortant viruses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:271. [PMID: 33877444 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD), a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of young chickens, are still reported globally despite vaccination efforts. This study investigated the genetic characteristics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from 26 reported outbreaks in 2019 in Nigeria. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 hypervariable (hvVP2) region (n=26) and VP1 (n=23) of Nigerian IBDVs were determined. Our results revealed the detection of reassortant strains with segment A related to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) having virulence marker (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S), whereas their segment B were closely related to previously detected IBDV strains having QEG substitution at positions 145-147. Phylogenetic analysis of the hvVP2 region revealed that all the Nigerian IBDV clustered with vvIBDV (genogroup 3) and were independent of the Asian/European lineage. Interestingly, in the hvVP2, all the viruses had a G-S substitution at residue 254. Additionally, one isolate had an A321T substitution at the PHI loop, which has been suggested to play a key role in antigenicity. Four of the viruses (Bauchi=3 and Plateau=1) had a unique A-T substitution at residue 144 on the VP1 region. We also observed a T174S substitution in nine of the Nigerian viruses from Bauchi and Plateau state that were not found in any outbreak viruses from Oyo and Akwa Ibom. This report demonstrates the circulation of reassortant strains in commercial and backyard poultry farms in Nigeria despite sustained vaccination efforts. Our data suggest that the Nigerian outbreak viruses have mutations that may affect antigenicity and contribute to antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Arowolo
- Viral Vaccines Production Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - U E George
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - P D Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, P.M.B, 930103, Nigeria
| | - N A Maurice
- Department of Diagnostic and Extension, Uyo outstation Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Y J Atuman
- Outstation Investigation Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | | | - I Shittu
- Department of Virology, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - D O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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14
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Islam MR, Nooruzzaman M, Rahman T, Mumu TT, Rahman MM, Chowdhury EH, Eterradossi N, Müller H. A unified genotypic classification of infectious bursal disease virus based on both genome segments. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:190-206. [PMID: 33410703 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1873245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) of chickens is a birnavirus with a bi-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, the segments designated as A and B. We performed phylogenetic analysis using a 366-bp fragment of segment A (nt 785-1150) and a 508-bp fragment of segment B (nt 328-835) of IBDV. A total of 463 segment A and 434 segment B sequences from GenBank, including the sequences of eight recent Bangladeshi isolates, were used in the analysis. The analysis revealed eight genogroups of segment A under serotype 1, designated as A1 (classical), A2 (US antigenic variant), A3 (very virulent), A4 (dIBDV), A5 (atypical Mexican), A6 (atypical Italian), A7 (early Australian) and A8 (Australian variant), and a single genogroup under serotype 2, designated as A0. On the other hand, segment B could be categorized into five genogroups irrespective of serotype, these being B1 (classical-like), B2 (very virulent-like), B3 (early Australian-like), B4 (Polish & Tanzanian) and B5 (Nigerian). Segment B of serotype 2 strains clustered within genogroup B1. With the bi-segmented genome of IBDV, these differences would allow for a total of 45 possible assortments. Based on the combinations of segment A and segment B genogroups observed in 463 IBDV strains, a total of 15 genotypes could be recognized. Recent Bangladeshi IBDV strains, isolated in 2016, appeared to be segment reassortants having segment A of genogroup A3 (very virulent) and segment B of genogroup B3 (early Australian-like). An extended system of nomenclature of IBDV strains is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tazinur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease Ploufragan, France
| | - Hermann Müller
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute for Virology, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Nandhakumar D, Rajasekhar R, Logeshwaran G, Ravishankar C, Sebastian SR, Anoopraj R, Sumod K, Mani BK, Chaithra G, Deorao CV, John K. Identification and genetic analysis of infectious bursal disease viruses from field outbreaks in Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:989-997. [PMID: 31705355 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent infectious bursal disease (IBD) outbreaks were reported in different regions of Kerala, India. This paper reports the comparative genetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene of IBD virus isolates from the field outbreaks in Kerala. In phylogenetic analysis, the obtained field isolates fall into genogroup 1 and 3. In genogroup 3, all vvIBDV isolates shared a common ancestor with other south Indian isolates but isolates 9/CVASP/IBDV, 10/CVASP/IBDV, 12/CVASP/IBDV, 14/CVASP/IBDV and 17/CVASP/IBDV are most recently evolved and are diverged from the south Indian isolates. The amino acid sequence of 22 isolates was analysed, out of which 18 had conserved amino acids which were characteristic of vvIBDV. All the vvIBDV isolates obtained in the study had phenylalanine and valine at the position 240 and 294, respectively, similar to recently evolved Indian IBDV isolate (MDI14). But we observed T269A and S299N mutations in the isolate 6/CVASP/IBDV, and it is the first report of such mutations at these positions in India IBDV isolates. The isolate 11/CVASP/IBDV had a unique mutation of V225A which is not yet reported in IBDV isolates. Two isolates (15/CVASP/IBDV and 18/CVASP/IBDV) were 100% amino acid similar to intermediate plus vaccine strain. The isolates 8/CVASP/IBDV/VP2 and 19/CVASP/IBDV had amino acids unique for the intermediate vaccine with mutations observed at H253Q and V256I in 19/CVASP/IBDV, T270A and novel mutation N279Y in isolate 8/CVASP/IBDV. These two isolates had non-virulent classical heptapeptide sequence 'SWSARGS'; nevertheless, they produce field outbreaks of IBD. This is the first report of genetic characterisation of IBDV in Kerala, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nandhakumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - R Rajasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India.
| | - G Logeshwaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Stephy Rose Sebastian
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - R Anoopraj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - K Sumod
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Binu K Mani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - G Chaithra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Chandankar Vaidehi Deorao
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
| | - Koshy John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala, 673576, India
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16
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Pikuła A, Śmietanka K, Perez LJ. Emergence and expansion of novel pathogenic reassortant strains of infectious bursal disease virus causing acute outbreaks of the disease in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1739-1744. [PMID: 32052582 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious chicken immunodeficiency disorder known as Gumboro disease, which cause severe economic loses to the poultry worldwide. The emergence of very virulent IBDV strains (vvIBDV) during the late 80s resulted in drastic changes to the epidemiology of IBDV with a dramatic increase in the mortality of the animals affected. Molecular studies determined that the emergence of the vvIBDV was a consequence of a genomic reorganization of IBDV known as reassortant event by which the virus combined two emergent genetic background vvIBDV for segment A and vvIBDV for segment B. In the current study, a retrospective analysis was conducted, and samples collected during acute outbreaks of Gumboro disease in Poland during 1992-2015 were submitted to sequencing and further molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The results obtained not only revealed a high genetic diversity for Polish IBDV strains but a new population of IBDV was identified. These novel reassortant strains with a unique genetic background contain the segment A from very virulent strains and segment B from an unidentified source, phylogenetically segregated and classified as 'transitional lineage'. The results obtained also showed the presence of this new lineage in Finland, evidencing the expansion of this new genomic reorganized viral strain in Europe representing an additional threat to the global situation of IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pikuła
- National Veterinary Research Institut, Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Lester J Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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17
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Adetunji Adeniran G, Ohore OG, Jarikre TA, Olawumi Ola O, Oyebanji V, Emikpe BO. Humoral and mucosal immune responses in challenged chickens vaccinated with Infectious bursal disease vaccine using gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis as delivery agents. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:630-641. [PMID: 31544580 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1669640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antigenic variants and very virulent strains of infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in vaccinated flocks considerably stimulated research in IBDV vaccine administration. The mucoadhesive and immunopotentials of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis were explored in vaccine delivery against clinical IBDV in broiler chickens. A total of 400 chicks were successfully brooded and raised from day old for commencement of this experiment. The birds were randomly distributed into eight groups with an average of 50 birds per group comprising: Gums-Gumboro Vaccine Ocular (infected) (GGVOC), Gumboro Vaccine alone Ocular (infected) (GVOC), Gums alone Ocular (infected) (GOC), Gums-Gumboro Vaccine Oral (infected) (GGVOR), Gumboro Vaccine alone Oral (infected) (GVOR), Gums alone Oral (infected) (GOR), No-Vaccine-No-Gums (infected) (NVNG/i), and No-Vaccine-No-Gums (not infected) (NVNG). On a weekly basis, 1.5mls of blood were collected from 5 birds and 3 birds euthanized per group for serological analysis and mucosal washings (trachea and intestine) respectively. Data obtained were analyzed and sample to positive ratio calculated. The post 1st vaccination trachea IgG antibody response was moderately higher in the ocular groups than the oral groups. It was also high in the VOC, GVOC, GOC, VOR groups than the GVOR groups. The antibody response (IgG) pre and post 1st vaccination, post 2nd vaccination and post infection from serum, trachea and intestinal washes showed that by week 1 Post 1st vaccination, there was insignificant increase in titer serum response of the gum-vaccine ocular group compared to the vaccine ocular alone while both groups were insignificantly higher than the oral group. Overall, serum titer showed a rapid response with spiked significant response by 48h pi in the gum vaccine groups (especially GVOR), which peaks by day 3 and remains insignificantly higher throughout the day 7 pi compared to vaccine alone groups. In conclusion, use of the mucilage from C. odorata and K. senegalenses in equal proportion has given better enhancement of the response to IBDV vaccination and premise for further investigations for improvement against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obokparo Godspower Ohore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus Aghogho Jarikre
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Victor Oyebanji
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Molini U, Aikukutu G, Kabajani J, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG. Molecular characterisation of infectious bursal disease virus in Namibia, 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e6. [PMID: 31291734 PMCID: PMC6620521 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Between July and September 2017, samples collected from six unvaccinated chickens in Namibia were shown to be positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by RT-PCR. Partial sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP2 genes from six viruses revealed that they all belong to the very virulent pathotype (Genogroup 3) and are genetically very similar to IBDVs identified in neighbouring Zambia. This is the first molecular characterisation of IBDV in Namibia and has implications on the control and management of the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus.
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19
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Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan. Virol Sin 2019; 34:102-105. [PMID: 30725319 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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20
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Awandkar SP, Tembhurne PA, Kesharkar JA, Kurkure NV, Chaudhari SP, Bonde SW, Ingle VC. Identification and characterization of a novel infectious bursal disease virus from outbreaks in Maharashtra Province of India. Vet World 2018; 11:1516-1525. [PMID: 30532511 PMCID: PMC6247889 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1516-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The study was undertaken to isolate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from clinical cases in broiler and cockerel flocks of Maharashtra state, India, and its molecular epidemiological investigation. Materials and Methods The morbid bursal tissues were collected from flocks suspected for IBD. The samples were subjected for virus adaptation in primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells followed by confirmation by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for partial VP2 sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Results The isolation of IBDV from field samples took seven blind passages for adaptation in CEF. The cytopathic effects included rounding, aggregation, vacuolation, and detachment of the cells. The RT-PCR showed amplification of 627 bp amplicon specific to the primers for VP2 gene fragment which confirmed successful adaptation and isolation of IBDV using CEF. The nucleotide and deduced amino acids based on phylogeny clustered the current isolate in a distinct clade with classical virulent and antigenic variants. It showed divergence from very virulent (vv) and vaccine strains of Indian origin. The isolate showed unique amino acid substitution at A329V as compared to all other IBDVs. The variation in key amino acids was reported at A222, I242, Q249, Q253, A256, T270, N279, T284, I286, L294, N299, and V329. It shared conserved amino acids at position A222, I242, and Q253 as reported in vvIBDV isolates. However, the amino acids reported at position T270, N279, T284, L294, and N299 are conserved in classic, antigenic variant and attenuated strains of IBDV. The amino acids at positions N279 and T284 indicated that the isolate has key amino acids for cell culture replication. Conclusion The IBDV field isolate does not reveal the full nucleotide sequence signature of vvIBDV as well as vaccine strains. Hence, we can conclude that it might not belong to vvIBDVs of Indian origin and the vaccine strain used in the region. This may be suggestive of the evolution of the IBDV in the field due to the coexistence of circulating field strains and live attenuated hot strains, resulting into morbidity and mortality, warranting the need for safer protective vaccines, and implementation of stringent biosecurity measures to minimize loss to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar P Awandkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prabhakar A Tembhurne
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jeevan A Kesharkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep P Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin W Bonde
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay C Ingle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur - 440 006, Maharashtra, India
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Drissi Touzani C, Fellahi S, Gaboun F, Fassi Fihri O, Baschieri S, Mentag R, El Houadfi M. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus circulating in Morocco during 2016-2017. Arch Virol 2018; 164:381-390. [PMID: 30367293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV), the cause of significant economic losses in many poultry-producing areas, has been present in Morocco since 1991. In spite of the introduction of vaccination, disease outbreaks are frequently observed. To ascertain if vaccines failure may be due to the emergence of new strains, the aim of this study was to perform for the first time the molecular characterization of vvIBDV strains circulating in Morocco by focusing on the hypervariable region (HVR) of the VP2 protein, which is frequently used for molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic studies. Field samples of haemorrhagic bursae of Fabricius were collected for molecular characterization in different parts of the country during 2016-2017 from 48 chicken flocks showing symptoms of disease. In a phylogenetic tree, nucleotide sequences containing the VP2 HVR of 13 samples that were positive for vvIBDV formed a common branch with those of vvIBDV references strains published in GenBank, but they clearly grouped into a distinct subcluster. An alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences, in addition to confirming the presence of the "signature" typical of the vvIBDV HVR, also revealed the presence of substitutions in hydrophilic loops that are known to be involved in the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies. One of these substitutions is unique to the Moroccan isolates. These results represent the first molecular characterization of vvIBDV isolates in Morocco and may indicate that one of the causes of vaccine ineffectiveness is antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
- Unité de Biotechnologie, CRRA-Rabat, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA, Avenue Mohamed Belarbi Alaoui, Rabat-Instituts, B.P 6356, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Gaboun
- Unité de Biotechnologie, CRRA-Rabat, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA, Avenue Mohamed Belarbi Alaoui, Rabat-Instituts, B.P 6356, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachid Mentag
- Unité de Biotechnologie, CRRA-Rabat, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA, Avenue Mohamed Belarbi Alaoui, Rabat-Instituts, B.P 6356, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10000, Rabat, Morocco.
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Mwenda R, Changula K, Hang'ombe BM, Chidumayo N, Mangani AS, Kaira T, Takada A, Mweene AS, Simulundu E. Characterization of field infectious bursal disease viruses in Zambia: evidence of co-circulation of multiple genotypes with predominance of very virulent strains. Avian Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29517272 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1449941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of chickens and causes substantial economic losses to the poultry industry globally. This study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathological lesions induced by IBD viruses (IBDVs) that were associated with 60 suspected outbreaks in chickens during 2015-2016 in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 hypervariable region (VP2-HVR) (n = 38) and part of VP1 (n = 37) of Zambian IBDVs were phylogenetically analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2-HVR and VP1 revealed that most viruses (n = 31 of each genome segment) clustered with the very virulent (vv) strains. The rest of the viruses clustered with the classical strains, with two of the viruses being closely related to attenuated vaccine isolates. Two of the viruses that belonged to the vv genotype had a unique amino acid (aa) substitution Q324L whereas one virus had two unique changes, N280S and E300A in the VP2-HVR aa sequence. Although Zambian strains with a vv genotype possessed virulence marker aa within VP1 at 145T, 146D and 147N, two viruses showed unique substitutions, with one virus having 147T while the other had 147H. Pathologically, it was noted that only viruses with a vv genotype appeared to be associated with inducing pathological lesions in non-lymphoid organs (proventriculus and gizzard). Whilst documenting for the first time the presence of classical virulent IBDVs, this study demonstrates the involvement of multiple genotypes, with predominance of vvIBDVs in the epidemiology of IBD in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Mwenda
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Bernard M Hang'ombe
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Nozyechi Chidumayo
- b Department of Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Alfred S Mangani
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Titus Kaira
- a Department of Para Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia.,d Division of Global Epidemiology , Hokkaido University Research Centre for Zoonosis Control , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- c Department of Disease Control , School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia
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Abed M, Soubies S, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Allée C, Amelot M, De Boisseson C, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Belahouel A, Kara R, Essalhi A, Temim S, Khelef D, Eterradossi N. Infectious bursal disease virus in Algeria: Detection of highly pathogenic reassortant viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:48-57. [PMID: 29409800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an immunosuppressive viral disease, present worldwide, which causes mortality and immunosuppression in young chickens. The causative agent, the Avibirnavirus IBDV, is a non-enveloped virus whose genome consists of two segments (A and B) of double-stranded RNA. Different pathotypes of IBDV exist, ranging from attenuated vaccine strains to very virulent viruses (vvIBDV). In Algeria, despite the prophylactic measures implemented, cases of IBD are still often diagnosed clinically and the current molecular epidemiology of IBDV remains unknown. The presence of the virus and especially of strains genetically close to vvIBDV was confirmed in 2000 by an unpublished OIE report. In this study, nineteen IBDV isolates were collected in Algeria between September 2014 and September 2015 during clinical outbreaks. These isolates were analyzed at the genetic, antigenic and pathogenic levels. Our results reveal a broad genetic and phenotypic diversity of pathogenic IBDV strains in Algeria, with, i) the circulation of viruses with both genome segments related to European vvIBDV, which proved as pathogenic for specific pathogen-free chickens as vvIBDV reference strain, ii) the circulation of viruses closely related - yet with a specific segment B - to European vvIBDV, their pathogenicity being lower than reference vvIBDV, iii) the detection of reassortant viruses whose segment A was related to vvIBDV whereas their segment B did not appear closely related to any reference sequence. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of these potentially reassortant strains was comparable to that of reference vvIBDV. All strains characterized in this study exhibited an antigenicity similar to the cognate reference IBDV strains. These data reveal the continuous genetic evolution of IBDV strains in Algerian poultry through reassortment and acquisition of genetic material of unidentified origin. Continuous surveillance of the situation as well as good vaccination practice associated with appropriate biosecurity measures are necessary for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Abed
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sébastien Soubies
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Experimental Poultry Unit (SELEAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire De Boisseson
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Ali Belahouel
- Veterinary Practice, Beni Slimane, 26000, Medea, Algeria
| | | | | | - Soraya Temim
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamel Khelef
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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Michel LO, Jackwood DJ. Classification of infectious bursal disease virus into genogroups. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3661-3670. [PMID: 28825213 PMCID: PMC5671532 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes infectious bursal disease (IBD), an immunosuppressive disease of poultry. The current classification scheme of IBDV is confusing because it is based on antigenic types (variant and classical) as well as pathotypes. Many of the amino acid changes differentiating these various classifications are found in a hypervariable region of the capsid protein VP2 (hvVP2), the major host protective antigen. Data from this study were used to propose a new classification scheme for IBDV based solely on genogroups identified from phylogenetic analysis of the hvVP2 of strains worldwide. Seven major genogroups were identified, some of which are geographically restricted and others that have global dispersion, such as genogroup 1. Genogroup 2 viruses are predominately distributed in North America, while genogroup 3 viruses are most often identified on other continents. Additionally, we have identified a population of genogroup 3 vvIBDV isolates that have an amino acid change from alanine to threonine at position 222 while maintaining other residues conserved in this genogroup (I242, I256 and I294). A222T is an important mutation because amino acid 222 is located in the first of four surface loops of hvVP2. A similar shift from proline to threonine at 222 is believed to play a role in the significant antigenic change of the genogroup 2 IBDV strains, suggesting that antigenic drift may be occurring in genogroup 3, possibly in response to antigenic pressure from vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda O Michel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Daral J Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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