Humoral and cellular immune response induced by antigenic protein of Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae

Formulation of Nanovaccines toward an Extended Immunity against Nicotine

Nicotine vaccines have been investigated to assist with smoking cessation. Because smoking cessation is a long process, past nicotine vaccines required multiple injections to achieve long-term efficacy. It would be of great significance if extended efficacy can be achieved with fewer injections. Here, we report the assembly of lipid-polylactic acid (PLA) and lipid-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) hybrid nanoparticle (NP) based nicotine vaccines. Mice immunized with the lipid-PLGA vaccine produced higher titers of nicotine-specific antibodies than the lipid-PLA vaccine in short-term. However, the lipid-PLA vaccine was found to induce long-lasting antibodies. Three months after the immunization, only mice that received first two injections of the lipid-PLGA vaccine and a third injection of the lipid-PLA vaccine achieved a significantly lower brain nicotine concentration of 65.13 ± 20.59 ng/mg than 115.88 ± 37.62 ng/mg from the negative controls. The results indicate that not only the stability of the vaccines but also the combination of the vaccines impacted the long-term efficacy of the immunization. Lastly, both the body weight and the histopathology study suggest that the vaccines were safe to mice. These findings suggest that long-term immunity against nicotine can be realized by a rational administration of nanovaccines of different levels of stability.

Characterization of mitochondrial COX-1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei from rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to characterize the mitochondrial COX-1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits from three districts of Malang, Nganjuk, and Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. The gene was aligned with a DNA isolated from S. scabiei of Chong'qing rabbit (accession number: EU256388.1) to construct a molecular analysis of phylogenetic in S. scabiei COX-1 gene.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study has been verified by the Committee Ethics (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga). The mites were collected and identified from rabbits that have an indication of scabies infection. DNA was extracted with QIAamp DNA mini kit and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was done. The PCR products were purified with the protocol of the BigDye XTerminator™ Purification Kit (Thermo Scientific) and were double-sequenced with the forward and reverse PCR primers of ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. The sequence product was confirmed with Clone Manager Professional 9 (Sci-Ed Software) and the Neighbor-Joining method was done with MEGA6 to build a phylogenetic tree.

RESULTS

The target product of DNA amplification in this PCR was around 290-bp. The amplicon was visualized in 2% of agarose gel electrophoresis. The homology analysis of these sequences showed that it had more than 99% similarity.

CONCLUSION

COX-1 gene sequences of S. scabiei from rabbits in Malang, Nganjuk, and Kediri were very similar to COX-1 gene sequences in S. scabiei acquired from several hosts according to NCBI data.

Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from goats and rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

Aim

This study aimed to sequence the Cytochrome c oxidase (COX-1) gene sequence from mitochondrial DNA of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits, align it with DNA isolated from Zi'gong rabbit (GenBank accession No. EU256389.1), and produce a phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei COX-1 gene.

Materials and Methods

S. scabiei mites were obtained from goats and rabbits, and DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The forward and reverse primer sequences were designed based on the DNA sequence of an S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from the Zi'gong rabbit (5'-TCTTAGGGGCTGGATTTAGTATG-3' and 5'-AGTTCCTCTACCAGTTCCAC-3', respectively). To confirm sequencing output, the sequence resulting from the reverse primer was inverted and aligned to the sequence from the forward primer using Clone Manager Professional Version 9 for Windows (Scientific & Educational Software; http://www.scied.com). This alignment was subsequently used to build a phylogenetic tree, using the Neighbor-Joining method, in the MEGA6 program (https://www.megasoftware.net/).

Results

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from S. scabiei isolates from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits produced bands of around 290 bp with 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Comparing the DNA sequences of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene with those isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits showed 99% homology.

Conclusion

PCR products of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were around 290 bp long. The sequences had more than 99% homology. The sequences of the COX-1 gene of S. scabiei from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were relatively close to the sequence of the gene in S. scabiei obtained from various hosts according to National Center for Biotechnology Information data.

Exploration of Sarcoptes scabiei Antigenic Protein Which Play Roles in Scabies Pathogenesis in Goats and Rabbits

BACKGROUND

Scabies or mange is an infectious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. This skin disease affects various livestock such as goats, sheep, swine, cattle, other animals like dogs, cats, wild animals and also affect human. This research aimed to explore the protein in mites S. scabiei which has antigenic character and play roles in scabies pathogenesis in goats and rabbits.

METHODS

S.scabiei mites were isolated from goats and rabbits, and characterized using SDS-PAGE. In addition the protein was also analysed using Western Blot assay. The isolation and identification were carried out in 2015 at the Parasitology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

RESULTS

The identification results using SDS-PAGE of mites S. scabiei var. caprae expressed 12 protein bands between 26,7 kDa and 205,8 kDa, continued by Western Blot showed 3 protein bands, after being reacted with blood serum from scabies infected goat, it could be identified antigenic protein with molecule weight 205.8 kDa, 57.3 kDa, and 43 kDa. While protein in mites S. scabiei var. cuniculi identified 9 protein bands between 24 kDa and 75 kDa by SDS-PAGE, and the Western Blot assay identified antigenic protein with molecule weight 62 kDa and 51 kDa.

CONCLUSION

The antigenic protein of S. scabiei var. caprae and S. scabiei var. cuniculi showed that they are probably involved in the scabies pathogenesis in goats and rabbits.