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Huang Q, Yang X, Zhao X, Han X, Sun S, Xu C, Cui N, Lu M. Co-infection of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and QX genotype live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus increase the pathogenicity in SPF chickens. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110163. [PMID: 38959807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and vaccination against live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (aIBV) are frequent in poultry worldwide. Here, we evaluated the clinical effect of H9N2 subtype AIV and QX genotype aIBV co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens and explored the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects using by 4D-FastDIA-based proteomics. The results showed that co-infection of H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV increased mortality and suppressed the growth of SPF chickens. In particular, severe lesions in the kidneys and slight respiratory signs similar to the symptoms of virulent QX IBV infection were observed in some co-infected chickens, with no such clinical signs observed in single-infected chickens. The replication of H9N2 AIV was significantly enhanced in both the trachea and kidneys, whereas there was only a slight effect on the replication of the QX aIBV. Proteomics analysis showed that the IL-17 signaling pathway was one of the unique pathways enriched in co-infected chickens compared to single infected-chickens. A series of metabolism and immune response-related pathways linked with co-infection were also significantly enriched. Moreover, co-infection of the two pathogens resulted in the enrichment of the negative regulation of telomerase activity. Collectively, our study supports the synergistic effect of the two pathogens, and pointed out that aIBV vaccines might increased IBV-associated lesions due to pathogenic co-infections. Exacerbation of the pathogenicity and mortality in H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV co-infected chickens possibly occurred because of an increase in H9N2 AIV replication, the regulation of telomerase activity, and the disturbance of cell metabolism and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shouli Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Chuantian Xu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Ning Cui
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
| | - Mei Lu
- Weifang Engineering Vocational College, Qingzhou, China.
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Sha Y, Yan W, Liu X, Chai H, Chen J, Li H, Wang M, Jiang S, Wang S, Ren Y, Li H, Liu Y, Stoeger T, Wajid A, Dodovski A, Gao C, Mingala CN, Andreychuk DB, Yin R. The first report and biological characterization of Avian Orthoavulavirus 16 in wild migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry in China reveal a potential threat to birds. Avian Pathol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38922304 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2373366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First confirmation of AOAV-16 in domestic and wild birds in China.AOAV-16 are low virulent viruses for chickens.Co-circulation/co-infection of AOAV-16 and H9N2 subtype AIV enhanced pathogenicity.Different intergenic sequences and recombination events exist within AOAV-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Aleksandar Dodovski
- Department for Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Dmitry B Andreychuk
- Reference Laboratory for Avian Viral Diseases, FGBI "Federal Centre for Animal Health" (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Renfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Liu K, Li Z, Li Q, Wang S, Curtiss R, Shi H. Salmonella typhimurium Vaccine Candidate Delivering Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Protein to Induce Protection. Biomolecules 2024; 14:133. [PMID: 38275762 PMCID: PMC10813627 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious viral disease of chickens which causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. An effective vaccine against IB is urgently needed to provide both biosafety and high-efficiency immune protection. In this study, the S1 protein of the infectious bronchitis virus was delivered by a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector to form the vaccine candidate χ11246(pYA4545-S1). S. typhimurium χ11246 carried a sifA- mutation with regulated delayed systems, striking a balance between host safety and immunogenicity. Here, we demonstrated that S1 protein is highly expressed in HD11 cells. Immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) induced the production of antibody and cytokine, leading to an effective immune response against IB. Oral immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) provided 72%, 56%, and 56% protection in the lacrimal gland, trachea, and cloaca against infectious bronchitis virus infection, respectively. Furthermore, it significantly reduced histopathological lesions in chickens. Together, this study provides a new idea for the prevention of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.W.)
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.W.)
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou 225009, China
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Kong L, You R, Zhang D, Yuan Q, Xiang B, Liang J, Lin Q, Ding C, Liao M, Chen L, Ren T. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection Increases Pathogenicity of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Inducing Severe Inflammatory Response. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:824179. [PMID: 35211536 PMCID: PMC8860976 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.824179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) are frequently identified in chickens with respiratory disease. However, the role and mechanism of IBV and H9N2 AIV co-infection remain largely unknown. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with IBV 2 days before H9N2 virus inoculation (IBV/H9N2); with IBV and H9N2 virus simultaneously (IBV+H9N2); with H9N2 virus 2 days before IBV inoculation (H9N2/IBV); or with either IBV or H9N2 virus alone. Severe respiratory signs, pathological damage, and higher morbidity and mortality were observed in the co-infection groups compared with the IBV and H9N2 groups. In general, a higher virus load and a more intense inflammatory response were observed in the three co-infection groups, especially in the IBV/H9N2 group. The same results were observed in the transcriptome analysis of the trachea of the SPF chickens. Therefore, IBV might play a major role in the development of respiratory disease in chickens, and secondary infection with H9N2 virus further enhances the pathogenicity by inducing a severe inflammatory response. These findings may provide a reference for the prevention and control of IBV and H9N2 AIV in the poultry industry and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of IBV and H9N2 AIV co-infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchen Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renrong You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingli Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Libin Chen
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Tao Ren
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Nugroho CMH, Silaen OSM, Kurnia RS, Soejoedono RD, Poetri ON, Soebandrio A. Isolation and molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from poultry in Java, Indonesia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:423-434. [PMID: 34722740 PMCID: PMC8520164 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 circulating in Indonesia has raised increasing concern about its impact on poultry and its public health risks. In this study, the H9N2 virus from chicken poultry farms in Java was isolated and characterized molecularly. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three pooled samples of chicken brain, cloacal swab, trachea, and oviduct were taken from multiple chickens infected with AIV in five regions of Java, Indonesia. The samples were isolated from specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs that were 9 days old. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify H9N2 viruses. Results: This study was successful in detecting and characterizing 13 H9N2 isolates. The sequencing analysis of hemagglutinin genes revealed a 96.9%–98.8% similarity to the H9N2 AIV isolated from Vietnam in 2014 (A/muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM719/2014). According to the phylogenetic analysis, all recent H9N2 viruses were members of the lineage Y280 and clade h9.4.2.5. Nine of the H9N2 isolates studied showed PSKSSR↓GLF motifs at the cleavage site, while four had PSKSSR↓GLF. Notably, all contemporary viruses have leucine (L) at position 216 in the receptor-binding region, indicating that the virus can interact with a human-like receptor. Conclusion: This study described the features of recent H9N2 viruses spreading in Java’s poultry industry. Additionally, H9N2 infection prevention and management must be implemented to avoid the occurrence of virus mutations in the Indonesian poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan Septa Kurnia
- Doctoral Program Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damajanti Soejoedono
- Department of Animal Diseases and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Department of Animal Diseases and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Khantour AE, Houadfi ME, Nassik S, Tligui NS, Mellouli FE, Sikht FZ, Ducatez MF, Soulaymani A, Fellahi S. Protective Efficacy Evaluation of Four Inactivated Commercial Vaccines Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Under Experimental Conditions in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:351-357. [PMID: 34427407 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to compare, under experimental conditions, the protective efficacy of four imported commercial inactivated H9N2 vaccines (A, B, C, and D) in broiler chickens. A total of 150 one-day-old chicks were divided into six groups: four experimental groups, each containing 30 chicks, received one of the vaccines (A, B, C, or D) delivered in a 0.3-ml dose subcutaneously at 1 day of age, whereas the control, Group T, was not vaccinated but challenged and Group E was kept unvaccinated and unchallenged. At 21 days postvaccination, Groups A, B, C, D, and T were challenged with 107 embryo infective dose 50% of A/Chicken/Morocco/01/2016 (H9N2). All chicks were observed daily for clinical signs during the 12 days postchallenge (dpc). At 5 and 12 dpc, chicks were euthanatized for necropsy examination. Blood samples were collected weekly for serologic analysis and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for virus detection by real-time RT-PCR. Respiratory signs started at 48 hr pc and maximum severity was observed on 9 dpc. Chiefly, the birds vaccinated with vaccine B showed significantly more respiratory signs than did their counterparts. Serologic analysis revealed that the sera of Groups A and D birds showed a decrease in antibody (Ab) levels up to day 26; then a slight increase of Ab level was observed until day 31, while Group B and C birds showed a stabilization of the titers from day 21 until the end of the experiment. The viral shedding rate was significantly lower in Groups C and A (40%-50% of the birds shed virus for <7 days) compared with other challenged groups (60%-75% of the birds shed virus for ≥9 days). This experiment illustrated that vaccination applied on the first day in the hatchery with the four vaccines tested did not provide an acceptable protection against H9N2 in comparison with the controls that did not receive any vaccine. However, at first glance, we might favor vaccines A and C for their ability to reduce and shorten viral shedding as compared with vaccines B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazak El Khantour
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000).,Division de la pharmacie et des Intrants vétérinaires; Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires(ONSSA). Rue Ikhlas Cym BP 4509 Akkari. Rabat, Morocco (10050)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Saadia Nassik
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Nour Said Tligui
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Fatiha El Mellouli
- Laboratoire régional d'analyses et de recherches de Casablanca (lRARC); ONSSA, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zohra Sikht
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- Unité mixte de recherche, Institut National de Recherche Agricole/Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse 1225, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelmajid Soulaymani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000), ,
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El-Moeid AA, EL-Deeb AH, Elsaied MF, Soliman RA, EL-Safty MM, Hussein HA. Discrepancies in the efficacy of H5 inactivated avian influenza vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chickens against challenge with the Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 Group B virus isolated in 2018. Vet World 2021; 14:2131-2141. [PMID: 34566331 PMCID: PMC8448630 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2131-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was newly emerged to Egypt and firstly detected in carcasses of wild birds in November 2016. This study assessed the protection efficacy and virus shedding reduction of three different inactivated avian influenza (AI) H5 (H5N1, H5N2, and H5N3) commercial vaccines against challenge with two newly emerging highly pathogenic AI virus H5N8 Egyptian isolates in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10-day-old SPF chicks (n=260) were divided into 20 groups (n=13). Groups 1-5 were vaccinated through the subcutaneous route (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N1 vaccine, Groups 6-10 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N2 vaccine, and Groups 11-15 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N3 vaccine. Positive control groups (16-19) were challenged at 25 and 31 days old (2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination [PV]) using H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/duck/Egypt/F13666A/2017(H5N8) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/chicken/Egypt/18FL6/2018(H5N8). Group 20 was left non-vaccinated as a control. All vaccinated groups were divided and challenged with both viruses at 25 and 31 days of age. The viral challenge dose was 0.1 mL of 106 EID50/0.1 mL titer/chick, and it was administered oronasally. All chicks were kept in isolators for 14 days after each challenge. Sera samples were collected weekly and at 2 weeks post-challenge (PC) to detect a humoral immune response. PC mortalities were recorded daily for 10 days to calculate the protection percentages. Tracheal swabs were collected from the challenged chicks in different groups at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC. Kidneys and spleens were collected at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC and kept in formalin for histopathological examination to assess lesions and severity scores. Tracheal swabs were inoculated in 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs for virus titration and to calculate shedding levels. RESULTS All studied vaccines displayed 70-100% protection within 10 days PC. Hemagglutination inhibition results from sera samples revealed antibody titers ranging from 0.6 to 5.4 log2 starting at 1-week PV with the highest titers at 4 weeks PV. Challenged SPF chickens exhibited a notable reduction in virus shedding, with an average of 1.5-2 log10, compared to control birds. Various histopathological lesions with different scores were detected. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the inadequate virus shedding reduction and protection efficacy of studied vaccines were variable and that the type of vaccine to be used under field conditions should be reconsidered. Study of the variability between the Egyptian old emerged AI (AIV) 2017 H5N8 strains and the new emerging AIV 2018 H5N8 is required to achieve optimal protection and limit the current economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Abd El-Moeid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hany EL-Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fathy Elsaied
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Ahamed Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hussein Aly Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Wilson FD, Banda A, Hoerr FJ, Alvarado I, Orozco E, Mackey R. Histopathologic Lesion Scoring and Histomorphometric Methods for Measuring Vaccine Reactions in the Trachea of Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 65:18-25. [PMID: 34339117 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Severity of the tracheal histologic inflammatory response induced in broilers by ocular inoculation of two infectious bronchitis (IBV) and three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) commercial vaccines were evaluated. The vaccine was delivered by eye drop with a coarse spray to day-old chicks. The vaccines were given individually or in various combinations and were evaluated relative to nonvaccinated controls. Evaluations were performed on postvaccination (PV) days 7 and 14. Histologic endpoints included semiquantitative severity scoring of inflammatory components and quantitative morphometric determinations of inflammatory cell concentration, mucosal thickness, and percentage of ciliated mucosal surface. Strong positive correlations were observed between routine severity scoring and morphometric inflammatory parameters, whereas a negative correlation was present between inflammation severity and the percentage of mucosal ciliation. Variable, sometimes extensive, and often statistically significant differences in inflammatory responses were observed between the various vaccines. One IBV Massachusetts strain vaccine (IBV-A) produced the greatest overall inflammatory response when given alone or in combination with the NDV vaccines. Enhancement of tracheitis was seen on PV day 14 by covaccination of IBV-A with the NDV vaccines, but not by covaccination of another IBV Massachusetts strain vaccine (IBV-B) with NDV. Reduction in cilia percentage was observed for all vaccine groups relative to controls on PV day 7. However, although reactive cilia regeneration occurred on PV day 14 for most vaccine groups, a cilia regenerative response was not apparent for individual or NDV combination vaccination for IBV-A. The study also demonstrates that substantial microscopic trachea pathology may be present in vaccinated birds not exhibiting apparent clinical respiratory signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd D Wilson
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Pearl, MS 39208,
| | | | | | | | - Eric Orozco
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Pearl, MS 39208
| | - Rebecca Mackey
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Pearl, MS 39208
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Abdelaziz AM, Mohamed MHA, Fayez MM, Al-Marri T, Qasim I, Al-Amer AA. Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective). Vet World 2019; 12:1975-1986. [PMID: 32095050 PMCID: PMC6989313 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1975-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. Materials and Methods: A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR. Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses. Conclusion: Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Abdelaziz
- Veterinary Educational Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.,Department of Avian Diseases, Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud H A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Fayez
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia.,Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Theeb Al-Marri
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Qasim
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Amer
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
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Sultan HA, Ali A, El Feil WK, Bazid AHI, Zain El-Abideen MA, Kilany WH. Protective Efficacy of Different Live Attenuated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes Against Challenge With IBV Variant-2 Circulating in the Middle East. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:341. [PMID: 31649942 PMCID: PMC6794438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Six vaccination regimes using classical (Mass-type) and variant (IB-VAR2 and IB-793B) live vaccines were evaluated against Middle Eastern variant-2 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. Six groups of SPF chicks (30 birds/group) were vaccinated using prime-boost regimes at day-1 and day-14 using; IB-M41:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-M41, IB-Ma5:IB-793B, IB-793B:IB-793B, and IB-793B:IB-Ma5, respectively. Ciliostasis and lesion scores were evaluated at day-5 after each vaccination. Birds were challenged intranasally at 14-day post 2nd vaccination using 105EID50/0.1 ml/bird of wild-type IBV (Eg/1212B/2012). At 3, 5, and 7-day post challenge (DPC) virus shedding was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Five chicks/group were euthanized at 7DPC for ciliostasis and lesion scoring and histopathology was conducted on 3 chicks/group. Seroconversion was evaluated at 14 DPC. All groups primed with the 793B vaccine showed relatively higher ciliostasis scores compared to other groups. The IB-VAR2 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates (80–100%) and high protection score (67.6–73.2%) compared to the 793B vaccine groups (50–60%). The virus shedding was significantly reduced at 3 and 5DPC in groups received the IBV-VAR2 (prime or booster) compared to those received the 793B vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IBV-VAR2 vaccine showed superior results compared to 793B or Mass-type vaccines confirming the importance of IBV vaccine seed homology to the circulating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A Sultan
- Birds and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Wael K El Feil
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdel Hamid I Bazid
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Belkasmi SFZ, Fellahi S, Touzani CD, Faraji FZ, Maaroufi I, Delverdier M, Guérin JL, Fihri OF, El Houadfi M, Ducatez MF. Co-infections of chickens with avian influenza virus H9N2 and Moroccan Italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus: effect on pathogenesis and protection conferred by different vaccination programmes. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:21-28. [PMID: 31412705 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1656328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses in Morocco in 2016, severe respiratory problems have been encountered in the field. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is often detected together with H9N2, suggesting disease exacerbation in cases of co-infections. This hypothesis was therefore tested and confirmed in laboratory conditions using specific-pathogen-free chickens. Most common field vaccine programmes were then tested to compare their efficacies against these two co-infecting agents. IBV γCoV/chicken/Morocco/I38/2014 (Mor-IT02) and LPAI virus A/chicken/Morocco/SF1/2016 (Mor-H9N2) were thus inoculated to commercial chickens. We showed that vaccination with two heterologous IBV vaccines (H120 at day one and 4/91 at day 14 of age) reduced the severity of clinical signs as well as macroscopic lesions after simultaneous experimental challenge. In addition, LPAI H9N2 vaccination was more efficient at day 7 than at day 1 in limiting disease post simultaneous challenge.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Simultaneous challenge with IBV and AIV H9N2 induced higher pathogenicity in SPF birds than inoculation with IBV or AIV H9N2 alone.Recommended vaccination programme in commercial broilers to counter Mor-IT02 IBV and LPAIV H9N2 simultaneous infections: IB live vaccine H120 (d1), AIV H9N2 inactivated vaccine (d7), IB live vaccine 4-91 (d14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhia F Z Belkasmi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.,Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahra Faraji
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imane Maaroufi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, IAV Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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