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Hong T, Park J, Song G, Lim W. Brief guidelines for zebrafish embryotoxicity tests. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100090. [PMID: 38997089 PMCID: PMC11321278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been growing emphasis on environmental pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and nanoplastics, owing to the escalating significance of environmental pollution as a major global issue. Various toxicities induced by these compounds have been consistently reported, and many cell lines and animal models have been used in toxicity studies. Zebrafish are one of the most widely used animal models for verifying the toxic effects of environmental pollutants, owing to their many advantages. In this study, we provide brief guidelines for zebrafish maintenance and mating methods, toxicant treatments, survival measurements, and morphological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Park H, Hong T, An G, Park J, Song G, Lim W. Bifenox induces hepatotoxicity and vascular toxicity in zebrafish embryos via ROS production and alterations in signaling pathways. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109918. [PMID: 38583696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Existing evidence shows that currently used pesticides pose toxicological risks to exposed wildlife. Chemically, bifenox belongs to diphenyl ethers, a well-known group of herbicides. Its mechanism of action primarily involves inducing lipid peroxidation and blocking protoporphyrinogen oxidases. Toxicity of diphenyl ether herbicides has been elucidated in animal cells; however, in vivo toxicological evaluations of bifenox are required to determine its unexpected effects. This study aimed to determine the negative effects of bifenox, and its effects on higher eukaryotes. We found that early stages of zebrafish embryo exposed to bifenox demonstrated increased mortality and physiological defects, based on the LC50 value. Bifenox severely inhibited blood vessel growth by reducing key elements of complex connectivity; fluorescently tagged transgenic lines (fli1a:EGFP) showed morphological changes. Additionally, transgenic lines that selectively identified hepatocytes (fabp10a:DsRed) showed reduced fluorescence, indicating that bifenox may inhibit liver development. To evaluate the level of oxidative stress, we used 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probes in zebrafish embryos to identify the underlying mechanisms causing developmental damage. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to bifenox causes abnormalities in the hepatic and cardiovascular systems during zebrafish embryogenesis. Therefore, this study provides new information for the evaluation of toxicological risks of bifenox in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Hong T, Park J, Park H, An G, Lee H, Song G, Lim W. Exposure to acifluorfen induces developmental toxicity in the early life stage of zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109909. [PMID: 38570177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Acifluorfen, a selective herbicide from the diphenyl ether family, targets broad leaf weeds. Diphenyl ether inhibits chlorophyll production in green plants by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), causing cellular damage. Despite its known impacts on plants, the influence of acifluorfen on zebrafish embryo development remains unclear. In this study, we explored the LC50 of acifluorfen in early-stage wild-type zebrafish, determining it to be 54.99 mg/L. Subsequent examinations revealed morphological changes in zebrafish, including reduced body length. Using the cmlc2:dsRED transgenic model, we observed heart dysfunction in acifluorfen-exposed zebrafish, marked by an enlarged heart area, edema, and decreased heart rate. In response to dose-dependent acifluorfen exposure, the inhibition of angiogenesis in the brain was observed in transgenic zebrafish models (fli1a:eGFP). Organ malformations, specifically in the liver and pancreas, were noted, in lfabp:dsRED;elastase:eGFP transgenic models, indicating reduced organ size in acifluorfen-exposed zebrafish. Furthermore, acifluorfen heightened the expression of apoptosis-related genes (casp8, casp9, and tp53) in zebrafish embryos. We then determined whether acifluorfen affected the viability of zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells based on its effects on liver development in vivo. The results indicated that the proliferation of ZFL cells decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, acifluorfen-treated ZFL cells exhibited a slight increase in apoptotic cells stained with annexin V and propidium iodide. In summary, these findings establish a baseline concentration for acifluorfen's effects on aquatic ecosystems and non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Lee B, Park Y, Lee Y, Kwon S, Shim J. Triptolide, a Cancer Cell Proliferation Inhibitor, Causes Zebrafish Muscle Defects by Regulating Notch and STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4675. [PMID: 38731894 PMCID: PMC11083231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a natural compound in herbal remedies with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. We studied its effects on critical signaling processes within the cell, including Notch1 and STAT3 signaling. Our research showed that triptolide reduces cancer cell proliferation by decreasing the expression of downstream targets of these signals. The levels of each signal-related protein and mRNA were analyzed using Western blot and qPCR methods. Interestingly, inhibiting one signal with a single inhibitor alone did not significantly reduce cancer cell proliferation. Instead, MTT assays showed that the simultaneous inhibition of Notch1 and STAT3 signaling reduced cell proliferation. The effect of triptolide was similar to a combination treatment with inhibitors for both signals. When we conducted a study on the impact of triptolide on zebrafish larvae, we found that it inhibited muscle development and interfered with muscle cell proliferation, as evidenced by differences in the staining of myosin heavy chain and F-actin proteins in confocal fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, we noticed that inhibiting a single type of signaling did not lead to any significant muscle defects. This implies that triptolide obstructs multiple signals simultaneously, including Notch1 and STAT3, during muscle development. Chemotherapy is commonly used to treat cancer, but it may cause muscle loss due to drug-related adverse reactions or other complex mechanisms. Our study suggests that anticancer agents like triptolide, inhibiting essential signaling pathways including Notch1 and STAT3 signaling, may cause muscle atrophy through anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byongsun Lee
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Younggwang Lee
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Seyoung Kwon
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Jaekyung Shim
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; (B.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
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Son W, Jeong HS, Nam DE, Lee AJ, Nam SH, Lee JE, Choi BO, Chung KW. Peripheral Neuropathy and Decreased Locomotion of a RAB40B Mutation in Human and Model Animals. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:410-422. [PMID: 38196136 PMCID: PMC10789172 DOI: 10.5607/en23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rab40 proteins are an atypical subgroup of Rab GTPases containing a unique suppressor of the cytokine signaling (SOCS) domain that is recruited to assemble the CRL5 E3 ligase complex for proteolytic regulation in various biological processes. A nonsense mutation deleting the C-terminal SOCS box in the RAB40B gene was identified in a family with axonal peripheral neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2), and pathogenicity of the mutation was assessed in model organisms of zebrafish and Drosophila. Compared to control fish, zebrafish larvae transformed by the human mutant hRAB40B-Y83X showed a defective swimming pattern of stalling with restricted localization and slower motility. We were consistently able to observe reduced labeling of synaptic markers along neuromuscular junctions of the transformed larvae. In addition to the neurodevelopmental phenotypes, compared to normal hRAB40B expression, we further examined ectopic expression of hRAB40B-Y83X in Drosophila to show a progressive decline of locomotion ability. Decreased ability of locomotion by ubiquitous expression of the human mutation was reproduced not with GAL4 drivers for neuron-specific expression but only when a pan-glial GAL4 driver was applied. Using the ectopic expression model of Drosophila, we identified a genetic interaction in which Cul5 down regulation exacerbated the defective motor performance, showing a consistent loss of SOCS box of the pathogenic RAB40B. Taken together, we could assess the possible gain-of-function of the human RAB40B mutation by comparing behavioral phenotypes in animal models; our results suggest that the mutant phenotypes may be associated with CRL5-mediated proteolytic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Son
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Da Eun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Ah Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
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Liu G, Mondal P, Sang N, Li Z, Ding W, Yang L, Liu Y, Birar VC, Gomm A, Tanzi RE, Zhang C, Shen S, Wang C, Lu X, Bai P. Design, synthesis, and anti-inflammatory activity characterization of novel brain-permeable HDAC6 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115327. [PMID: 37098307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeting histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for anti-inflammation and related biological pathways, including inflammatory events associated with the brain. In this study, in order to develop brain-permeable HDAC6 inhibitors for anti-neuroinflammation, we report here the design, synthesis, and characterization of a number of N-heterobicyclic analogues that can inhibit HDAC6 with high specificity and strong potency. Among our analogues, PB131 exhibits potent binding affinity and selectivity against HDAC6, with an IC50 value of 1.8 nM and more than 116-fold selectivity over other HDAC isoforms. In addition, PB131 shows good brain penetration, binding specificity, and reasonable biodistribution through our positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies of [18F]PB131 in mice. Furthermore, we characterized the efficacy of PB131 on regulating neuroinflammation using the mouse microglia model BV2 cells in vitro and the LPS-induced inflammation mouse model in vivo. These data not only indicate the anti-inflammatory activity of our novel HDAC6 inhibitor PB131, but also strengthen the biological functions of HDAC6 and further extend the therapeutic approach inhibiting HDAC6. Our findings show that PB131 displays good brain permeability, high specificity, and strong potency toward inhibiting HDAC6 and is a potential HDAC6 inhibitor for inflammation-related disease treatment, especially neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Na Sang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihua Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Weihua Ding
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Liuyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Vishal C Birar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ashley Gomm
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Bai
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Butchbach MER, Scott RC. Biological networks and complexity in early-onset motor neuron diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1035406. [PMID: 36341099 PMCID: PMC9634177 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1035406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are neuromuscular disorders where the spinal motor neurons-either the cell bodies themselves or their axons-are the primary cells affected. To date, there are 120 different genes that are lost or mutated in pediatric-onset MNDs. Most of these childhood-onset disorders, aside from spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), lack viable therapeutic options. Previous research on MNDs has focused on understanding the pathobiology of a single, specific gene mutation and targeting therapies to that pathobiology. This reductionist approach has yielded therapeutic options for a specific disorder, in this case SMA. Unfortunately, therapies specific for SMA have not been effective against other pediatric-onset MNDs. Pursuing the same approach for the other defined MNDs would require development of at least 120 independent treatments raising feasibility issues. We propose an alternative to this this type of reductionist approach by conceptualizing MNDs in a complex adaptive systems framework that will allow identification of common molecular and cellular pathways which form biological networks that are adversely affected in early-onset MNDs and thus MNDs with similar phenotypes despite diverse genotypes. This systems biology approach highlights the complexity and self-organization of the motor system as well as the ways in which it can be affected by these genetic disorders. Using this integrated approach to understand early-onset MNDs, we would be better poised to expand the therapeutic repertoire for multiple MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. R. Butchbach
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew E. R. Butchbach
| | - Rod C. Scott
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Rod C. Scott
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Li J, Yu M, Fu S, Liu D, Tan Y. Role of Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor ACY-1215 in Cancer and Other Human Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907981. [PMID: 35652048 PMCID: PMC9149003 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The deacetylation process regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) plays an important role in human health and diseases. HDAC6 belongs to the Class IIb of HDACs family, which mainly modifies non-histone proteins located in the cytoplasm. HDAC6 plays a key role in tumors, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, targeting HDAC6 has become a promising treatment strategy in recent years. ACY-1215 is the first orally available highly selective HDAC6 inhibitor, and its efficacy and therapeutic effects are being continuously verified. This review summarizes the research progress of ACY-1215 in cancer and other human diseases, as well as the underlying mechanism, in order to guide the future clinical trials of ACY-1215 and more in-depth mechanism researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shifeng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Deliang Liu, ; Yuyong Tan,
| | - Yuyong Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Deliang Liu, ; Yuyong Tan,
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