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Rozenblit M, Hofstatter E, Liu Z, O'Meara T, Storniolo AM, Dalela D, Singh V, Pusztai L, Levine M. Evidence of accelerated epigenetic aging of breast tissues in patients with breast cancer is driven by CpGs associated with polycomb-related genes. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:30. [PMID: 35209953 PMCID: PMC8876160 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age is one of the strongest risk factors for the development of breast cancer, however, the underlying etiology linking age and breast cancer remains unclear. We have previously observed links between epigenetic aging signatures in breast/tumor tissue and breast cancer risk/prevalence. However, these DNA methylation-based aging biomarkers capture diverse epigenetic phenomena and it is not known to what degree they relate to breast cancer risk, and/or progression. Methods Using six epigenetic clocks, we analyzed whether they distinguish normal breast tissue adjacent to tumor (cases) vs normal breast tissue from healthy controls (controls). Results The Levine (p = 0.0037) and Yang clocks (p = 0.023) showed significant epigenetic age acceleration in cases vs controls in breast tissue. We observed that much of the difference between cases and controls is driven by CpGs associated with polycomb-related genes. Thus, we developed a new score utilizing only CpGs associated with polycomb-related genes and demonstrated that it robustly captured epigenetic age acceleration in cases vs controls (p = 0.00012). Finally, we tested whether this same signal could be seen in peripheral blood. We observed no difference in cases vs. controls and no correlation between matched tissue/blood samples, suggesting that peripheral blood is not a good surrogate marker for epigenetic age acceleration. Conclusions Moving forward, it will be critical for studies to elucidate whether epigenetic age acceleration in breast tissue precedes breast cancer diagnosis and whether methylation changes at CpGs associated with polycomb-related genes can be used to assess the risk of developing breast cancer among unaffected individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01249-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Rozenblit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Erin Hofstatter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zuyun Liu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health and Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tess O'Meara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Anna Maria Storniolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Disha Dalela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Vineet Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 120, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Morgan Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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2
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Higgins-Chen AT, Thrush KL, Levine ME. Aging biomarkers and the brain. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:180-193. [PMID: 33509689 PMCID: PMC8292153 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying biological aging is critical for understanding why aging is the primary driver of morbidity and mortality and for assessing novel therapies to counter pathological aging. In the past decade, many biomarkers relevant to brain aging have been developed using various data types and modeling techniques. Aging involves numerous interconnected processes, and thus many complementary biomarkers are needed, each capturing a different slice of aging biology. Here we present a hierarchical framework highlighting how these biomarkers are related to each other and the underlying biological processes. We review those measures most studied in the context of brain aging: epigenetic clocks, proteomic clocks, and neuroimaging age predictors. Many studies have linked these biomarkers to cognition, mental health, brain structure, and pathology during aging. We also delve into the challenges and complexities in interpreting these biomarkers and suggest areas for further innovation. Ultimately, a robust mechanistic understanding of these biomarkers will be needed to effectively intervene in the aging process to prevent and treat age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Higgins-Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Kyra L Thrush
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, 300 George St, Suite 501, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Morgan E Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, Suite LH 315A, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Nutrition in Cancer Therapy in the Elderly-An Epigenetic Connection? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113366. [PMID: 33139626 PMCID: PMC7692262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in life expectancy results in a steady increase of cancer risk, which consequently increases the population of older adults with cancer. Older adults have their age-related nutritional needs and often suffer from comorbidities that may affect cancer therapy. They frequently are malnourished and present advanced-stage cancer. Therefore, this group of patients requires a special multidisciplinary approach to optimize their therapy and increase quality of life impaired by aging, cancer, and the side effects of therapy. Evaluation strategies, taking advantage of comprehensive geriatric assessment tools, including the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), can help individualize treatment. As epigenetics, an emerging element of the regulation of gene expression, is involved in both aging and cancer and the epigenetic profile can be modulated by the diet, it seems to be a candidate to assist with planning a nutritional intervention in elderly populations with cancer. In this review, we present problems associated with the diet and nutrition in the elderly undergoing active cancer therapy and provide some information on epigenetic aspects of aging and cancer transformation. Nutritional interventions modulating the epigenetic profile, including caloric restriction and basal diet with modifications (elimination diet, supplementary diet) are discussed as the ways to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and maintain the quality of life of older adults with cancer.
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4
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Zhu T, Zheng SC, Paul DS, Horvath S, Teschendorff AE. Cell and tissue type independent age-associated DNA methylation changes are not rare but common. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3541-3557. [PMID: 30482885 PMCID: PMC6286821 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated DNA methylation changes have been widely reported across many different tissue and cell types. Epigenetic ‘clocks’ that can predict chronological age with a surprisingly high degree of accuracy appear to do so independently of tissue and cell-type, suggesting that a component of epigenetic drift is cell-type independent. However, the relative amount of age-associated DNAm changes that are specific to a cell or tissue type versus the amount that occurs independently of cell or tissue type is unclear and a matter of debate, with a recent study concluding that most epigenetic drift is tissue-specific. Here, we perform a novel comprehensive statistical analysis, including matched multi cell-type and multi-tissue DNA methylation profiles from the same individuals and adjusting for cell-type heterogeneity, demonstrating that a substantial amount of epigenetic drift, possibly over 70%, is shared between significant numbers of different tissue/cell types. We further show that ELOVL2 is not unique and that many other CpG sites, some mapping to genes in the Wnt and glutamate receptor signaling pathways, are altered with age across at least 10 different cell/tissue types. We propose that while most age-associated DNAm changes are shared between cell-types that the putative functional effect is likely to be tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Healthy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Gadecka A, Bielak-Zmijewska A. Slowing Down Ageing: The Role of Nutrients and Microbiota in Modulation of the Epigenome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061251. [PMID: 31159371 PMCID: PMC6628342 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human population is getting ageing. Both ageing and age-related diseases are correlated with an increased number of senescent cells in the organism. Senescent cells do not divide but are metabolically active and influence their environment by secreting many proteins due to a phenomenon known as senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells differ from young cells by several features. They possess more damaged DNA, more impaired mitochondria and an increased level of free radicals that cause the oxidation of macromolecules. However, not only biochemical and structural changes are related to senescence. Senescent cells have an altered chromatin structure, and in consequence, altered gene expression. With age, the level of heterochromatin decreases, and less condensed chromatin is more prone to DNA damage. On the one hand, some gene promoters are easily available for the transcriptional machinery; on the other hand, some genes are more protected (locally increased level of heterochromatin). The structure of chromatin is precisely regulated by the epigenetic modification of DNA and posttranslational modification of histones. The methylation of DNA inhibits transcription, histone methylation mostly leads to a more condensed chromatin structure (with some exceptions) and acetylation plays an opposing role. The modification of both DNA and histones is regulated by factors present in the diet. This means that compounds contained in daily food can alter gene expression and protect cells from senescence, and therefore protect the organism from ageing. An opinion prevailed for some time that compounds from the diet do not act through direct regulation of the processes in the organism but through modification of the physiology of the microbiome. In this review we try to explain the role of some food compounds, which by acting on the epigenetic level might protect the organism from age-related diseases and slow down ageing. We also try to shed some light on the role of microbiome in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gadecka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Asiaf A, Ahmad ST, Malik AA, Aziz SA, Zargar MA. Association of Protein Expression and Methylation of DAPK1 with Clinicopathological Features in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Patients from Kashmir. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:839-848. [PMID: 30912402 PMCID: PMC6825784 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.3.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Death-associated protein kinase-1 (DAPK1) is a pro-apoptotic Ser/Thr kinase that participates in cell apoptosis
and tumor suppression. DAPK1 is frequently lost in many different tumor types including breast cancer. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the promoter methylation status of DAPK1 and a possible correlation with the expression
of DAPK1 and standard clinicopathological features in invasive ductal breast carcinoma patients (IDC). Methods:
Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) was carried out to investigate the promoter methylation status of DAPK1 from 128
breast cancer patients. The effect of promoter methylation on protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry
(n=128) and western blotting (n=56). Results: We found significant difference in DAPK1 promoter methylation
frequency among breast tumors when compared with the corresponding normal tissues. Hypermethylation of DAPK1
is significantly correlated with the loss of DAPK1 protein expression (P < .001, rs= -0.361). The loss of DAPK1 protein
was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negativity (p= 0.003), triple negative breast cancer (TNB)
(p= 0.024) and advanced tumor stages (P = 0.001). Moreover, age at diagnosis (p= 0.041), tumor stage (p= 0.034), ER
negativity (p= 0.004) and TNB cancers (p=0.003) correlated significantly with the hypermethylation of the DAPK1
promoter. Coclusion: This study indicates that DAPK1 is methylated in IDC and promoter hypermethylation could be
attributed to silencing of DAPK1 gene expression in breast cancer. Thus, we consider DAPK1 inactivation by promoter
hypermethylation likely plays a role in the development and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Asiaf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J and K, India.
| | - Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Clarke H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Ajaz Ahmad Malik
- Department of General Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, J and K, India
| | - Shiekh Aejaz Aziz
- Departmet of Medical Oncology, Sher-I-Kashmir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, J and K, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J and K, India.
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7
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Pussila M, Törönen P, Einarsdottir E, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Holm L, Kere J, Peltomäki P, Mäkinen MJ, Linden J, Nyström M. Mlh1 deficiency in normal mouse colon mucosa associates with chromosomally unstable colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:788-797. [PMID: 29701748 PMCID: PMC5973430 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) genome is unstable and different types of instabilities, such as chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI) are thought to reflect distinct cancer initiating mechanisms. Although 85% of sporadic CRC reveal CIN, 15% reveal mismatch repair (MMR) malfunction and MSI, the hallmarks of Lynch syndrome with inherited heterozygous germline mutations in MMR genes. Our study was designed to comprehensively follow genome-wide expression changes and their implications during colon tumorigenesis. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in the mouse to address expression changes arising in histologically normal colonic mucosa as putative cancer preceding events, and the effect of inherited predisposition (Mlh1+/−) and Western-style diet (WD) on those. During the 21-month experiment, carcinomas developed mainly in WD-fed mice and were evenly distributed between genotypes. Unexpectedly, the heterozygote (B6.129-Mlh1tm1Rak) mice did not show MSI in their CRCs. Instead, both wildtype and heterozygote CRC mice showed a distinct mRNA expression profile and shortage of several chromosomal segregation gene-specific transcripts (Mlh1, Bub1, Mis18a, Tpx2, Rad9a, Pms2, Cenpe, Ncapd3, Odf2 and Dclre1b) in their colon mucosa, as well as an increased mitotic activity and abundant numbers of unbalanced/atypical mitoses in tumours. Our genome-wide expression profiling experiment demonstrates that cancer preceding changes are already seen in histologically normal colon mucosa and that decreased expressions of Mlh1 and other chromosomal segregation genes may form a field-defect in mucosa, which trigger MMR-proficient, chromosomally unstable CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Pussila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
| | - Petri Törönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisa Holm
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Medicum, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jere Linden
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, FCLAP, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme
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Abstract
Clinical research in neuro-oncology frequently classifies patients over 60-70 years of age as 'elderly', a designation intended to identify patients with the disease characteristics, psychosocial changes, and susceptibility to treatment toxicities associated with advancing age. The elderly account for a large proportion of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM), and this population is projected to increase. Their prognosis is inferior to that of GBM patients as a whole, and concerns over treatment toxicity may limit the aggressiveness with which they are treated. Recent clinical studies have assisted with therapeutic decision making in this cohort. Hypofractionated radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide has been shown to increase survival without worsened quality of life in elderly patients with good functional status. Single modality radiation therapy or temozolomide therapy are frequently used in this population, and while neither has demonstrated superiority, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status is predictive of improved survival with temozolomide over radiation therapy. Despite these advances, ambiguity as to how to best define, assess, and treat this population remains. The specific response of elderly patients to emerging therapies, such as immunotherapies, is unclear. Advancing outcomes for elderly patients with GBM requires persistent efforts to include them in translational and clinical research endeavors, and concurrent dedication to the preservation of function and quality of life in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Harrison
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0431, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0431, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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9
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Statistical and integrative system-level analysis of DNA methylation data. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 19:129-147. [PMID: 29129922 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics plays a key role in cellular development and function. Alterations to the epigenome are thought to capture and mediate the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on complex disease. Currently, DNA methylation is the only epigenetic mark that can be measured reliably and genome-wide in large numbers of samples. This Review discusses some of the key statistical challenges and algorithms associated with drawing inferences from DNA methylation data, including cell-type heterogeneity, feature selection, reverse causation and system-level analyses that require integration with other data types such as gene expression, genotype, transcription factor binding and other epigenetic information.
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10
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Martínez-Baños D, Sánchez-Hernández B, Jiménez G, Barrera-Lumbreras G, Barrales-Benítez O. Global methylation and promoter-specific methylation of the P16, SOCS-1, E-cadherin, P73 and SHP-1 genes and their expression in patients with multiple myeloma during active disease and remission. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2442-2450. [PMID: 28565861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor gene promoter CpG island methylation is a well-recognized mechanism in cancer pathogenesis, but its role in multiple myeloma (MM) is controversial. The present study investigated the methylation status and expression of P16, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), P73, E-cadherin and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), as well as global methylation in patients with MM during active disease and remission. Bone marrow samples were obtained from 43 patients at the Multiple Myeloma Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Mexico City, Mexico) during active disease and remission. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were performed on bisulfite-treated or untreated DNA to determine promoter-specific or genomic methylation, respectively. Gene expression was measured using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that SOCS-1 methylation occurred more frequently during active disease than remission [29 vs. 3.2% (P=0.021)] and was associated with more advanced forms of the disease [international staging system (ISS) 3, 16.67% vs. ISS 1, 8.3% (P=0.037)]. SHP-1 methylation during active disease was associated with a lower probability of survival at 39-month follow up (median), 52.5 vs. 87.5% (P=0.025). The percentage of methylation was associated with active disease at remission, but this was not significant. Global hypomethylation at remission was a negative predictor factor for overall survival (OS). The results indicated that methylated P16, SOCS-1 and SHP-1 were associated with clinical variables of poor prognosis in MM, likewise the persistence of global hypomethylation at remission. The negative impact on OS of global hypomethylation at remission must be confirmed in a larger sample. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether patients with global hypermethylation at remission should receive more aggressive treatments to improve their OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Martínez-Baños
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Beatríz Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Jiménez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Georgina Barrera-Lumbreras
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Olga Barrales-Benítez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
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11
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Yu X, Zhai C, Fan Y, Zhang J, Liang N, Liu F, Cao L, Wang J, Du J. TUSC3: a novel tumour suppressor gene and its functional implications. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1711-1718. [PMID: 28272772 PMCID: PMC5571513 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3) gene is located on chromosome region 8p22 and encodes the 34 kD TUSC3 protein, which is a subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase responsible for the N‐glycosylation of nascent proteins. Known to be related to autosomal recessive mental retardation for several years, TUSC3 has only recently been identified as a potential tumour suppressor gene. Based on the structure and function of TUSC3, specific mechanisms in various diseases have been investigated. Several studies have demonstrated that TUSC3 is an Mg2+‐transporter involved in magnesium transport and homeostasis, which is important for learning and memory, embryonic development and testis maturation. Moreover, dysfunction or deletion of TUSC3 exerts its oncological effects as a modulator by inhibiting glycosylation efficiency and consequently inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and malignant cell transformation. In this study, we summarize the advances in the studies of TUSC3 and comment on the potential roles of TUSC3 in diagnosis and treatment of TUSC3‐related diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujun Fan
- Medical Management Service Center of Shandong Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Tumor LINE-1 Methylation Level in Association with Survival of Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010036. [PMID: 28035987 PMCID: PMC5297671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation is associated with a worse prognosis in early-stage colorectal cancer. To measure genome-wide DNA methylation levels, long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE-1) repeats are used as a surrogate marker. Cohort studies on the clinical impact of genome-wide DNA methylation level in patients with only early-stage colon cancer, are currently lacking. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of LINE-1 methylation in a stage II colon cancer cohort (n = 164). Manual needle microdissection of tumor areas was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections followed by DNA extraction. Bisulfite converted DNA was used to assess tumor LINE-1 methylation level by qPCR. Patients with LINE-1 hypomethylated tumors had a significantly worse overall survival compared to patients with a higher level of LINE-1 tumor DNA methylation (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.03–2.75; p = 0.04). This effect was more prominent in patients aged over 65 years (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.13–3.52; p = 0.02), although the test for age interaction was not significant. No significant effect on recurrence-free survival was observed. Based on these results, tumor LINE-1 hypomethylation is associated with a worse overall survival in stage II colon cancer. Whether the origin of this causation is cancer-specific or age-related can be debated.
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13
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Rodríguez-Miguel C, Moral R, Escrich R, Vela E, Solanas M, Escrich E. The Role of Dietary Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Corn Oil on the Alteration of Epigenetic Patterns in the Rat DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138980. [PMID: 26401660 PMCID: PMC4581736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of epigenetic patterns is a major change occurring in all types of cancers. Such alterations are characterized by global DNA hypomethylation, gene-promoter hypermethylation and aberrant histone modifications, and may be modified by environment. Nutritional factors, and especially dietary lipids, have a role in the etiology of breast cancer. Thus, we aimed to analyze the influence of different high fat diets on DNA methylation and histone modifications in the rat dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a low-fat, a high corn-oil or a high extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) diet from weaning or from induction with DMBA. In mammary glands and tumors we analyzed global and gene specific (RASSF1A, TIMP3) DNA methylation by LUMA and bisulfite pyrosequencing assays, respectively. We also determined gene expression and enzymatic activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b) and evaluated changes in histone modifications (H3K4me2, H3K27me3, H4K20me3 and H4K16ac) by western-blot. Our results showed variations along time in the global DNA methylation of the mammary gland displaying decreases at puberty and with aging. The olive oil-enriched diet, on the one hand, increased the levels of global DNA methylation in mammary gland and tumor, and on the other, changed histone modifications patterns. The corn oil-enriched diet increased DNA methyltransferase activity in both tissues, resulting in an increase in the promoter methylation of the tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A and TIMP3. These results suggest a differential effect of the high fat diets on epigenetic patterns with a relevant role in the neoplastic transformation, which could be one of the mechanisms of their differential promoter effect, clearly stimulating for the high corn-oil diet and with a weaker influence for the high EVOO diet, on breast cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Corn Oil/pharmacology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Histones/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Olive Oil/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Miguel
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Moral
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Raquel Escrich
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Vela
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Escrich
- Grup Multidisciplinari per a l’Estudi del Càncer de Mama, Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Deckers IAG, Schouten LJ, Van Neste L, van Vlodrop IJH, Soetekouw PMMB, Baldewijns MMLL, Jeschke J, Ahuja N, Herman JG, van den Brandt PA, van Engeland M. Promoter Methylation of CDO1 Identifies Clear-Cell Renal Cell Cancer Patients with Poor Survival Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3492-500. [PMID: 25904753 PMCID: PMC4612631 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this era of molecular diagnostics, prediction of clear-cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) survival requires optimization, as current prognostic markers fail to determine individual patient outcome. Epigenetic events are promising molecular markers. Promoter CpG island methylation of cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1), which was identified as prognostic marker for breast cancer, is studied as a potential marker for ccRCC survival. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We collected primary tissues of 365 ccRCC cases identified within the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). In this population-based series, CDO1 promoter methylation was observed in 124 of 324 (38.3%) patients with successful methylation-specific PCR analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves and Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate 10-year ccRCC-specific survival. Cox regression analysis was used to obtain crude and multivariate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The relative prognostic value of multivariate models with and without CDO1 promoter methylation was compared using likelihood-ratio tests. RESULTS Patients with CDO1 promoter methylation have a significantly poorer survival than those without (Wilcoxon P = 0.006). Differences in survival were independent of other prognostic factors, including age and sex (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.12-2.45) and TNM stage, tumor size, and Fuhrman grade (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.25-2.85). Multivariate models performed better with than without CDO1 promoter methylation status (likelihood-ratio P = 0.003). Survival curves were validated in an independent series of 280 ccRCC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; Wilcoxon P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CDO1 promoter methylation may not substitute common prognostic makers to predict ccRCC survival, but offers additional, relevant prognostic information, indicating that it might be a novel molecular marker to determine ccRCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A G Deckers
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leo J Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leander Van Neste
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris J H van Vlodrop
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia M M B Soetekouw
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcella M L L Baldewijns
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Jeschke
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Piet A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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15
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Sekal M, Ameurtesse H, Chbani L, Ouldim K, Bennis S, Abkari M, Boulouz A, Benajah DA, Benjelloun B, Ousadden A, Ait Taleb K, Ait Laalim S, Toghrai I, Mazaz K, Arifi S, Mellas N, El Rhazi K, Harmouch T, Ibrahimi SA, Amarti Riffi A. Epigenetics could explain some Moroccan population colorectal cancers peculiarities: microsatellite instability pathway exploration. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:77. [PMID: 26104511 PMCID: PMC4477595 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal Cancers (CRC) are one of the most common malignancies in the world. Their incidence in Morocco, between 2005 and 2007, was 5.6 for 100000 inhabitants, which is very low compared to what found in developed countries. In addition, CRCs show a high frequency of rectal localizations, and occurs in a younger population in Morocco compared to what found in developed countries. The purpose of this study is to confirm these CRC peculiarities in Morocco and try to explain them by exploring the microsatellite instability molecular pathway. Methods This is a prospective observational study conducted since January 2010, including 385 patients admitted in Hassan II University Hospital of Fez. We collected clinical, radiological and pathological data. We investigated the expression of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in 214 patients and BRAF gene mutations in 159 patients. Results Mean age was 55.08 +/− 15.16 years. 36.5 % of patients were less than 50 years old and 49.3 % of tumors were localized in the rectum. Loss of MMR protein expression was observed in 11.2 % of cases. It was independently associated with individual or family history of cancer belonging to Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) spectrum (p = 0.01) and proximal localization (p = 0.02). No BRAF mutation was detected in all cases. Conclusions These results confirm the high occurrence of CRCs to young patients and the high frequency of rectal localizations in Moroccan population. They mostly show an absence of BRAF mutation, supposing a rarity of MLH1 promoter hypermethylation pathway, which may even partially explain the CRC peculiarities in our context. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5868184711716884
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sekal
- Department of pathology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Hassania Ameurtesse
- Department of pathology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Laila Chbani
- Department of pathology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Department of molecular genetics, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Sanae Bennis
- Department of molecular genetics, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Abkari
- Department of gastroenterology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Amal Boulouz
- Department of molecular genetics, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Dafr Allah Benajah
- Department of gastroenterology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Basher Benjelloun
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Abdelmalek Ousadden
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Ait Taleb
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Said Ait Laalim
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Imane Toghrai
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Khalid Mazaz
- Department of visceral surgery, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Samia Arifi
- Department of oncology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Nawfel Mellas
- Department of oncology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Department of epidemiology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Taoufiq Harmouch
- Department of pathology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Sidi Adil Ibrahimi
- Department of gastroenterology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Afaf Amarti Riffi
- Department of pathology, University hospital Hassan II of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
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16
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Dozmorov MG. Polycomb repressive complex 2 epigenomic signature defines age-associated hypermethylation and gene expression changes. Epigenetics 2015; 10:484-95. [PMID: 25880792 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although age-associated gene expression and methylation changes have been reported throughout the literature, the unifying epigenomic principles of aging remain poorly understood. Recent explosion in availability and resolution of functional/regulatory genome annotation data (epigenomic data), such as that provided by the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics projects, provides an opportunity for the identification of epigenomic mechanisms potentially altered by age-associated differentially methylated regions (aDMRs) and regulatory signatures in the promoters of age-associated genes (aGENs). In this study we found that aDMRs and aGENs identified in multiple independent studies share a common Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 signature marked by EZH2, SUZ12, CTCF binding sites, repressive H3K27me3, and activating H3K4me1 histone modification marks, and a "poised promoter" chromatin state. This signature is depleted in RNA Polymerase II-associated transcription factor binding sites, activating H3K79me2, H3K36me3, H3K27ac marks, and an "active promoter" chromatin state. The PRC2 signature was shown to be generally stable across cell types. When considering the directionality of methylation changes, we found the PRC2 signature to be associated with aDMRs hypermethylated with age, while hypomethylated aDMRs were associated with enhancers. In contrast, aGENs were associated with the PRC2 signature independently of the directionality of gene expression changes. In this study we demonstrate that the PRC2 signature is the common epigenomic context of genomic regions associated with hypermethylation and gene expression changes in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G Dozmorov
- a Department of Biostatistics; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA , USA
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17
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Toiyama Y, Okugawa Y, Goel A. DNA methylation and microRNA biomarkers for noninvasive detection of gastric and colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:43-57. [PMID: 25128828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic events. Epigenetics refers to the study of mechanisms that alter gene expression without permanently altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic alterations are reversible and heritable, and include changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA-mediated gene silencing. Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. Aberrant epigenetic modifications occur at the earliest stages of neoplastic transformation and are now believed to be essential players in cancer initiation and progression. Recent advances in epigenetics have not only offered a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis, but have also allowed identification of clinically relevant putative biomarkers for the early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis and risk assessment of cancer patients. At this moment, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA including with microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the largest body of available literature on epigenetic biomarkers with the highest potential for cancer diagnosis. Following identification of cell-free nucleic acids in systematic circulation, increasing evidence has demonstrated the potential of cell-free epigenetic biomarkers in the blood or other body fluids for cancer detection. In this article, we summarize the current state of knowledge on epigenetic biomarkers - primarily DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs - as potential substrates for cancer detection in gastric and colorectal cancer, the two most frequent cancers within the gastrointestinal tract. We also discuss the obstacles that have limited the routine use of epigenetic biomarkers in the clinical settings and provide our perspective on approaches that might help overcome these hurdles, so that these biomarkers can be readily developed for clinical management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Toiyama
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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18
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Kaz AM, Wong CJ, Dzieciatkowski S, Luo Y, Schoen RE, Grady WM. Patterns of DNA methylation in the normal colon vary by anatomical location, gender, and age. Epigenetics 2014; 9:492-502. [PMID: 24413027 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA methylation have been proposed to create a field cancerization state in the colon, where molecular alterations that predispose cells to transformation occur in histologically normal tissue. However, our understanding of the role of DNA methylation in field cancerization is limited by an incomplete characterization of the methylation state of the normal colon. In order to determine the colon's normal methylation state, we extracted DNA from normal colon biopsies from the rectum, sigmoid, transverse, and ascending colon and assessed the methylation status of the DNA by pyrosequencing candidate loci as well as with HumanMethylation450 arrays. We found that methylation levels of repetitive elements LINE-1 and SAT-α showed minimal variability throughout the colon in contrast to other loci. Promoter methylation of EVL was highest in the rectum and progressively lower in the proximal segments, whereas ESR1 methylation was higher in older individuals. Genome-wide methylation analysis of normal DNA revealed 8388, 82, and 93 differentially methylated loci that distinguished right from left colon, males from females, and older vs. younger individuals, respectively. Although variability in methylation between biopsies and among different colon segments was minimal for repetitive elements, analyses of specific cancer-related genes as well as a genome-wide methylation analysis demonstrated differential methylation based on colon location, individual age, and gender. These studies advance our knowledge regarding the variation of DNA methylation in the normal colon, a prerequisite for future studies aimed at understanding methylation differences indicative of a colon field effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kaz
- Division of Clinical Research; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA; Research and Development Service; VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA USA; Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Chao-Jen Wong
- Division of Clinical Research; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Yanxin Luo
- Division of Clinical Research; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA; Department of Colorectal Surgery; the Sixth Affiliated Hospital; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, PR China; Gastrointestinal Institute; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - William M Grady
- Division of Clinical Research; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA; Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA USA
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19
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Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematologic disorder that frequently evolves to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its pathogenesis remains unclear, but mutations in epigenetic modifiers are common and the disease often responds to DNA methylation inhibitors. We analyzed DNA methylation in the bone marrow and spleen in two mouse models of MDS/AML, the NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) mouse and the RUNX1 mutant mouse model. Methylation array analysis showed an average of 512/3445 (14.9%) genes hypermethylated in NHD13 MDS, and 331 (9.6%) genes hypermethylated in RUNX1 MDS. Thirty-two percent of genes in common between the two models (2/3 NHD13 mice and 2/3 RUNX1 mice) were also hypermethylated in at least two of 19 human MDS samples. Detailed analysis of 41 genes in mice showed progressive drift in DNA methylation from young to old normal bone marrow and spleen; to MDS, where we detected accelerated age-related methylation; and finally to AML, which markedly extends DNA methylation abnormalities. Most of these genes showed similar patterns in human MDS and AML. Repeat element hypomethylation was rare in MDS but marked the transition to AML in some cases. Our data show consistency in patterns of aberrant DNA methylation in human and mouse MDS and suggest that epigenetically, MDS displays an accelerated aging phenotype.
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20
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Cancer-predicting gene expression changes in colonic mucosa of Western diet fed Mlh1+/- mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76865. [PMID: 24204690 PMCID: PMC3815089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the Western world and interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including diet, are suggested to play a critical role in its etiology. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in the mouse to address gene expression and methylation changes arising in histologically normal colonic mucosa as putative cancer-predisposing events available for early detection. The expression of 94 growth-regulatory genes previously linked to human CRC was studied at two time points (5 weeks and 12 months of age) in the heterozygote Mlh1+/- mice, an animal model for human Lynch syndrome (LS), and wild type Mlh1+/+ littermates, fed by either Western-style (WD) or AIN-93G control diet. In mice fed with WD, proximal colon mucosa, the predominant site of cancer formation in LS, exhibited a significant expression decrease in tumor suppressor genes, Dkk1, Hoxd1, Slc5a8, and Socs1, the latter two only in the Mlh1+/- mice. Reduced mRNA expression was accompanied by increased promoter methylation of the respective genes. The strongest expression decrease (7.3 fold) together with a significant increase in its promoter methylation was seen in Dkk1, an antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, the inactivation of Dkk1 seems to predispose to neoplasias in the proximal colon. This and the fact that Mlh1 which showed only modest methylation was still expressed in both Mlh1+/- and Mlh1+/+ mice indicate that the expression decreases and the inactivation of Dkk1 in particular is a prominent early marker for colon oncogenesis.
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21
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Teschendorff AE, West J, Beck S. Age-associated epigenetic drift: implications, and a case of epigenetic thrift? Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:R7-R15. [PMID: 23918660 PMCID: PMC3782071 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the genomic landscape of DNA methylation (DNAm) gets altered as a function of age, a process we here call ‘epigenetic drift’. The biological, functional, clinical and evolutionary significance of this epigenetic drift, however, remains unclear. We here provide a brief review of epigenetic drift, focusing on the potential implications for ageing, stem cell biology and disease risk prediction. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic drift affects most of the genome, suggesting a global deregulation of DNAm patterns with age. A component of this drift is tissue-specific, allowing remarkably accurate age-predictive models to be constructed. Another component is tissue-independent, targeting stem cell differentiation pathways and affecting stem cells, which may explain the observed decline of stem cell function with age. Age-associated increases in DNAm target developmental genes, overlapping those associated with environmental disease risk factors and with disease itself, notably cancer. In particular, cancers and precursor cancer lesions exhibit aggravated age DNAm signatures. Epigenetic drift is also influenced by genetic factors. Thus, drift emerges as a promising biomarker for premature or biological ageing, and could potentially be used in geriatrics for disease risk prediction. Finally, we propose, in the context of human evolution, that epigenetic drift may represent a case of epigenetic thrift, or bet-hedging. In summary, this review demonstrates the growing importance of the ‘ageing epigenome’, with potentially far-reaching implications for understanding the effect of age on stem cell function and differentiation, as well as for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Teschendorff
- Statistical Cancer Genomics and
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
| | - James West
- Statistical Cancer Genomics and
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK and
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22
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Gryzinska M, Blaszczak E, Strachecka A, Jezewska-Witkowska G. Analysis of age-related global DNA methylation in chicken. Biochem Genet 2013; 51:554-63. [PMID: 23553491 PMCID: PMC3712131 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-013-9586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays an important role in the normal development and function of organisms. The level of DNA methylation is species-, tissue-, and organelle-specific, and the methylation pattern is determined during embryogenesis. DNA methylation has also been correlated with age. The aim of this study was to determine the global DNA methylation levels and their correlation with age in the chicken, using a Polish autosexing chicken breed, Polbar. A quantitative technique based on an immunoenzymatic assay was used for global DNA methylation analysis. The results show increased global DNA methylation levels with older Polbar embryos. Global DNA methylation levels decrease with the age of hens in the postembryonic stage. This study expands the current knowledge of the Polbar epigenome and the general knowledge of the function of epigenetic mechanisms in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gryzinska
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lubin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Blaszczak
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lubin, Lublin, Poland
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, 5043 Rennes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, UEB, IFR 140, 5043 Rennes, France
| | - Aneta Strachecka
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lubin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Jezewska-Witkowska
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lubin, Lublin, Poland
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23
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Johnson AA, Akman K, Calimport SRG, Wuttke D, Stolzing A, de Magalhães JP. The role of DNA methylation in aging, rejuvenation, and age-related disease. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 15:483-94. [PMID: 23098078 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major control program that modulates gene expression in a plethora of organisms. Gene silencing through methylation occurs through the activity of DNA methyltransferases, enzymes that transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the carbon 5 position of cytosine. DNA methylation patterns are established by the de novo DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) DNMT3A and DNMT3B and are subsequently maintained by DNMT1. Aging and age-related diseases include defined changes in 5-methylcytosine content and are generally characterized by genome-wide hypomethylation and promoter-specific hypermethylation. These changes in the epigenetic landscape represent potential disease biomarkers and are thought to contribute to age-related pathologies, such as cancer, osteoarthritis, and neurodegeneration. Some diseases, such as a hereditary form of sensory neuropathy accompanied by dementia, are directly caused by methylomic changes. Epigenetic modifications, however, are reversible and are therefore a prime target for therapeutic intervention. Numerous drugs that specifically target DNMTs are being tested in ongoing clinical trials for a variety of cancers, and data from finished trials demonstrate that some, such as 5-azacytidine, may even be superior to standard care. DNMTs, demethylases, and associated partners are dynamically shaping the methylome and demonstrate great promise with regard to rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiv A Johnson
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Bozdag S, Li A, Riddick G, Kotliarov Y, Baysan M, Iwamoto FM, Cam MC, Kotliarova S, Fine HA. Age-specific signatures of glioblastoma at the genomic, genetic, and epigenetic levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62982. [PMID: 23658659 PMCID: PMC3639162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a powerful predictor of survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) yet the biological basis for the difference in clinical outcome is mostly unknown. Discovering genes and pathways that would explain age-specific survival difference could generate opportunities for novel therapeutics for GBM. Here we have integrated gene expression, exon expression, microRNA expression, copy number alteration, SNP, whole exome sequence, and DNA methylation data sets of a cohort of GBM patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to discover age-specific signatures at the transcriptional, genetic, and epigenetic levels and validated our findings on the REMBRANDT data set. We found major age-specific signatures at all levels including age-specific hypermethylation in polycomb group protein target genes and the upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes in older GBMs. These age-specific differences in GBM, which are independent of molecular subtypes, may in part explain the preferential effects of anti-angiogenic agents in older GBM and pave the way to a better understanding of the unique biology and clinical behavior of older versus younger GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Bozdag
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Elliott GO, Johnson IT, Scarll J, Dainty J, Williams EA, Garg D, Coupe A, Bradburn DM, Mathers JC, Belshaw NJ. Quantitative profiling of CpG island methylation in human stool for colorectal cancer detection. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:35-42. [PMID: 22791128 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to investigate the use of quantitative CGI methylation data from stool DNA to classify colon cancer patients and to relate stool CGI methylation levels to those found in corresponding tissue samples. METHODS We applied a quantitative methylation-specific PCR assay to determine CGI methylation levels of six genes, previously shown to be aberrantly methylated during colorectal carcinogenesis. Assays were performed on DNA from biopsies of "normal" mucosa and stool samples from 57 patients classified as disease-free, adenoma, or cancer by endoscopy, and in tumour tissue from cancer patients. Additionally, CGI methylation was analysed in stool DNA from an asymptomatic population of individuals covering a broad age range (mean = 47 ± 24 years) RESULTS CGI methylation levels in stool DNA were significantly higher than in DNA from macroscopically normal mucosa, and a significant correlation between stool and mucosa was observed for ESR1 only. Multivariate statistical analyses using the methylation levels of each CGI in stool DNA as a continuous variable revealed a highly significant (p = 0.003) classification of cancer vs. non-cancer (adenoma + disease-free) patients (sensitivity = 65 %, specificity = 81 %). CONCLUSION CGI methylation profiling of stool DNA successfully identified patients with cancer despite the methylation status of CGIs in stool DNA not generally reflecting those in DNA from the colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles O Elliott
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States. Pathologic examination of biopsy, polypectomy and resection specimens is crucial to appropriate patient managemnt, prognosis assessment and family counseling. Molecular testing plays an increasingly important role in the era of personalized medicine. This review article focuses on the histopathology and molecular pathology of colorectal carcinoma and its precursor lesions, with an emphasis on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fleming
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fleming M, Ravula S, Tatishchev SF, Wang HL. Colorectal carcinoma: Pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 3:153-73. [PMID: 22943008 PMCID: PMC3418538 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States. Pathologic examination of biopsy, polypectomy and resection specimens is crucial to appropriate patient managemnt, prognosis assessment and family counseling. Molecular testing plays an increasingly important role in the era of personalized medicine. This review article focuses on the histopathology and molecular pathology of colorectal carcinoma and its precursor lesions, with an emphasis on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fleming
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Patel DA, Rozek LS, Colacino JA, Van Zomeren-Dohm A, Ruffin MT, Unger ER, Dolinoy DC, Swan DC, Onyekwuluje J, DeGraffinreid CR, Paskett ED. Patterns of cellular and HPV 16 methylation as biomarkers for cervical neoplasia. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:84-92. [PMID: 22664184 PMCID: PMC3396790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation of biologically relevant genes in cervical cancer and uneven CpG distribution within the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) enhancer region have been reported. Cervical samples and questionnaires from 151 women screened for cervical cancer in Appalachian Ohio were analyzed. Methylation was measured by bisulfite sequencing in candidate gene sites in ESR1, DCC, p16, and LINE1 elements. Among 89 HPV 16-positive women, CpG sites in the E6 promoter and enhancer regions and the L1 region of the HPV 16 genome were measured. Methylation levels were compared by cervical cytology and HPV 16 status. HPV methylation was low regardless of cytology status, however E6 methylation was significantly higher in women with normal cytology. ESR1 and DCC methylation were significantly higher in HPV 16-positive women. Increased methylation at sites in the E6 promoter region was associated with lower odds of abnormal cytology. Increased methylation in candidate genes was associated with higher odds of abnormal cytology, particularly DCC region 2.4, DCC region 2.6, ESR1 region 3.2, and LINE1 site 1.2. HPV 16 genome CpG methylation was low except for the L1 region. In general, lower HPV 16 methylation and higher candidate gene methylation levels were associated with higher odds of abnormal cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya A. Patel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, FMB 307, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A
| | - Laura S. Rozek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Adrienne Van Zomeren-Dohm
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Mack T. Ruffin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, 1018 Fuller St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1213, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth R. Unger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory Street, 6638 SPH I Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - David C. Swan
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Juanita Onyekwuluje
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Cecilia R. DeGraffinreid
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 525 Gateway Building C, 1590 N. High Street, Columbus, Ohio 43201, U.S.A
| | - Electra D. Paskett
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Suite 525, 1590 High Street, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
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Zhuang J, Widschwendter M, Teschendorff AE. A comparison of feature selection and classification methods in DNA methylation studies using the Illumina Infinium platform. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:59. [PMID: 22524302 PMCID: PMC3364843 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 27k Illumina Infinium Methylation Beadchip is a popular high-throughput technology that allows the methylation state of over 27,000 CpGs to be assayed. While feature selection and classification methods have been comprehensively explored in the context of gene expression data, relatively little is known as to how best to perform feature selection or classification in the context of Illumina Infinium methylation data. Given the rising importance of epigenomics in cancer and other complex genetic diseases, and in view of the upcoming epigenome wide association studies, it is critical to identify the statistical methods that offer improved inference in this novel context. Results Using a total of 7 large Illumina Infinium 27k Methylation data sets, encompassing over 1,000 samples from a wide range of tissues, we here provide an evaluation of popular feature selection, dimensional reduction and classification methods on DNA methylation data. Specifically, we evaluate the effects of variance filtering, supervised principal components (SPCA) and the choice of DNA methylation quantification measure on downstream statistical inference. We show that for relatively large sample sizes feature selection using test statistics is similar for M and β-values, but that in the limit of small sample sizes, M-values allow more reliable identification of true positives. We also show that the effect of variance filtering on feature selection is study-specific and dependent on the phenotype of interest and tissue type profiled. Specifically, we find that variance filtering improves the detection of true positives in studies with large effect sizes, but that it may lead to worse performance in studies with smaller yet significant effect sizes. In contrast, supervised principal components improves the statistical power, especially in studies with small effect sizes. We also demonstrate that classification using the Elastic Net and Support Vector Machine (SVM) clearly outperforms competing methods like LASSO and SPCA. Finally, in unsupervised modelling of cancer diagnosis, we find that non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) clearly outperforms principal components analysis. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of tailoring the feature selection and classification methodology to the sample size and biological context of the DNA methylation study. The Elastic Net emerges as a powerful classification algorithm for large-scale DNA methylation studies, while NMF does well in the unsupervised context. The insights presented here will be useful to any study embarking on large-scale DNA methylation profiling using Illumina Infinium beadarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zhuang
- Statistical Genomics Group, Paul O'Gorman Building, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Alisch RS, Barwick BG, Chopra P, Myrick LK, Satten GA, Conneely KN, Warren ST. Age-associated DNA methylation in pediatric populations. Genome Res 2012; 22:623-32. [PMID: 22300631 DOI: 10.1101/gr.125187.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) plays diverse roles in human biology, but this dynamic epigenetic mark remains far from fully characterized. Although earlier studies uncovered loci that undergo age-associated DNAm changes in adults, little is known about such changes during childhood. Despite profound DNAm plasticity during embryogenesis, monozygotic twins show indistinguishable childhood methylation, suggesting that DNAm is highly coordinated throughout early development. Here we examine the methylation of 27,578 CpG dinucleotides in peripheral blood DNA from a cross-sectional study of 398 boys, aged 3-17 yr, and find significant age-associated changes in DNAm at 2078 loci. These findings correspond well with pyrosequencing data and replicate in a second pediatric population (N = 78). Moreover, we report a deficit of age-related loci on the X chromosome, a preference for specific nucleotides immediately surrounding the interrogated CpG dinucleotide, and a primary association with developmental and immune ontological functions. Meta-analysis (N = 1158) with two adult populations reveals that despite a significant overlap of age-associated loci, most methylation changes do not follow a lifelong linear pattern due to a threefold to fourfold higher rate of change in children compared with adults; consequently, the vast majority of changes are more accurately modeled as a function of logarithmic age. We therefore conclude that age-related DNAm changes in peripheral blood occur more rapidly during childhood and are imperfectly accounted for by statistical corrections that are linear in age, further suggesting that future DNAm studies should be matched closely for age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid S Alisch
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Malpeli G, Amato E, Dandrea M, Fumagalli C, Debattisti V, Boninsegna L, Pelosi G, Falconi M, Scarpa A. Methylation-associated down-regulation of RASSF1A and up-regulation of RASSF1C in pancreatic endocrine tumors. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:351. [PMID: 21838870 PMCID: PMC3170651 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RASSF1A gene silencing by DNA methylation has been suggested as a major event in pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET) but RASSF1A expression has never been studied. The RASSF1 locus contains two CpG islands (A and C) and generates seven transcripts (RASSF1A-RASSF1G) by differential promoter usage and alternative splicing. Methods We studied 20 primary PETs, their matched normal pancreas and three PET cell lines for the (i) methylation status of the RASSF1 CpG islands using methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing and (ii) expression of RASSF1 isoforms by quantitative RT-PCR in 13 cases. CpG island A methylation was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP); pyrosequencing was applied to quantify the methylation of 51 CpGs also encompassing those explored by MSP and qMSP approaches. Results MSP detected methylation in 16/20 (80%) PETs and 13/20 (65%) normal pancreas. At qMSP, 11/20 PETs (55%) and 9/20 (45%) normals were methylated in at least 20% of RASSF1A alleles. Pyrosequencing showed variable distribution and levels of methylation within and among samples, with PETs having average methylation higher than normals in 15/20 (75%) cases (P = 0.01). The evaluation of mRNA expression of RASSF1 variants showed that: i) RASSF1A was always expressed in PET and normal tissues, but it was, on average, expressed 6.8 times less in PET (P = 0.003); ii) RASSF1A methylation inversely correlated with its expression; iii) RASSF1 isoforms were rarely found, except for RASSF1B that was always expressed and RASSF1C whose expression was 11.4 times higher in PET than in normal tissue (P = 0.001). A correlation between RASSF1A expression and gene methylation was found in two of the three PET cell lines, which also showed a significant increase in RASSF1A expression upon demethylating treatment. Conclusions RASSF1A gene methylation in PET is higher than normal pancreas in no more than 75% of cases and as such it cannot be considered a marker for this neoplasm. RASSF1A is always expressed in PET and normal pancreas and its levels are inversely correlated with gene methylation. Isoform RASSF1C is overexpressed in PET and the recent demonstration of its involvement in the regulation of the Wnt pathway points to a potential pathogenetic role in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Malpeli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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32
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Estécio MRH, Issa JPJ. Dissecting DNA hypermethylation in cancer. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2078-86. [PMID: 21146531 PMCID: PMC3378045 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to support the importance of DNA methylation alterations in cancer development. Both losses and gains of DNA methylation are observed, thought to contribute pathophysiologically by inactivating tumor suppressor genes, inducing chromosomal instability and ectopically activating gene expression. Lesser known are the causes of aberrant DNA methylation. Recent studies have pointed out that intrinsic gene susceptibility to DNA methylation, environmental factors and gene function all have an intertwined participation in this process. Overall, these data support a deterministic rather than a stochastic mechanism for de novo DNA methylation in cancer. In this review article, we discuss the technologies available to study DNA methylation and the endogenous and exogenous factors that influence the onset of de novo methylation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R H Estécio
- Department of Leukemia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Rosty C, Parry S, Young JP. Serrated polyposis: an enigmatic model of colorectal cancer predisposition. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:157073. [PMID: 21660283 PMCID: PMC3109311 DOI: 10.4061/2011/157073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Serrated polyposis has only recently been accepted as a condition which carries an increased personal and familial risk of colorectal cancer. Described over four decades ago, it remains one of the most underrecognized and poorly understood of all the intestinal polyposes. With a variety of phenotypic presentations, it is likely that serrated polyposis represents a group of diseases rather than a single entity. Further, neoplastic progression in serrated polyposis may be associated with premature aging in the normal mucosa, typified by widespread gene promoter hypermethylation. From this epigenetically altered field, arise diverse polyps and cancers which show a range of molecular features. Despite a high serrated polyp count, only one-third of colorectal cancers demonstrate a BRAF V600E mutation, the molecular hallmark of the canonical serrated pathway, suggesting that though multiple serrated polyps act as a marker of an abnormal mucosa, the majority of CRC in these patients arise within lesions other than BRAF-mutated serrated polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Pathology Queensland and UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
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Hjelmeland LM. Dark matters in AMD genetics: epigenetics and stochasticity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1622-31. [PMID: 21429863 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard M Hjelmeland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Fransen K, Mitrovic M, van Diemen CC, Weersma RK. The quest for genetic risk factors for Crohn's disease in the post-GWAS era. Genome Med 2011; 3:13. [PMID: 21392414 PMCID: PMC3092098 DOI: 10.1186/gm227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and two large scale meta-analyses have been performed for Crohn's disease and have identified 71 susceptibility loci. These findings have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Yet, these loci only explain approximately 23% of the disease heritability. One of the future challenges in this post-GWAS era is to identify potential sources of the remaining heritability. Such sources may include common variants with limited effect size, rare variants with higher effect sizes, structural variations, or even more complicated mechanisms such as epistatic, gene-environment and epigenetic interactions. Here, we outline potential sources of this hidden heritability, focusing on Crohn's disease and the currently available data. We also discuss future strategies to determine more about the heritability; these strategies include expanding current GWAS, fine-mapping, whole genome sequencing or exome sequencing, and using family-based approaches. Despite the current limitations, such strategies may help to transfer research achievements into clinical practice and guide the improvement of preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fransen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mitja Mitrovic
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Cleo C van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Greco SA, Chia J, Inglis KJ, Cozzi SJ, Ramsnes I, Buttenshaw RL, Spring KJ, Boyle GM, Worthley DL, Leggett BA, Whitehall VLJ. Thrombospondin-4 is a putative tumour-suppressor gene in colorectal cancer that exhibits age-related methylation. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:494. [PMID: 20846368 PMCID: PMC2946314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombospondin-4 (THBS4) is a member of the extracellular calcium-binding protein family and is involved in cell adhesion and migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of deregulation of THBS4 expression in colorectal carcinogenesis. Of particular interest was the possible silencing of expression by methylation of the CpG island in the gene promoter. Methods Fifty-five sporadic colorectal tumours stratified for the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) were studied. Immunohistochemical staining of THBS4 protein was assessed in normal and tumour specimens. Relative levels of THBS4 transcript expression in matched tumours and normal mucosa were also determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Colony forming ability was examined in 8 cell lines made to overexpress THBS4. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation was investigated as a possible mechanism of gene disruption using MethyLight. Methylation was also assessed in the normal colonic tissue of 99 patients, with samples biopsied from four regions along the length of the colon. Results THBS4 expression was significantly lower in tumour tissue than in matched normal tissue. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that THBS4 protein was generally absent from normal epithelial cells and tumours, but was occasionally expressed at low levels in the cytoplasm towards the luminal surface in vesicular structures. Forced THBS4 over-expression caused a 50-60% repression of tumour colony growth in all eight cell lines examined compared to control cell lines. Tumours exhibited significantly higher levels of methylation than matched normal mucosa, and THBS4 methylation correlated with the CpG island methylator phenotype. There was a trend towards decreased gene expression in tumours exhibiting high THBS4 methylation, but the correlation was not significant. THBS4 methylation was detectable in normal mucosal biopsies where it correlated with increasing patient age and negatively with the occurrence of adenomas elsewhere in the colon. Conclusions THBS4 shows increased methylation in colorectal cancer, but this is not strongly associated with altered gene expression, either because methylation has not always reached a critical level or because other factors influence THBS4 expression. THBS4 may act as a tumour suppressor gene, demonstrated by its suppression of tumour colony formation in vitro. THBS4 methylation is detectable in normal colonic mucosa and its level may be a biomarker for the occurrence of adenomas and carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Greco
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Research Foundation, Clinical Research Centre and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhai Y, Bommer GT, Feng Y, Wiese AB, Fearon ER, Cho KR. Loss of estrogen receptor 1 enhances cervical cancer invasion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:884-95. [PMID: 20581058 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
If left untreated, some cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions will progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the molecular events conferring invasive potential remain poorly defined. In prior work, we identified 48 genes that were down-regulated in SCCs compared with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and normal squamous epithelia. In this study, a functional screening strategy was used to identify which of these genes regulate cervical cancer cell invasion. Two independent squamous epithelial cell lines were transduced with a library of short hairpin RNAs targeting the differentially expressed genes and tested for invasion of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. PCR was used to recover specific short hairpin RNAs from cells that invaded the chorioallantoic membrane. Constructs targeting estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) were highly enriched in the invasive cells. The short hairpin RNA-mediated inhibition of ESR1 in SCC- and precancer-derived cell lines increased invasiveness in both in vivo and in vitro assays. Conversely, restoration of ESR1 expression in ESR1-negative cervical cancer cells reduced cell invasiveness. Loss of ESR1 expression was found to accompany cervical cancer progression in an analysis of primary normal cervix, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and SCC specimens. Molecular mechanisms underlying down-regulation of ESR1 in invasive cervical carcinomas appear to be complex and likely heterogeneous. Our findings indicate that loss of ESR1 has a major role in mediating cervical cancer invasion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Rajendran M, Thomes P, Zhang L, Veeramani S, Lin MF. p66Shc--a longevity redox protein in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis : p66Shc in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:207-22. [PMID: 20111892 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p66Shc, a 66 kDa proto-oncogene Src homologous-collagen homologue (Shc) adaptor protein, is classically known in mediating receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and recently identified as a sensor to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and as a longevity protein in mammals. The expression of p66Shc is decreased in mice and increased in human fibroblasts upon aging and in aging-related diseases, including prostate cancer. p66Shc protein level correlates with the proliferation of several carcinoma cells and can be regulated by steroid hormones. Recent advances point that p66Shc protein plays a role in mediating cross-talk between steroid hormones and redox signals by serving as a common convergence point in signaling pathways on cell proliferation and apoptosis. This article first reviews the unique function of p66Shc protein in regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we discuss its novel role in androgen-regulated prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and the mechanism by which it mediates androgen action via the redox signaling pathway. The data together indicate that p66Shc might be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of prostate cancer and serve as an effective target for its cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythilypriya Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
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Maegawa S, Hinkal G, Kim HS, Shen L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang N, Liang S, Donehower LA, Issa JPJ. Widespread and tissue specific age-related DNA methylation changes in mice. Genome Res 2010; 20:332-40. [PMID: 20107151 DOI: 10.1101/gr.096826.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands in cancer is associated with silencing of tumor-suppressor genes, and age-dependent hypermethylation in normal appearing mucosa may be a risk factor for human colon cancer. It is not known whether this age-related DNA methylation phenomenon is specific to human tissues. We performed comprehensive DNA methylation profiling of promoter regions in aging mouse intestine using methylated CpG island amplification in combination with microarray analysis. By comparing C57BL/6 mice at 3-mo-old versus 35-mo-old for 3627 detectable autosomal genes, we found 774 (21%) that showed increased methylation and 466 (13%) that showed decreased methylation. We used pyrosequencing to quantitatively validate the microarray data and confirmed linear age-related methylation changes for all 12 genomic regions examined. We then examined 11 changed genomic loci for age-related methylation in other tissues. Of these, three of 11 showed similar changes in lung, seven of 11 changed in liver, and six of 11 changed in spleen, though to a lower degree than the changes seen in colon. There was partial conservation between age-related hypermethylation in human and mouse intestines, and Polycomb targets in embryonic stem cells were enriched among the hypermethylated genes. Our findings demonstrate a surprisingly high rate of hyper- and hypomethylation as a function of age in normal mouse small intestine tissues and a strong tissue-specificity to the process. We conclude that epigenetic deregulation is a common feature of aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Jin Z, Cheng Y, Gu W, Zheng Y, Sato F, Mori Y, Olaru AV, Paun BC, Yang J, Kan T, Ito T, Hamilton JP, Selaru FM, Agarwal R, David S, Abraham JM, Wolfsen HC, Wallace MB, Shaheen NJ, Washington K, Wang J, Canto MI, Bhattacharyya A, Nelson MA, Wagner PD, Romero Y, Wang KK, Feng Z, Sampliner RE, Meltzer SJ. A multicenter, double-blinded validation study of methylation biomarkers for progression prediction in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4112-5. [PMID: 19435894 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma risk in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is increased 30- to 125-fold versus the general population. Among all BE patients, however, neoplastic progression occurs only once per 200 patient-years. Molecular biomarkers are therefore needed to risk-stratify patients for more efficient surveillance endoscopy and to improve the early detection of progression. We therefore performed a retrospective, multicenter, double-blinded validation study of eight BE progression prediction methylation biomarkers. Progression or nonprogression were determined at 2 years (tier 1) and 4 years (tier 2). Methylation was assayed in 145 nonprogressors and 50 progressors using real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Progressors were significantly older than nonprogressors (70.6 versus 62.5 years; P < 0.001). We evaluated a linear combination of the eight markers, using coefficients from a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were high in the 2-year, 4-year, and combined data models (0.843, 0.829, and 0.840; P < 0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). In addition, even after rigorous overfitting correction, the incremental AUCs contributed by panels based on the 8 markers plus age versus age alone were substantial (Delta-AUC = 0.152, 0.114, and 0.118, respectively) in all 3 models. A methylation biomarker-based panel to predict neoplastic progression in BE has potential clinical value in improving both the efficiency of surveillance endoscopy and the early detection of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Foley DL, Craig JM, Morley R, Olsson CA, Dwyer T, Smith K, Saffery R. Prospects for epigenetic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:389-400. [PMID: 19139055 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification can mediate environmental influences on gene expression and can modulate the disease risk associated with genetic variation. Epigenetic analysis therefore holds substantial promise for identifying mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to disease risk. The spatial and temporal variance in epigenetic profile is of particular relevance for developmental epidemiology and the study of aging, including the variable age at onset for many common diseases. This review serves as a general introduction to the topic by describing epigenetic mechanisms, with a focus on DNA methylation; genetic and environmental factors that influence DNA methylation; epigenetic influences on development, aging, and disease; and current methodology for measuring epigenetic profile. Methodological considerations for epidemiologic studies that seek to include epigenetic analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Foley
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre & Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Godman CA, Joshi R, Tierney BR, Greenspan E, Rasmussen TP, Wang HW, Shin DG, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C. HDAC3 impacts multiple oncogenic pathways in colon cancer cells with effects on Wnt and vitamin D signaling. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1570-80. [PMID: 18769117 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.10.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is overexpressed in approximately half of all colon adenocarcinomas. We took an RNAi approach to determine how HDAC3 influenced chromatin modifications and the expression of growth regulatory genes in colon cancer cells. A survey of histone modifications revealed that HDAC3 knockdown in SW480 cells significantly increased histone H4-K12 acetylation, a modification present during chromatin assembly that has been implicated in imprinting. This modification was found to be most prominent in proliferating cells in the intestinal crypt and in APC(Min) tumors, but was less pronounced in the tumors that overexpress HDAC3. Gene expression profiling of SW480 revealed that HDAC3 shRNA impacted the expression of genes in the Wnt and vitamin D signaling pathways. The impact of HDAC3 on Wnt signaling was complex, with both positive and negative effects observed. However, long-term knockdown of HDAC3 suppressed beta-catenin translocation from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, and increased expression of Wnt inhibitors TLE1, TLE4 and SMO. HDAC3 knockdown also enhanced expression of the TLE1 and TLE4 repressors in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. HDAC3 shRNA enhanced expression of the vitamin D receptor in SW480 and HCT116 cells, and rendered SW480 cells sensitive to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. We propose that HDAC3 overexpression alters the epigenetic programming of colon cancer cells to impact intracellular Wnt signaling and their sensitivity to external growth regulation by vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Godman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Xing J, Stewart DJ, Gu J, Lu C, Spitz MR, Wu X. Expression of methylation-related genes is associated with overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1716-22. [PMID: 18414412 PMCID: PMC2391117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormality of DNA methylation is involved in tumour progression, and thus has a modulating effect on clinical outcome of cancer patients. In this study, we measured the mRNA expression levels of three methylation-regulating genes (DNMT1, DNMT3b, and MBD2) in 148 tumour samples from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and then determined their prognostic values. Our data showed that the high level of DNMT1 expression was significantly associated with an increased risk of death in all NSCLC patients (hazard ratio (HR), 1.74; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.04-2.90). However, the high level of DNMT3b expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis only in young patients (<65 years). The high level of MBD2 expression had a significantly reduced risk for death only in male patients and in squamous cell lung carcinoma (SQLC) patients. All three combination groups with DNMT1 and DNMT3b, DNMT1 and MBD2 or DNMT3b and MBD2 revealed significant combined effects in male patients and SQLC patients. Our results suggest that DNMT1, DNMT3b, and MBD2 may play important roles in modulating NSCLC patient survival and thus be useful for identifying NSCLC patients who would benefit most from aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xing
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - D J Stewart
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C Lu
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M R Spitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - X Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yates PA, Burman R, Simpson J, Ponomoreva ON, Thayer MJ, Turker MS. Silencing of mouse Aprt is a gradual process in differentiated cells. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4461-70. [PMID: 12808089 PMCID: PMC164859 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.13.4461-4470.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse Aprt constructs that are highly susceptible to DNA methylation-associated inactivation in embryonal carcinoma cells were transfected into differentiated cells, where they were expressed. Construct silencing was induced by either whole-cell fusion of the expressing differentiated cells with embryonal carcinoma cells or by treatment of the differentiated cells with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Induction of silencing was enhanced significantly by the presence of a methylation center fragment positioned upstream of a truncated promoter comprised of two functional Sp1 binding sites. Initial silencing of the Aprt constructs was unstable, as evidenced by high spontaneous reversion frequencies ( approximately 10(-2)). Stably silenced subclones with spontaneous reversion frequencies of <10(-5) were isolated readily from the unstably silenced clones. These reversion frequencies were enhanced significantly by treatment of the cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. A bisulfite sequence analysis demonstrated that CpG methylation initiated within the methylation center region on expressing alleles and that the induction of silencing allowed methylation to spread towards and eventually into the promoter region. Combined with the induction of revertants by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, this result suggested that stabilization of silencing was due to an increased density of CpG methylation. All allelic methylation patterns were variegated, which is consistent with a gradual and evolving process. In total, our results demonstrate that silencing of mouse Aprt is a gradual process in the differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Yates
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Cruz I, Snijders PJF, Van Houten V, Vosjan M, Van der Waal I, Meijer CJLM. Specific p53 immunostaining patterns are associated with smoking habits in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:834-40. [PMID: 12401821 PMCID: PMC1769794 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.11.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify immunostaining patterns that are predictive for p53 mutations and to investigate whether p53 mutations are associated with established risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Fifty five OSCCs were investigated for p53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Ten of these cases, including five p53 immunopositive and five p53 immunonegative cases, were subjected to microdissection of representative tumour areas followed by sequence analysis for the detection of TP53 mutations. RESULTS Paired IHC and sequence analysis revealed that p53 immunoexpression in more than 25% of tumour cells was indicative of TP53 mutations, whereas p53 immunonegativity was not informative. Therefore, for p53 immunohistochemical interpretation, p53 immunonegative cases were excluded from the analysis and the cut off value for p53 immunoexpression was set at 25%. Of the OSCCs showing any p53 immunoexpression, 64% revealed staining in more than 25% of the tumour cells. p53 immunoexpression in more than 25% of the neoplastic cells was significantly associated with smoking but not with alcohol consumption. No significant association with smoking habits was found when OSCCs were dichotomised into p53 immunonegative and p53 immunopositive. CONCLUSIONS In OSCCs the following conclusions can be made: (1) p53 immunonegativity is not informative for TP53 mutations; (2) 25% p53 immunopositive cells appears to be a good cut off value to predict TP53 mutations; (3) p53 immunostaining patterns that appeared to be predictive for TP53 mutations were associated with the smoking habits of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cruz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology/ACTA, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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