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Cortellini S, DeClue AE, Giunti M, Goggs R, Hopper K, Menard JM, Rabelo RC, Rozanski EA, Sharp CR, Silverstein DC, Sinnott-Stutzman V, Stanzani G. Defining sepsis in small animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:97-109. [PMID: 38351524 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the definitions of sepsis in human and veterinary medicine. DESIGN International, multicenter position statement on the need for consensus definitions of sepsis in veterinary medicine. SETTING Veterinary private practice and university teaching hospitals. ANIMALS Dogs and cats. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sepsis is a life-threatening condition associated with the body's response to an infection. In human medicine, sepsis has been defined by consensus on 3 occasions, most recently in 2016. In veterinary medicine, there is little uniformity in how sepsis is defined and no consensus on how to identify it clinically. Most publications rely on modified criteria derived from the 1991 and 2001 human consensus definitions. There is a divergence between the human and veterinary descriptions of sepsis and no consensus on how to diagnose the syndrome. This impedes research, hampers the translation of pathophysiology insights to the clinic, and limits our abilities to optimize patient care. It may be time to formally define sepsis in veterinary medicine to help the field move forward. In this narrative review, we present a synopsis of prior attempts to define sepsis in human and veterinary medicine, discuss developments in our understanding, and highlight some criticisms and shortcomings of existing schemes. CONCLUSIONS This review is intended to serve as the foundation of current efforts to establish a consensus definition for sepsis in small animals and ultimately generate evidence-based criteria for its recognition in veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cortellini
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Amy E DeClue
- Fetch Specialty and Emergency Veterinary Center, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julie M Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah C Silverstein
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liu D, Langston JC, Prabhakarpandian B, Kiani MF, Kilpatrick LE. The critical role of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in sepsis: new synergistic approaches employing organ-on-chip, omics, immune cell phenotyping and in silico modeling to identify new therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1274842. [PMID: 38259971 PMCID: PMC10800980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1274842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a global health concern accounting for more than 1 in 5 deaths worldwide. Sepsis is now defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can develop from bacterial (gram negative or gram positive), fungal or viral (such as COVID) infections. However, therapeutics developed in animal models and traditional in vitro sepsis models have had little success in clinical trials, as these models have failed to fully replicate the underlying pathophysiology and heterogeneity of the disease. The current understanding is that the host response to sepsis is highly diverse among patients, and this heterogeneity impacts immune function and response to infection. Phenotyping immune function and classifying sepsis patients into specific endotypes is needed to develop a personalized treatment approach. Neutrophil-endothelium interactions play a critical role in sepsis progression, and increased neutrophil influx and endothelial barrier disruption have important roles in the early course of organ damage. Understanding the mechanism of neutrophil-endothelium interactions and how immune function impacts this interaction can help us better manage the disease and lead to the discovery of new diagnostic and prognosis tools for effective treatments. In this review, we will discuss the latest research exploring how in silico modeling of a synergistic combination of new organ-on-chip models incorporating human cells/tissue, omics analysis and clinical data from sepsis patients will allow us to identify relevant signaling pathways and characterize specific immune phenotypes in patients. Emerging technologies such as machine learning can then be leveraged to identify druggable therapeutic targets and relate them to immune phenotypes and underlying infectious agents. This synergistic approach can lead to the development of new therapeutics and the identification of FDA approved drugs that can be repurposed for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jordan C. Langston
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Mohammad F. Kiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Méndez Hernández R, Ramasco Rueda F. Biomarkers as Prognostic Predictors and Therapeutic Guide in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Evidence. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020333. [PMID: 36836567 PMCID: PMC9965041 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A biomarker is a molecule that can be measured in a biological sample in an objective, systematic, and precise way, whose levels indicate whether a process is normal or pathological. Knowing the most important biomarkers and their characteristics is the key to precision medicine in intensive and perioperative care. Biomarkers can be used to diagnose, in assessment of disease severity, to stratify risk, to predict and guide clinical decisions, and to guide treatments and response to them. In this review, we will analyze what characteristics a biomarker should have and how to ensure its usefulness, and we will review the biomarkers that in our opinion can make their knowledge more useful to the reader in their clinical practice, with a future perspective. These biomarkers, in our opinion, are lactate, C-Reactive Protein, Troponins T and I, Brain Natriuretic Peptides, Procalcitonin, MR-ProAdrenomedullin and BioAdrenomedullin, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and lymphopenia, Proenkephalin, NefroCheck, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Interleukin 6, Urokinase-type soluble plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), Presepsin, Pancreatic Stone Protein (PSP), and Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3). Finally, we propose an approach to the perioperative evaluation of high-risk patients and critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) based on biomarkers.
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Doualeh M, Payne M, Litton E, Raby E, Currie A. Molecular Methodologies for Improved Polymicrobial Sepsis Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094484. [PMID: 35562877 PMCID: PMC9104822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial sepsis is associated with worse patient outcomes than monomicrobial sepsis. Routinely used culture-dependent microbiological diagnostic techniques have low sensitivity, often leading to missed identification of all causative organisms. To overcome these limitations, culture-independent methods incorporating advanced molecular technologies have recently been explored. However, contamination, assay inhibition and interference from host DNA are issues that must be addressed before these methods can be relied on for routine clinical use. While the host component of the complex sepsis host–pathogen interplay is well described, less is known about the pathogen’s role, including pathogen–pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis. This review highlights the clinical significance of polymicrobial sepsis and addresses how promising alternative molecular microbiology methods can be improved to detect polymicrobial infections. It also discusses how the application of shotgun metagenomics can be used to uncover pathogen/pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis cases and their potential role in the clinical course of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Doualeh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
| | - Matthew Payne
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Edward Litton
- Intensive Care Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Intensive Care Unit, St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- State Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Microbiology Department, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(08)-9360-7426
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Langston JC, Rossi MT, Yang Q, Ohley W, Perez E, Kilpatrick LE, Prabhakarpandian B, Kiani MF. Omics of endothelial cell dysfunction in sepsis. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:R15-R34. [PMID: 35515704 PMCID: PMC9066943 DOI: 10.1530/vb-22-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During sepsis, defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to infection, systemic inflammation activates endothelial cells and initiates a multifaceted cascade of pro-inflammatory signaling events, resulting in increased permeability and excessive recruitment of leukocytes. Vascular endothelial cells share many common properties but have organ-specific phenotypes with unique structure and function. Thus, therapies directed against endothelial cell phenotypes are needed to address organ-specific endothelial cell dysfunction. Omics allow for the study of expressed genes, proteins and/or metabolites in biological systems and provide insight on temporal and spatial evolution of signals during normal and diseased conditions. Proteomics quantifies protein expression, identifies protein-protein interactions and can reveal mechanistic changes in endothelial cells that would not be possible to study via reductionist methods alone. In this review, we provide an overview of how sepsis pathophysiology impacts omics with a focus on proteomic analysis of mouse endothelial cells during sepsis/inflammation and its relationship with the more clinically relevant omics of human endothelial cells. We discuss how omics has been used to define septic endotype signatures in different populations with a focus on proteomic analysis in organ-specific microvascular endothelial cells during sepsis or septic-like inflammation. We believe that studies defining septic endotypes based on proteomic expression in endothelial cell phenotypes are urgently needed to complement omic profiling of whole blood and better define sepsis subphenotypes. Lastly, we provide a discussion of how in silico modeling can be used to leverage the large volume of omics data to map response pathways in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Langston
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Qingliang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Ohley
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin Perez
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Balabhaskar Prabhakarpandian
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammad F Kiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Rumienczyk I, Kulecka M, Ostrowski J, Mar D, Bomsztyk K, Standage SW, Mikula M. Multi-Organ Transcriptome Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Polymicrobial Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2377-2388. [PMID: 34113146 PMCID: PMC8184233 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s307305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE During sepsis, an excessive inflammatory immune reaction contributes to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a critical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality; however, the molecular mechanisms driving MODS remain elusive. METHODS We used RNA sequencing to characterize transcriptional changes in the early phase of sepsis, at 6, 12, 24 hour time points in lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissues, in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis murine model. RESULTS The CLP surgery induced significant changes (adj. p-value<0.05) in expression of hundreds of transcripts in the four organs tested, with the highest number exceeding 2,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all organs at 12 hours post-CLP. Over-representation analysis by functional annotations of DEGs to the Reactome database revealed the immune system, hemostasis, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and extracellular matrix remodeling biological processes as significantly altered in at least two organs, while metabolism of proteins and RNA were revelaed as being liver tissue specific in the early phase of sepsis. CONCLUSION RNA sequencing across organs and time-points in the CLP murine model allowed us to study the trajectories of transcriptome changes demonstrating alterations common across multiple organs as well as biological pathways altered in an organ-specific manner. These findings could pave new directions in the research of sepsis-induced MODS and indicate new sepsis treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rumienczyk
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Department of Genetics, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Department of Genetics, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Warsaw, 01-813, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Department of Genetics, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Warsaw, 01-813, Poland
| | - Daniel Mar
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephen W Standage
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michal Mikula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Department of Genetics, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
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7
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Wu P, Zhang X, Zhang G, Chen F, He M, Zhang T, Wang J, Xie K, Dai G. Transcriptome for the breast muscle of Jinghai yellow chicken at early growth stages. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8950. [PMID: 32328350 PMCID: PMC7166044 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The meat quality of yellow feathered broilers is better than the quality of its production. Growth traits are important in the broiler industry. The exploration of regulation mechanisms for the skeletal muscle would help to increase the growth performance of chickens. At present, some progress has been made by researchers, but the molecular mechanisms of the skeletal muscle still remain unclear and need to be improved. Methods In this study, the breast muscles of fast- and slow-growing female Jinghai yellow chickens (F4F, F8F, F4S, F8S) and slow-growing male Jinghai yellow chickens (M4S, M8S) aged four and eight weeks were selected for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). All analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment were performed. Finally, we selected nine DEGs to verify the accuracy of the sequencing by qPCR. Results The differential gene expression analysis resulted in 364, 219 and 111 DEGs (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) for the three comparison groups, F8FvsF4F, F8SvsF4S, and M8SvsM4S, respectively. Three common DEGs (ADAMTS20, ARHGAP19, and Novel00254) were found, and they were all highly expressed at four weeks of age. In addition, some other genes related to growth and development, such as ANXA1, COL1A1, MYH15, TGFB3 and ACTC1, were obtained. The most common DEGs (n = 58) were found between the two comparison groups F8FvsF4F and F8SvsF4S, and they might play important roles in the growth of female chickens. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway also showed some significant enrichment pathways, for instance, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cell cycle, and DNA replication. The two pathways that were significantly enriched in the F8FvsF4F group were all contained in that of F8SvsF4S. The same two pathways were ECM–receptor interaction and focal adhesion, and they had great influence on the growth of chickens. However, many differences existed between male and female chickens in regards to common DEGs and KEGG pathways. The results would help to reveal the regulation mechanism of the growth and development of chickens and serve as a guideline to propose an experimental design on gene function with the DEGs and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingliang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Greer O, Shah NM, Sriskandan S, Johnson MR. Sepsis: Precision-Based Medicine for Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215388. [PMID: 31671794 PMCID: PMC6861904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable populations. Pregnant and recently pregnant women are particularly prone to rapid progression to sepsis and septic shock, with 11% of maternal deaths worldwide being attributed to sepsis. The impact on the neonate is considerable, with 1 million neonatal deaths annually attributed to maternal infection or sepsis. Pregnancy specific physiological and immunological adaptations are likely to contribute to a greater impact of infection, but current approaches to the management of sepsis are based on those developed for the non-pregnant population. Pregnancy-specific strategies are required to optimise recognition and management of these patients. We review current knowledge of the physiology and immunology of pregnancy and propose areas of research, which may advance the development of pregnancy-specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to optimise the care of pregnant women and their babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orene Greer
- Imperial College London, Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Level 3, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Nishel Mohan Shah
- Imperial College London, Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Level 3, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Imperial College London, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Imperial College London, Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Level 3, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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