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LaFond M, DeAngelis B, Absi MA. Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal and Autonomic Nervous System Biomarkers of Stress and Tobacco Relapse: Review of the Research. Biol Psychol 2024:108854. [PMID: 39151748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for countless diseases, and smoking relapse remains a major public health concern. Subjective reports of stress by smokers are a common theme for relapse, however, the role of objective stress-related biomarkers in predicting tobacco relapse risk has been less studied. The aim of this manuscript was to review existing literature on the connection between biomarkers of stress and smoking relapse. Overall, trends indicate that blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to acute stress, larger reductions in HPA biomarkers during the initial days of abstinence during cessation (compared to pre-cessation levels), and exaggerated autonomic responses to stress predict increased risk of relapse. In addition, successful cessation is followed by changes in stress biomarkers (e.g., reductions in cortisol and heart rate, HR). This review also identifies potential modifiers, such as methodological differences, biological sex, and chronic stress, to account for heterogeneity of findings within and across studies. In addition, we identify gaps in the literature and suggest future research directions focusing on the roles of genetics and gene expression as well as the influence of neurobiological mechanisms on stress and relapse risk. Future clinical implications of this research include identifying reliable indicators of relapse risk and the potential of pharmacotherapeutic treatments to target stress response systems to correct dysregulation and potentially reduce stress-related risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine LaFond
- Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Briana DeAngelis
- Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Mustafa Al' Absi
- Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA.
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Walicka M, Krysiński A, La Rosa GRM, Sun A, Campagna D, Di Ciaula A, Dugal T, Kengne A, Le Dinh P, Misra A, Polosa R, Raza SA, Russo C, Sammut R, Somasundaram N. Influence of quitting smoking on diabetes-related complications: A scoping review with a systematic search strategy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103044. [PMID: 38810420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking in people with diabetes markedly elevates their risk of developing complications and increases the likelihood of cardiovascular mortality. This review is the first to specifically provide evidence-based analysis about the influence of quitting smoking on diabetes-related complications in people with type 2 diabetes. METHOD The present review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. All human clinical studies assessing the effects of stopping smoking cessation on diabetes-related complications were included. PubMed and Embase were screened until January 2024. References of primary studies and principal peer-reviewed scientific journals in the field were manually screened. RESULTS We identified a total of 1023 studies. Only 26 met the criteria for eligibility. In general quitting smoking is associated with decreased risks of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Regarding microvascular complications, the strongest evidence for the beneficial effects of smoking cessation is observed in diabetic nephropathy. However, the relationship between smoking cessation and retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot complications and diabetic-related erectile dysfunction, is poorly investigated. CONCLUSION Quitting smoking offers significant advantages in managing diabetes-related complications, significantly lowering the risks of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and diabetic nephropathy. This underscores the importance of cessation. Providing evidence-based information on the benefits of stopping smoking for people with type 2 diabetes who smoke, can bolster smoking cessation efforts in the context of diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Walicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Krysiński
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ang Sun
- Department of Biology, and Center for Biotechnology/Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Davide Campagna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri" Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area [DiMePre-J], University "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Tabinda Dugal
- Department of Endocrinology College of Physicians and Surgeons, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Andre Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Phuong Le Dinh
- General Practice, Family Medicine and Check-up Department, FV Hospital Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Anoop Misra
- Diabetes Foundation [India], New Delhi, India; National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation [N-DOC], New Delhi, India; Fortis C-DOC Centre for Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Disease, and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the acceleration of Harm Reduction [CoEHAR], University of Catania, Vietnam, Italy; Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), University Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Syed Abbas Raza
- Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Russo
- Ashford and Saint Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - Roberta Sammut
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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Ray N, Reddy PH. Structural and physiological changes of the kidney with age and its impact on chronic conditions and COVID-19. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101932. [PMID: 37031725 PMCID: PMC10081878 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is an essential organ that removes waste products, balances the body's fluids, releases hormones that regulate blood pressure, produces an active form of vitamin D, promotes healthy bones, and controls the production of red blood cells. Structural and functional abnormalities occur in kidney with age. Alterations in kidney structure are based on physiological functions and environmental pressures. Variations in its structure across vertebrates are primarily due to the nature of alterations in number, complexity, arrangement, and location of the kidney tubules. Globally, individuals aged 65 and older are part of the fastest expanding population demographic, and as a result, a greater number of older patients are receiving a diagnosis of impaired renal function. The purpose of our mini-review is to summarize recent findings of the structural and functional differences between the normal and aging kidney, examine the evolutionary biology of the kidney across species, and demonstrate the role of aging in conditions such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension, along with their impact on SARS-CoV-2. Additional aims include discussing the potential therapeutic strategies to treat aged individuals with kidney health issues and how the impact of a healthy lifestyle, diet, and exercise can improve health conditions with aged kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Bae ES, Hur JY, Jang HS, Kim JS, Kang HS. Risk Factors of Microalbuminuria among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on 2019-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4169. [PMID: 36901179 PMCID: PMC10002237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with high economic and social burdens. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria is predictive of early-stage renal complications and subsequent progression to renal dysfunction. We collected data on type 2 diabetes patients who participated in the 2019-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The risk factors for microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes were analyzed using logistic regression. As a result, the odds ratios were 1.036 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.019-1.053, p < 0.001) for systolic blood pressure, 0.966 (95% CI = 0.941-0.989, p = 0.007) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 1.008 (95% CI = 1.002-1.014, p = 0.015) for fasting blood sugar level, and 0.855 (95% CI = 0.729-0.998, p = 0.043) for hemoglobin level. A significant strength of this study is the identification of low hemoglobin level (i.e., anemia) as a risk factor for microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. This finding implies that the early detection and management of microalbuminuria can prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sook Bae
- Good Aein Medical Care Hospital, Busan 47889, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yi Hur
- Department of Nursing, Saekyung University, Yeongwol-gun 26239, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Jang
- Department of Nursing, Saekyung University, Yeongwol-gun 26239, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Suk Kim
- Department of Nursing, Saekyung University, Yeongwol-gun 26239, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Kang
- Department of Nursing, Saekyung University, Yeongwol-gun 26239, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315435. [PMID: 36499760 PMCID: PMC9737118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal condition is one of the crucial predictors of longevity; therefore, early diagnosis of any dysfunction plays an important role. Kidneys are highly susceptible to the aging process. Unfavorable conditions may lead to a significant disturbance of the body's homeostasis. Apart from physiological changes, there are some conditions such as hypertension, diabetes or obesity which contribute to the acceleration of the aging process. A determination of macroscopic and microscopic changes is essential for assessing the progression of aging. With age, we observe a decrease in the volume of renal parenchyma and an increase in adipose tissue in the renal sinuses. Senescence may also be manifested by the roughness of the kidney surface or simple renal cysts. The main microscopic changes are a thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, nephrosclerosis, an accumulation of extracellular matrix, and mesangial widening. The principal aspect of stopping unfavorable changes is to maintain health. Studies have shown many useful ways to mitigate renal aging. This review is focused especially on medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers or resveratrol, but even eating habits and lifestyle.
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Early Diagnosis of Kidney Damage Associated with Tobacco Use: Preventive Application. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071032. [PMID: 35887529 PMCID: PMC9325290 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long-term smoking has been associated with chronic kidney disease, its effect on kidney function in early stages has not been clarified. Therefore, the proposed objectives were: (1) to identify subclinical kidney damage in smokers, through a panel of biomarkers; (2) to evaluate the progression of subclinical kidney damage after two years of consumption in these patients; and (3) study whether quitting smoking reduces kidney damage. A prospective study was carried out (patients recruited from a primary care centre and a clinical smoking unit). Kidney function was assessed using a panel of biomarkers and compared between smokers and non-smokers, taking into account potential risk factors for kidney damage. These results show, for the first time in the literature, the relationship between smoking and early (subclinical) kidney damage and provide a panel of biomarkers capable of detecting this condition (Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Kidney injury molecule-1, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, transferrin, and ganglioside-activating protein GM2). This study also indicates that subclinical damage is maintained when use continues, but can be reversed if patients stop smoking. The use of these biomarkers as diagnostic tools can be a preventive measure in the development of chronic kidney disease associated with smoking and in the prevention of acute events associated with potentially nephrotoxic pharmacological treatment in smokers. Trial registration number: NCT03850756.
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Tsai SY, Huang WH, Chan HL, Hwang LC. The role of smoking cessation programs in lowering blood pressure: A retrospective cohort study. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:82. [PMID: 34720797 PMCID: PMC8534426 DOI: 10.18332/tid/142664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking affects blood pressure and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The role of smoking cessation programs with respect to blood pressure remains inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation program on blood pressure. METHODS Participants who attended the smoking cessation program in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary medical center in Taiwan from 2017 to 2018 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Their smoking cessation status was traced via phone calls during the third month, and the researchers collected participant characteristics and blood pressure before and after the program. Differences in the participants’ blood pressure, based on those with and those without hypertension, were compared using analysis of covariance. Univariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with success in smoking cessation. In total, there were 721 participants. The participants had a mean age of 55.8±11.4 years and 68.1% of the participants were hypertensive. RESULTS During the program, the overall systolic blood pressure decreased by 4.0±17.9 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 2.5±12.0 mmHg, from the baseline. Hypertensive participants showed a more prominent blood pressure lowering effect compared to non-hypertensive participants in terms of the subtraction difference of systolic blood pressure (-5.0±19.0 vs -1.9±15.2 mmHg, p=0.018) and diastolic blood pressure (-3.1±12.9 vs -1.1±9.6 mmHg, p=0.016). After multivariate control, the results showed that the adjusted subtraction difference of diastolic blood pressure was still more significant in the hypertensive group than in the non-hypertensive group. CONCLUSIONS The smoking cessation program significantly reduced both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the entire cohort. The results were more significant in the hypertensive group compared to the non-hypertensive group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ying Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chan
- Department of Family Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ching Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Druzhinina NA, Vasil'eva LV, Osadchiy KK, Dubchak AE, Khvalin EI. Relation between Tobacco Smoking/Electronic Smoking and Albuminuria/Vascular Stiffness in Young People without Cardiovascular Diseases. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:467-476. [PMID: 32434202 DOI: 10.1159/000507510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. In recent years, alternative types of smoking, including vaping, have been becoming popular. The contribution of vape to vascular and renal injury is not known. We studied the relation between smoking of traditional/electronic cigarettes and arterial stiffness and albuminuria, which is also a vascular dysfunction marker. METHODS We examined 270 young volunteers without significant clinical cardiovascular diseases (mean age: 21.2 ± 2.3 years). Twenty-seven percent of the subjects in the study group were smokers; 69.9% of them smoked traditional cigarettes and 30.1% smoked electronic cigarettes. The urine albumin level was assessed by a dipstick test, and the augmentation index was determined by photoplethysmography. A linear correlation test and multiple regression analysis were applied. RESULTS The study groups did not differ in basic characteristics. The smokers demonstrated generally higher blood pressure levels and were overweight. Most of the smokers were male. In the groups of smokers, albuminuria was more frequent, especially among vapers (94 vs. 79% in tobacco smokers and 29% in nonsmokers). AU values (median [quartile 25; quartile 75]) were significantly higher in vapers (160 mg/L [150; 207.5]) vs. tobacco smokers (115 mg/L [60; 200]) and vs. nonsmokers (20 mg/L [10; 50]) (р < 0.05). Photoplethysmographic results showed relevant higher augmentation indices among tobacco smokers (-4, [-6.6; -1.9]) and vapers (-5.05 [-13.4; -3.3]) compared to nonsmokers (-16.2 [-23.9; -7]) (р < 0.05). Results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate that smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to an increase in the albuminuria level and the augmentation index. CONCLUSIONS Smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to albuminuria and an increase in the augmentation index, which is a noninvasive marker for arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Podzolkov
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna E Bragina
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Natalya A Druzhinina
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lubov V Vasil'eva
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Osadchiy
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem E Dubchak
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny I Khvalin
- 2nd Faculty Therapy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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Wang D, Jiang X, Teng S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Li Y. The Antidiabetic and Antinephritic Activities of Auricularia cornea (An Albino Mutant Strain) via Modulation of Oxidative Stress in the db/db Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31134090 PMCID: PMC6517500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study first systematically analyzed the constituents of an albino mutant strain of Auricularia cornea (AU). After 8 weeks of continuous treatment with metformin (Met) (0.1 g/kg) and AU (0.1 and 0.4 g/kg), db/db mice showed hypoglycemic functioning, indicated by reduced bodyweight, food intake, plasma glucose, serum levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c and glucagon, hepatic levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and lucose-6-phosphatasem, and increased serum levels of insulin. The effect of hypolipidemic functions were indicated by suppressed levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, and enhanced levels of hepatic glycogen and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The renal protective effect of AU was confirmed by the protection in renal structures and the regulation of potential indicators of nephropathy. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of AU were verified by a cytokine array combined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AU decreased the expression of protein kinase C α and β2 and phosphor-nuclear factor-κB, and enhanced the expression of catalase, nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2), manganese superoxide dismutase 2, heme oxygenase-1 and−2, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), HSP60, and HSP70 in the kidneys of db/db mice. The results confirmed that AU's anti-diabetic and anti-nephritic effects are related to its modulation on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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