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Torres-Flores A, Ontiveros-Padilla LA, Madera-Sandoval RL, Tepale-Segura A, Gajón-Martínez J, Rivera-Hernández T, Ferat-Osorio EA, Cérbulo-Vázquez A, Arriaga-Pizano LA, Bonifaz L, Paz-De la Rosa G, Rojas-Martínez O, Suárez-Martínez A, Peralta-Sánchez G, Sarfati-Mizrahi D, Sun W, Chagoya-Cortés HE, Palese P, Krammer F, García-Sastre A, Lozano-Dubernard B, López-Macías C. Newcastle disease virus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate AVX/COVID-12 activates T cells and is recognized by antibodies from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394114. [PMID: 38873610 PMCID: PMC11169921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several effective vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and implemented in the population. However, the current production capacity falls short of meeting global demand. Therefore, it is crucial to further develop novel vaccine platforms that can bridge the distribution gap. AVX/COVID-12 is a vector-based vaccine that utilizes the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) to present the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the immune system. Methods This study aims to analyze the antigenicity of the vaccine candidate by examining antibody binding and T-cell activation in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 or variants of concern (VOCs), as well as in healthy volunteers who received coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. Results Our findings indicate that the vaccine effectively binds antibodies and activates T-cells in individuals who received 2 or 3 doses of BNT162b2 or AZ/ChAdOx-1-S vaccines. Furthermore, the stimulation of T-cells from patients and vaccine recipients with AVX/COVID-12 resulted in their proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Discussion The AVX/COVID-12 vectored vaccine candidate demonstrates the ability to stimulate robust cellular responses and is recognized by antibodies primed by the spike protein present in SARS-CoV-2 viruses that infected patients, as well as in the mRNA BNT162b2 and AZ/ChAdOx-1-S vaccines. These results support the inclusion of the AVX/COVID-12 vaccine as a booster in vaccination programs aimed at addressing COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torres-Flores
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Ontiveros-Padilla
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ruth Lizzeth Madera-Sandoval
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Validación de Técnicas, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) “Dr, Manuel Martínez Báez”, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Araceli Tepale-Segura
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Julián Gajón-Martínez
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernández
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Investigadores por México, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferat-Osorio
- División de Investigación en Salud, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez
- Servicio de Medicina Genómica. Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Andrea Arriaga-Pizano
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Bonifaz
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Constantino López-Macías
- UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Bourassa MH, Lands LC. Preventative therapies for respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) in children: Where are we now? Paediatr Respir Rev 2024; 49:24-27. [PMID: 37704463 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in young children and represents a substantial health-care burden around the world. Advances in research have helped identify the prefusion F protein as the key target component in RSV immunization. In this article, we review the previous, current, and ongoing research efforts for immunization against RSV in children. We present the different types of immunization which include monoclonal antibodies, maternal immunization and vaccines while addressing the challenges of preventing RSV infections in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Bourassa
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Larry C Lands
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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3
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Topalidou X, Kalergis AM, Papazisis G. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines: A Review of the Candidates and the Approved Vaccines. Pathogens 2023; 12:1259. [PMID: 37887775 PMCID: PMC10609699 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a significant proportion of global morbidity and mortality affecting young children and older adults. In the aftermath of formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine development, the effort to develop an immunizing agent was carefully guided by epidemiologic and pathophysiological evidence of the virus, including various vaccine technologies. The pipeline of RSV vaccine development includes messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), live-attenuated (LAV), subunit, and recombinant vector-based vaccine candidates targeting different virus proteins. The availability of vaccine candidates of various technologies enables adjustment to the individualized needs of each vulnerable age group. Arexvy® (GSK), followed by Abrysvo® (Pfizer), is the first vaccine available for market use as an immunizing agent to prevent lower respiratory tract disease in older adults. Abrysvo is additionally indicated for the passive immunization of infants by maternal administration during pregnancy. This review presents the RSV vaccine pipeline, analyzing the results of clinical trials. The key features of each vaccine technology are also mentioned. Currently, 24 vaccines are in the clinical stage of development, including the 2 licensed vaccines. Research in the field of RSV vaccination, including the pharmacovigilance methods of already approved vaccines, promotes the achievement of successful prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthippi Topalidou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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ElSherif M, Andrew MK, Ye L, Ambrose A, Boivin G, Bowie W, David MP, Gruselle O, Halperin SA, Hatchette TF, Johnstone J, Katz K, Langley JM, Loeb M, MacKinnon-Cameron D, McCarthy A, McElhaney JE, McGeer A, Poirier A, Pirçon JY, Powis J, Richardson D, Semret M, Smith S, Smyth D, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. Leveraging Influenza Virus Surveillance From 2012 to 2015 to Characterize the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Canadian Adults ≥50 Years of Age Hospitalized With Acute Respiratory Illness. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad315. [PMID: 37441353 PMCID: PMC10334379 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in older adults is undercharacterized. To help inform future immunization policies, this study aimed to describe the disease burden in Canadian adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with RSV. Methods Using administrative data and nasopharyngeal swabs collected from active surveillance among adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with an acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 influenza seasons, RSV was identified using a respiratory virus multiplex polymerase chain reaction test to describe the associated disease burden, incidence, and healthcare costs. Results Of 7797 patients tested, 371 (4.8%) were RSV positive (2.2% RSV-A and 2.6% RSV-B). RSV prevalence varied by season from 4.2% to 6.2%. Respiratory virus coinfection was observed in 11.6% (43/371) of RSV cases, with influenza A being the most common. RSV hospitalization rates varied between seasons and increased with age, from 8-12 per 100 000 population in adults aged 50-59 years to 174-487 per 100 000 in adults aged ≥80 years. The median age of RSV cases was 74.9 years, 63.7% were female, and 98.1% of cases had ≥1 comorbidity. Among RSV cases, the mean length of hospital stay was 10.6 days, 13.7% were admitted to the intensive care unit, 6.4% required mechanical ventilation, and 6.1% died. The mean cost per RSV case was $13 602 (Canadian dollars) but varied by age and Canadian province. Conclusions This study adds to the growing literature on adult RSV burden by showing considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in hospitalized adults aged ≥50 years with ARIs such as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - William Bowie
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Katz
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andre Poirier
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de la Mauricie et du Centre du Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Powis
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Smyth
- The Moncton Hospital, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Duncan Webster
- Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Correspondence: Jason J. LeBlanc, PhD, FCCM, D(ABMM), Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 404B, Mackenzie Bldg, 5788 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada (); Shelly McNeil, MD, FRCPC, FIDSA, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, 4th Floor Goldbloom Pavilion, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada ()
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Correspondence: Jason J. LeBlanc, PhD, FCCM, D(ABMM), Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 404B, Mackenzie Bldg, 5788 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada (); Shelly McNeil, MD, FRCPC, FIDSA, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, 4th Floor Goldbloom Pavilion, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada ()
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5
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Sedney CJ, Harvill ET. The Neonatal Immune System and Respiratory Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1597. [PMID: 37375099 PMCID: PMC10301501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to some pathogens, particularly those that cause infection in the respiratory tract. This is often attributed to an incompletely developed immune system, but recent work demonstrates effective neonatal immune responses to some infection. The emerging view is that neonates have a distinctly different immune response that is well-adapted to deal with unique immunological challenges of the transition from a relatively sterile uterus to a microbe-rich world, tending to suppress potentially dangerous inflammatory responses. Problematically, few animal models allow a mechanistic examination of the roles and effects of various immune functions in this critical transition period. This limits our understanding of neonatal immunity, and therefore our ability to rationally design and develop vaccines and therapeutics to best protect newborns. This review summarizes what is known of the neonatal immune system, focusing on protection against respiratory pathogens and describes challenges of various animal models. Highlighting recent advances in the mouse model, we identify knowledge gaps to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Moin AT, Ullah MA, Patil RB, Faruqui NA, Araf Y, Das S, Uddin KMK, Hossain MS, Miah MF, Moni MA, Chowdhury DUS, Islam S. A computational approach to design a polyvalent vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9702. [PMID: 37322049 PMCID: PMC10272159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), responsible for infecting people from all age groups-a majority of which comprises infants and children. Primarily, severe RSV infections are accountable for multitudes of deaths worldwide, predominantly of children, every year. Despite several efforts to develop a vaccine against RSV as a potential countermeasure, there has been no approved or licensed vaccine available yet, to control the RSV infection effectively. Therefore, through the utilization of immunoinformatics tools, a computational approach was taken in this study, to design a multi-epitope polyvalent vaccine against two major antigenic subtypes of RSV, RSV-A and RSV-B. Potential predictions of the T-cell and B-cell epitopes were followed by extensive tests of antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, conservancy, homology to human proteome, transmembrane topology, and cytokine-inducing ability. The peptide vaccine was modeled, refined, and validated. Molecular docking analysis with specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) revealed excellent interactions with suitable global binding energies. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation ensured the stability of the docking interactions between the vaccine and TLRs. Mechanistic approaches to imitate and predict the potential immune response generated by the administration of vaccines were determined through immune simulations. Subsequent mass production of the vaccine peptide was evaluated; however, there remains a necessity for further in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate its efficacy against RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nairita Ahsan Faruqui
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sowmen Das
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Khaza Md Kapil Uddin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruque Miah
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Bone Biology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dil Umme Salma Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Saiful Islam
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chattogram Laboratories, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
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Sutto-Ortiz P, Eléouët JF, Ferron F, Decroly E. Biochemistry of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Embedding RNA Polymerase and Capping Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020341. [PMID: 36851554 PMCID: PMC9960070 DOI: 10.3390/v15020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is the major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly population, and immunocompromised individuals. There is still no approved vaccine or antiviral treatment against RSV disease, but new monoclonal prophylactic antibodies are yet to be commercialized, and clinical trials are in progress. Hence, urgent efforts are needed to develop efficient therapeutic treatments. RSV RNA synthesis comprises viral transcription and replication that are catalyzed by the large protein (L) in coordination with the phosphoprotein polymerase cofactor (P), the nucleoprotein (N), and the M2-1 transcription factor. The replication/transcription is orchestrated by the L protein, which contains three conserved enzymatic domains: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the polyribonucleotidyl transferase (PRNTase or capping), and the methyltransferase (MTase) domain. These activities are essential for the RSV replicative cycle and are thus considered as attractive targets for the development of therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize recent findings about RSV L domains structure that highlight how the enzymatic activities of RSV L domains are interconnected, discuss the most relevant and recent antivirals developments that target the replication/transcription complex, and conclude with a perspective on identified knowledge gaps that enable new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, F78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - François Ferron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Janse M, Soekhradj SD, de Jong R, van de Burgwal LHM. Identifying Cross-Utilization of RSV Vaccine Inventions across the Human and Veterinary Field. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010046. [PMID: 36678394 PMCID: PMC9865526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has two main variants with similar impact, a human and a bovine variant. The human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most frequent cause of acute respiratory disease (pneumonia) in children, leading to hospitalization and causing premature death. In Europe, lower respiratory tract infections caused by HRSV are responsible for 42-45 percent of hospital admissions in children under two. Likewise, the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a significant cause of acute viral broncho-pneumonia in calves. To date no licensed HRSV vaccine has been developed, despite the high burden of the disease. In contrast, BRSV vaccines have been on the market since the 1970s, but there is still an articulated unmet need for improved BRSV vaccines with greater efficacy. HRSV/BRSV vaccine development was chosen as a case to assess whether collaboration and knowledge-sharing between human and veterinary fields is taking place, benefiting the development of new vaccines in both fields. The genetic relatedness, comparable pathogeneses, and similar severity of the diseases suggests much can be gained by sharing knowledge and experiences between the human and veterinary fields. We analyzed patent data, as most of pharmaceutical inventions, such as the development of vaccines, are protected by patents. Our results show only little cross-utilization of inventions and no collaborations, as in shared IP as an exchange of knowledge. This suggests that, despite the similarities in the genetics and antigenicity of HRSV and BRSV, each fields follows its own process in developing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga Janse
- Athena Institute, Faculteit der Bètawetenschappen W&N Gebouw, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Swasti D. Soekhradj
- Athena Institute, Faculteit der Bètawetenschappen W&N Gebouw, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rineke de Jong
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Linda H. M. van de Burgwal
- Athena Institute, Faculteit der Bètawetenschappen W&N Gebouw, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mulpuru S, Andrew MK, Ye L, Hatchette T, LeBlanc J, El‐Sherif M, MacKinnon‐Cameron D, Aaron SD, Alvarez GG, Forster AJ, Ambrose A, McNeil SA. Impact of respiratory viral infections on mortality and critical illness among hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:1172-1182. [PMID: 36069141 PMCID: PMC9530520 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal respiratory viral infections are associated with exacerbations and morbidity among patients with COPD. The real-world clinical outcomes associated with seasonal viral infections are less well established among hospitalized patients. RESEARCH QUESTION To estimate the association between seasonal respiratory viral infections, 30-day mortality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission among hospitalized COPD patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted an analysis of a national prospective multicenter cohort of COPD patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness during winter seasons (2011-2015) in Canada. Nasopharyngeal swabs were performed on all patients at the onset of hospital admission for diagnosis of viral infection. Primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and ICU admissions. Secondary outcomes included invasive/non-invasive ventilation use. RESULTS Among 3931 hospitalized patients with COPD, 28.5% (1122/3931) were diagnosed with seasonal respiratory viral infection. Viral infection was associated with increased admission to ICU (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9) and need for mechanical ventilation (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.5), but was not associated with mortality (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.4). Patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were equally likely to require ICU admission (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.67-1.78), and more likely to need non-invasive ventilation (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.8-5.1) compared to patients with influenza. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest COPD patients requiring hospitalization for respiratory symptoms should routinely receive viral testing at admission, especially for RSV and influenza, to inform prognosis, clinical management, and infection control practices during winter seasons. Patients with COPD will be an important target population for newly developed RSV therapeutics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01517191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Mulpuru
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Jason LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - May El‐Sherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Donna MacKinnon‐Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Shawn D. Aaron
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Gonzalo G. Alvarez
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Alan J. Forster
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Shelly A. McNeil
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia HealthHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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10
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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11
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Nourbakhsh S, Shoukat A, Zhang K, Poliquin G, Halperin D, Sheffield H, Halperin SA, Langley JM, Moghadas SM. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of RSV infant and maternal immunization programs: A case study of Nunavik, Canada. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101141. [PMID: 34622186 PMCID: PMC8479643 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite passive immunization with palivizumab to select high-risk children under two years of age, the health and economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains substantial. We evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of immunization programs with new generations of RSV prophylactics, including long-acting monoclonal antibodies (LAMA) and maternal vaccines, in terms of reducing hospitalizations in Nunavik, a Canadian Arctic region. METHODS We developed an agent-based model of RSV transmission and parameterized it with the demographics and burden of RSV in Nunavik, Québec. We compared various immunization strategies, taking into account the costs associated with program delivery and calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained as a measure of effectiveness. Scenario analyses included immunization with palivizumab and LAMA for infants under one year of age, and maternal vaccination in mild, moderate, and severe RSV seasons. Data were analysed from November 1, 2019 to May 1, 2021. FINDINGS We found that a Nunavik pilot program with palivizumab which included healthy full-term infants aged 0-2 months in addition to those considered high-risk for complicated RSV disease is not cost-effective, compared to offering palivizumab only to preterm/chronically ill infants under 1 year of age. Using LAMA as prophylaxis produces ICER values of CAD $39,414/QALY (95% Credible Interval [CrI]: $39,314-$40,017) in a mild season (moderately cost-effective) and CAD $5,255/QALY (95% CrI: $5,222-$5,307) in a moderate season (highly cost-effective). LAMA was a dominant (cost-saving with negative incremental costs and positive incremental effects) strategy in a severe RSV season. Maternal vaccination combined with immunization of preterm/chronically ill infants 3-11 months was also a dominant (cost-saving) strategy in all seasons. INTERPRETATION The switch from palivizumab in RSV immunization programs to new prophylactics would lead to significant savings, with LAMA being an effective strategy without compromising benefits in terms of reducing hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Nourbakhsh
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Affan Shoukat
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Poliquin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Office of the Scientific Director, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Donna Halperin
- School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Holden Sheffield
- Department of Paediatrics, Qikiqtani General Hospital, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0, Canada
| | - Scott A. Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Joanne M. Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Seyed M. Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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12
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Sendai Virus-Vectored Vaccines That Express Envelope Glycoproteins of Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061023. [PMID: 34072332 PMCID: PMC8230104 DOI: 10.3390/v13061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are leading causes of respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and individuals of all ages with immunosuppression. Vaccination strategies against these pneumoviruses and paramyxoviruses are vast in number, yet no licensed vaccines are available. Here, we review development of Sendai virus (SeV), a versatile pediatric vaccine that can (a) serve as a Jennerian vaccine against HPIV1, (b) serve as a recombinant vaccine against HRSV, HPIV2, HPIV3, and HMPV, (c) accommodate foreign genes for viral glycoproteins in multiple intergenic positions, (d) induce durable, mucosal, B-cell, and T-cell immune responses without enhanced immunopathology, (e) protect cotton rats, African green monkeys, and chimpanzees from infection, and (f) be formulated into a vaccine cocktail. Clinical phase I safety trials of SeV have been completed in adults and 3–6-year-old children. Clinical testing of SeVRSV, an HRSV fusion (F) glycoprotein gene recombinant, has also been completed in adults. Positive results from these studies, and collaborative efforts with the National Institutes of Health and the Serum Institute of India assist advanced development of SeV-based vaccines. Prospects are now good for vaccine successes in infants and consequent protection against serious viral disease.
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Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040672. [PMID: 33187337 PMCID: PMC7711987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and it also induces significant disease in the elderly. The clinical course may be severe, especially in high-risk populations (infants and elderly), with a large number of deaths in developing countries and of intensive care hospitalizations worldwide. To date, prevention strategies against RSV infection is based on hygienic measures and passive immunization with humanized monoclonal antibodies, limited to selected high-risk children due to their high costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a global health need and an important objective of research in this field. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates in different formats (particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, subunit vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines) are being developed and are now at different stages, many of them already being in the clinical stage. While waiting for commercially available safe and effective vaccines, immune prophylaxis in selected groups of high-risk populations is still mandatory. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the RSV vaccine research and its implications for clinical practice, focusing on the characteristics of the vaccines that reached the clinical stage of development.
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