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Boussarsar M, Ennouri E, Habbachi N, Bouguezzi N, Meddeb K, Gallas S, Hafdhi M, Zghidi M, Toumi R, Ben Saida I, Abid S, Boutiba-Ben Boubaker I, Maazaoui L, El Ghord H, Gzara A, Yazidi R, Ben Salah A. Epidemiology and burden of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective sentinel surveillance study in a Tunisian Medical ICU, 2022/2023. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294960. [PMID: 38100529 PMCID: PMC10723666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses pose significant global health challenges, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further strained healthcare systems. As the focus shifts from the pandemic to other respiratory infections, assessing the epidemiology and burden of SARI is crucial for healthcare planning and resource allocation. Aim: to understand the impact of the post-pandemic period on the epidemiology of SARI cases, clinical outcomes, and healthcare resource utilization in Tunisia. METHODS This is a prospective study conducted in a Tunisian MICU part of a national sentinel surveillance system, focusing on enhanced SARI surveillance. SARI cases from week 39/2022, 26 September to week 19/2023, 13 May were included, according to a standardized case definition. Samples were collected for virological RT-PCR testing, and an electronic system ensured standardized and accurate data collection. Descriptive statistics were performed to assess epidemiology, trends, and outcomes of SARI cases, and univariate/multivariate analyses to assess factors associated with mortality. RESULTS Among 312 MICU patients, 164 SARI cases were identified during the study period. 64(39%) RT-PCR were returned positive for at least one pathogen, with influenza A and B strains accounting for 20.7% of cases at the early stages of the influenza season. The MICU experienced a significant peak in admissions during weeks 1-11/2023, leading to resource mobilization and the creation of a surge unit. SARI cases utilized 1664/3120 of the MICU-stay days and required 1157 mechanical ventilation days. The overall mortality rate among SARI cases was 22.6%. Age, non-COPD, and ARDS were identified as independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified a relatively high rate of SARI cases, with 39% positivity for at least one respiratory virus, with influenza A and B strains occurring predominantly during the early stages of the influenza season. The findings shed light on the considerable resource utilization and mortality associated with these infections, underscoring the urgency for proactive management and efficient resource allocation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Boussarsar
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ennouri
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Naima Habbachi
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Bouguezzi
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Meddeb
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Salma Gallas
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Malek Hafdhi
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Zghidi
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Toumi
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Saida
- University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Research Laboratory “Heart Failure”, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Salma Abid
- National Influenza Centre-Tunis, Unit Virology, Microbiology Laboratory, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Boutiba-Ben Boubaker
- National Influenza Centre-Tunis, Unit Virology, Microbiology Laboratory, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Ahlem Gzara
- Primary Health Care Directorate, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Yazidi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Service of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS), Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain
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Liu X, Peng Y, Chen Z, Jiang F, Ni F, Tang Z, Yang X, Song C, Yuan M, Tao Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Qian Q, Ewing RM, Yin P, Hu Y, Wang W, Wang Y. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 on future influenza trends in Mainland China. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:632. [PMID: 37759271 PMCID: PMC10523625 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a common illness for its high rates of morbidity and transmission. The implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic to manage its dissemination could affect the transmission of influenza. METHODS A retrospective analysis, between 2018 and 2023, was conducted to examine the incidence of influenza virus types A and B among patients in sentinel cities located in North or South China as well as in Wuhan City. For validations, data on the total count of influenza patients from 2018 to 2023 were collected at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, which is not included in the sentinel hospital network. Time series methods were utilized to examine seasonal patterns and to forecast future influenza trends. RESULTS Northern and southern cities in China had earlier outbreaks during the NPIs period by about 8 weeks compared to the 2018-2019. The implementation of NPIs significantly reduced the influenza-like illness (ILI) rate and infection durations. Influenza B Victoria and H3N2 were the first circulating strains detected after the relaxation of NPIs, followed by H1N1 across mainland China. The SARIMA model predicted synchronized H1N1 outbreak cycles in North and South China, with H3N2 expected to occur in the summer in southern cities and in the winter in northern cities over the next 3 years. The ILI burden is expected to rise in both North and South China over the next 3 years, with higher ILI% levels in southern cities throughout the year, especially in winter, and in northern cities mainly during winter. In Wuhan City and the Central Hospital of Wuhan, influenza levels are projected to peak in the winter of 2024, with 2 smaller peaks expected during the summer of 2023. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report the impact of NPIs on future influenza trends in mainland China. We recommend that local governments encourage vaccination during the transition period between summer and winter to mitigate economic losses and mortality associated with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Fangfang Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Fang Ni
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Mingli Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaowu Tao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Qian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Rob M Ewing
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430014, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China.
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China.
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Vega-Alonso T, Lozano-Alonso JE, Ordax-Díez A. Comprehensive surveillance of acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a methodological approach using sentinel networks, Castilla y León, Spain, January 2020 to May 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200638. [PMID: 37227298 PMCID: PMC10283458 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSince 1996, epidemiological surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Spain has been limited to seasonal influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and potential pandemic viruses. The COVID-19 pandemic provides opportunities to adapt existing systems for extended surveillance to capture a broader range of ARI.AimTo describe how the Influenza Sentinel Surveillance System of Castilla y León, Spain was rapidly adapted in 2020 to comprehensive sentinel surveillance for ARI, including influenza and COVID-19.MethodsUsing principles and methods of the health sentinel network, we integrated electronic medical record data from 68 basic surveillance units, covering 2.6% of the regional population between January 2020 to May 2022. We tested sentinel and non-sentinel samples sent weekly to the laboratory network for SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses and other respiratory pathogens. The moving epidemic method (MEM) was used to calculate epidemic thresholds.ResultsARI incidence was estimated at 18,942 cases per 100,000 in 2020/21 and 45,223 in 2021/22, with similar seasonal fold increases by type of respiratory disease. Incidence of influenza-like illness was negligible in 2020/21 but a 5-week epidemic was detected by MEM in 2021/22. Epidemic thresholds for ARI and COVID-19 were estimated at 459.4 and 191.3 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. More than 5,000 samples were tested against a panel of respiratory viruses in 2021/22.ConclusionExtracting data from electronic medical records reported by trained professionals, combined with a standardised microbiological information system, is a feasible and useful method to adapt influenza sentinel reports to comprehensive ARI surveillance in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Vega-Alonso
- Regional Public Health Directorate, Regional Health Ministry, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ordax-Díez
- Regional Public Health Directorate, Regional Health Ministry, Valladolid, Spain
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Burrows AG, Linton S, Thiele J, Sheth PM, Evans GA, Archer S, Doliszny KM, Finlayson M, Flynn L, Huang Y, Kasmani A, Hugh Guan T, Maier A, Hansen-Taugher A, Moore K, Sanfilippo A, Snelgrove-Clarke E, Tripp DA, Walker DMC, Vanner S, Ellis AK. Asymptomatic surveillance testing for COVID-19 in health care professional students: lessons learned from a low prevalence setting. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 19:25. [PMID: 36991486 PMCID: PMC10057685 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the training of health care professional students because of concerns of potential asymptomatic transmission to colleagues and vulnerable patients. From May 27th, 2020, to June 23rd 2021; at a time when B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.617.2 (delta) were the dominant circulating variants, PCR testing was conducted on 1,237 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 454 asymptomatic health care professional students as they returned to their studies from across Canada to Kingston, ON, a low prevalence area during that period for COVID-19. Despite 46.7% of COVID-19 infections occurring in the 18-29 age group in Kingston, severe-acute-respiratory coronavirus-2 was not detected in any of the samples suggesting that negligible asymptomatic infection occurred in this group and that PCR testing in this setting may not be warranted as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa G Burrows
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Allergy Research Unit, Watkins 1D, Kingston Health Sciences Centre-KGH Site, 76 Stuart, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Sophia Linton
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Allergy Research Unit, Watkins 1D, Kingston Health Sciences Centre-KGH Site, 76 Stuart, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Jenny Thiele
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Allergy Research Unit, Watkins 1D, Kingston Health Sciences Centre-KGH Site, 76 Stuart, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Prameet M Sheth
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Faculty of Health Science, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gerald A Evans
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's CardioPulmonary Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marcia Finlayson
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Leslie Flynn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Huang
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Azim Kasmani
- Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - T Hugh Guan
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Maier
- Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kieran Moore
- Kingston, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington (KFL&A) Public Health, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Erna Snelgrove-Clarke
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Nursing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Dean A Tripp
- Department of Psychology, Anesthesia, Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David M C Walker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Vanner
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Faculty of Health Science, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Allergy Research Unit, Watkins 1D, Kingston Health Sciences Centre-KGH Site, 76 Stuart, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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National influenza mid-season report, 2022-2023: A rapid and early epidemic onset. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2023; 49:10-14. [PMID: 36815865 PMCID: PMC9902033 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i01a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Canada's 2022-2023 national influenza epidemic was declared in epidemiological week 43 (week ending October 29, 2022), relatively early in comparison to historical seasons. This year marks the return to pre-pandemic-like influenza circulation, following the brief and delayed influenza epidemic declared in the spring of the 2021-2022 season. To date this season, 59,459 detections of influenza have been reported out of 456,536 tests; both values exceeding historical averages. This epidemic is being fundamentally driven by influenza A, with influenza A(H3N2) accounting for 94% of subtyped detections. This season to date has had a significant impact on adolescents and young children, with a high proportion of detections occurring in those aged 0-19 years (42%). Provinces and territories have reported higher than usual influenza-associated hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths in comparison with previous seasons; in particular, paediatric hospitalization incidence was persistently far above historical peak levels for several weeks. The return of seasonal influenza circulation highlights the importance of sustained vigilance with regard to influenza and employment of available mitigation measures, especially of annual seasonal influenza vaccination.
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Sharp decline in rates of community respiratory viral detection among patients at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:62-67. [PMID: 35177161 PMCID: PMC9021590 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the frequency and rates of community respiratory virus infections detected in patients at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIHCC) between January 2015 and March 2021, comparing the trends before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study comparing frequency and rates of community respiratory viruses detected in NIHCC patients between January 2015 and March 2021. Test results from nasopharyngeal swabs and washes, bronchoalveolar lavages, and bronchial washes were included in this study. Results from viral-challenge studies and repeated positives were excluded. A quantitative data analysis was completed using cross tabulations. Comparisons were performed using mixed models, applying the Dunnett correction for multiplicity. RESULTS Frequency of all respiratory pathogens declined from an annual range of 0.88%-1.97% between January 2015 and March 2020 to 0.29% between April 2020 and March 2021. Individual viral pathogens declined sharply in frequency during the same period, with no cases of influenza A/B orparainfluenza and 1 case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Rhino/enterovirusdetection continued, but with a substantially lower frequency of 4.27% between April 2020 and March 2021, compared with an annual range of 8.65%-18.28% between January 2015 and March 2020. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in viral respiratory infections detected in NIHCC patients during the pandemic was likely due to the layered COVID-19 prevention and mitigation measures implemented in the community and the hospital. Hospitals should consider continuing the use of nonpharmaceutical interventions in the future to prevent nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses during times of high community viral load.
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Liu P, Xu J. Resurgence of influenza virus activity during COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai, China. J Infect 2023; 86:66-117. [PMID: 36183908 PMCID: PMC9551990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
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Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions targeted at the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of influenza-like illness in the UK Armed Forces. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270438. [PMID: 36454952 PMCID: PMC9714820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdown, social distancing and use of face coverings was adopted by the United Kingdom (UK) Armed Forces (AF) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the impact of the use of NPIs on the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) in the UK AF. METHODS A longitudinal study design was adopted, and secondary data was analysed retrospectively. Clinical Read codes for ILI was used to generate data for flu seasons before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2017 to April 2021). RESULTS Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of reporting ILI was ~ 4% across all flu seasons. The count of ILI was 2.9%, 2.2% and 3.1% during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 flu seasons respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both the rate of reporting ILI (0.6%) and the count of ILI (0.5%) were significantly smaller (p < .001). The rate of reporting ILI was positively correlated with the count of ILI (r (2) = .97, p = .014). Influenza vaccination rate increased by 1.3% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination rate was negatively correlated with the rate of reporting ILI (r (2) = -.52, p = 0.24) and the count of ILI (r (2) = -.61, p = 0.19). However, this correlation was not significant. The use of NPIs was negatively correlated with the rate of reporting ILI (r (2) = -.99, p = < .001) and the count of ILI (r (2) = -.95, p = 0.026). The overall multiple regression performed was statistically significant (R2 = 0.94, F (1, 2) = 33.628, p = 0.028). The rate of reporting ILI significantly predicted the count of ILI (β = 0.609, p = 0.028) while vaccination rate did not significantly predict the count of ILI (β = -0.136, p = 0.677). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of ILI in the UK AF was significantly reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of NPIs and the rate of reporting ILI significantly reduced the count of ILI. Being vaccinated for influenza did not significantly reduce the count of ILI.
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Wang H, Zheng Y, de Jonge MI, Wang R, Verhagen LM, Chen Y, Li L, Xu Z, Wang W. Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted the circulation of respiratory pathogens in Southern China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16926. [PMID: 36209167 PMCID: PMC9547377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of public health measures have been implemented to suppress local transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Shenzhen. We examined the effect of these measures on the prevalence of respiratory pathogens in children. Clinical and respiratory pathogen data were collected for routine care from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Shenzhen Children's Hospital from July 2018 to January 2022. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and respiratory pathogens were detected using standardized clinical diagnostics as part of routine care. Data were analyzed to describe the effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common pathogens. A total of 56,325 children under 14 years of age were hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection during the study period, 33,909 were tested from July 2018 to January 2020 (pre-lockdown), 1168 from February 2020 to May 2020 (lockdown) and 21,248 from July 2020 to January 2022 (post-lockdown). We observed a 37.3% decline of routine care in respiratory infection associated hospital admission in the 19 months' post-lockdown vs. the 19 months' pre-lockdown. There were 99.4%, 16.0% and 1.26% reductions measured for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus A and adenovirus, respectively. However, a 118.7% and 75.8% rise was found for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human para-influenza virus (HPIV) during the 19 months' post-lockdown in comparison to the pre-pandemic period. The detection of RSV especially increased in toddlers after the lockdown. Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant reduction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus A and adenovirus infection. In contrast, RSV and HPIV infection increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Wang
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuejie Zheng
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rongjun Wang
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China
| | - Lilly M. Verhagen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461578.9Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China
| | - Li Li
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China
| | - Zhi Xu
- grid.459830.3Ningbo Health Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No. 7019 Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518038 Guangdong China
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10
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Buckrell S, Ben Moussa M, Bui T, Rahal A, Schmidt K, Lee L, Bastien N, Bancej C. National Influenza Annual Report, Canada, 2021-2022: A brief, late influenza epidemic. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2022; 48:473-483. [PMID: 38125392 PMCID: PMC10730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Canadian seasonal influenza circulation had been suppressed since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This suppression was reported globally and generated concern that the return of community influenza circulation could be intense and that co-circulation of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was possible and potentially severe. Community circulation of influenza returned to Canada during the 2021-2022 influenza season. The influenza epidemic began in week 16 (mid-April 2022) and lasted only nine weeks. This epidemic was driven by influenza A(H3N2) and was exceptionally late in the season, low in intensity and short in length. Community co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 was observed in Canada for the first time during the 2021-2022 seasonal influenza epidemic. The unusual characteristics of the 2021-2022 influenza epidemic suggest that a breadth of factors moderate transmission dynamics of the two viruses. Concerns of an intense seasonal influenza epidemic did not come to fruition during the 2021-2022 season; therefore, high influenza susceptibility remains, as does predisposition to larger influenza epidemics. Ongoing circulation of SARS-CoV-2 creates uncertainty about dynamics of future influenza epidemics, but influenza vaccination remains a key public health intervention available to protect Canadians. Public health authorities need to remain vigilant, maintain surveillance and continue to plan for both heightened seasonal influenza circulation and for the potential for endemic co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Buckrell
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Myriam Ben Moussa
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Tammy Bui
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Abbas Rahal
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Kara Schmidt
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Liza Lee
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Christina Bancej
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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11
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Daigle J, Racher K, Hazenberg J, Yeoman A, Hannah H, Duong D, Mohammed U, Spreitzer D, Gregorchuk BSJ, Head BM, Meyers AFA, Sandstrom PA, Nichani A, Brooks JI, Mulvey MR, Mangat CS, Becker MG. A Sensitive and Rapid Wastewater Test for SARS-COV-2 and Its Use for the Early Detection of a Cluster of Cases in a Remote Community. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0174021. [PMID: 34985977 PMCID: PMC8904056 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01740-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, wastewater surveillance has been used to monitor trends in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence in the community. A major challenge in establishing wastewater surveillance programs, especially in remote areas, is the need for a well-equipped laboratory for sample analysis. Currently, no options exist for rapid, sensitive, mobile, and easy-to-use wastewater tests for SARS-CoV-2. The performance of the GeneXpert system, which offers cartridge-based, rapid molecular clinical testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a portable platform, was evaluated using wastewater as the input. The GeneXpert demonstrated a SARS-CoV-2 limit of detection in wastewater below 32 copies/mL with a sample processing time of less than an hour. Using wastewater samples collected from multiple sites across Canada during February and March 2021, a high overall agreement (97.8%) was observed between the GeneXpert assay and laboratory-developed tests regarding the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, with the use of centrifugal filters, the detection threshold of the GeneXpert system was improved to <10 copies/mL in wastewater. Finally, to support on-site wastewater surveillance, GeneXpert testing was implemented in Yellowknife, a remote community in Northern Canada, where its use successfully alerted public health authorities to undetected transmission of COVID-19. The identification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater triggered clinical testing of recent travelers and identification of new COVID-19 cases/clusters. Taken together, these results suggest that GeneXpert is a viable option for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in locations that do not have access to established testing laboratories. IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based surveillance is a powerful tool that provides an unbiased measure of COVID-19 prevalence in a community. This work describes a sensitive wastewater rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 based on a widely distributed technology, the GeneXpert. The advantages of an easy-to-use wastewater test for SARS-CoV-2 are clear: it supports surveillance in remote communities, improves access to testing, and provides faster results allowing for an immediate public health response. The application of wastewater rapid testing in a remote community facilitated the detection of a COVID-19 cluster and triggered public health action, clearly demonstrating the utility of this technology. Wastewater surveillance will become increasingly important in the postvaccination pandemic landscape as individuals with asymptomatic/mild infections continue transmitting SARS-CoV-2 but are unlikely to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Daigle
- Wastewater Surveillance Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kathleen Racher
- Taiga Environmental Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Justin Hazenberg
- Department of Municipal and Community Affairs, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Allan Yeoman
- Taiga Environmental Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Heather Hannah
- Department of Health and Social Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Diep Duong
- Taiga Environmental Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Umar Mohammed
- Wastewater Surveillance Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dave Spreitzer
- Wastewater Surveillance Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Branden S. J. Gregorchuk
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Breanne M. Head
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adrienne F. A. Meyers
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul A. Sandstrom
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anil Nichani
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James I. Brooks
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- Wastewater Surveillance Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chand S. Mangat
- Wastewater Surveillance Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael G. Becker
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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12
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Bancej C, Rahal A, Lee L, Buckrell S, Schmidt K, Bastien N. National FluWatch mid-season report, 2021-2022: Sporadic influenza activity returns. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2022; 48:39-45. [PMID: 35273468 PMCID: PMC8856831 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v48i01a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance for Canada's 2021-2022 seasonal influenza epidemic began in epidemiological week 35 (the week starting August 29, 2021) during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global public health emergency. In the 2021-2022 surveillance season to date, there has been a return of persistent sporadic influenza activity, and the first influenza-associated hospitalizations since mid-2020 have been reported. However, as of week 52 (week ending 01/01/2022) activity has remained sporadic, and no influenza-confirmed outbreaks or epidemic activity have been detected. There has been a delay or absence in several traditional seasonal influenza milestones, including the declared start of the influenza season, marked by a threshold of 5% positivity, which historically has occurred on average in week 47. The 429 sporadic detections reported in Canada to date have occurred in 31 regions across seven provinces/territories. Nearly half (n=155/335, 46.3%) of reported cases have been in the paediatric (younger than 19 years) population. Three-quarters of the cases were influenza A detections (n=323/429, 75.3%). Of the subtyped influenza A detections, A(H3N2) predominated (n=83/86, 96.5%). Of the 12 viruses characterized by the National Microbiology Laboratory, 11 were seasonal strains. Among the seasonal strains characterized, only one was antigenically similar to the strains recommended for the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere vaccine, though all were sensitive to the antivirals, oseltamivir and zanamivir. Until very recently, seasonal influenza epidemics had not been reported since March 2020. Evidence on the re-emergence of seasonal influenza strains in Canada following the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic shows that influenza A(H3N2) and B epidemics ceased through the 2009-2010 season and second wave of A(H1N1)pdm09, but then re-emerged in subsequent seasons to predominate causing epidemics of higher intensity than in the pre-pandemic seasons. When and where seasonal influenza epidemic activity resumes cannot be predicted, but model-based estimates and historical post-pandemic patterns of intensified epidemics warrant continued vigilance through the usual season and for out-of-season re-emergence. In addition, ongoing population preparedness measures, such as annual influenza vaccination to mitigate the intensity and burden of future seasonal influenza epidemic waves, should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bancej
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Abbas Rahal
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Liza Lee
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Steven Buckrell
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Kara Schmidt
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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13
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Sabeena S, Ravishankar N, Robin S. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2022; 66:458-465. [PMID: 37039174 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_926_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza activity was reported to be below the seasonal levels during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally. However, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 outbreak, the routine real-time surveillance of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection was adversely affected due to the changes in priorities, economic constraints, repurposing of hospitals for COVID care, and closure of outpatient services. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to assess the pooled proportion of symptomatic cases tested for influenza virus before the current pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020/21. An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar was carried out for the articles reporting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance among humans using search terms. The study was designed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and the meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the pooled proportion of patients sampled for influenza with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The nine qualified studies from the WHO European region, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain, South Africa, and the United States were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of symptomatic cases sampled for influenza surveillance before and during the pandemic was 2.38% (95% CI 2.08%-2.67%) and 4.18% (95% CI 3.8%-4.52%), respectively. However, the pooled proportion of samples tested for influenza before the pandemic was 0.69% (95% CI 0.45%-0.92%) and during the pandemic was 0.48% (95% CI 0.28%-0.68%) when studies from Canada were excluded. Conclusion The meta-analysis concludes that globally there was a decline in influenza surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic except in Canada.
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14
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Abstract
During the 2020-2021 Canadian influenza season, no community circulation of influenza occurred. Only 69 positive detections of influenza were reported, and influenza percent positivity did not exceed 0.1%. Influenza indicators were at historical lows compared with the previous six seasons, with no laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks or severe outcomes being reported by any of the provinces and territories. Globally, influenza circulation was at historically low levels in both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. The decreased influenza activity seen in Canada and globally is concurrent with the implementation of non-pharmaceutical public health measures to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although it is difficult to predict when influenza will begin to re-circulate, given the increased COVID-19 vaccination and the relaxation of public health measures, an influenza resurgence can be expected and may be more severe or intense than recent seasons. Influenza vaccination, along with non-pharmaceutical public health measures, continues to remain the best method to prevent the spread and impact of influenza. Public health authorities need to remain vigilant, maintain surveillance and continue to plan for heightened seasonal influenza circulation.
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15
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Venkatram S, Alapati A, Dileep A, Diaz-Fuentes G. Change in patterns of hospitalization for influenza during COVID-19 surges. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:72-78. [PMID: 34427056 PMCID: PMC8653106 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospitalization due to influenza has been stable in recent years. In March 2020, New York was an epicenter for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Because influenza and COVID‐19 present similarly, there were serious concerns that coinfection of these viruses would burden the healthcare system. We compared incidence and outcomes of patients hospitalized with influenza before and during COVID‐19 (seasons 2017–2021). Methods We conducted a retrospective study evaluating hospitalized patients with influenza. Four influenza seasons were evaluated, 2017–2021, pre‐ and during COVID‐19 pandemic. We compared incidence of influenza and clinical outcomes across the seasons. Results We found 412 patients hospitalized due to influenza in the study period; 394 had influenza, and 18 had both influenza and COVID‐19 infections. Demographics across the four influenza seasons were comparable; the cohort was predominantly female (61%) and had an average age of 60 years old. Comorbid conditions were common. No outcome differences were found for patients with influenza when comparing influenza seasons prior to and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The mortality for the entire cohort was 6.5%. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, there were 18 (4.4%) influenza patients coinfected with COVID‐19 and 32 (7.8%) patients with bacterial super infection. Predictors of mortality in patients with influenza included presence of shock, heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and use of mechanical ventilation. Coinfection with COVID‐19 did not increase mortality. Conclusion We observed a significant decrease in the incidence of hospitalization due to influenza during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Clinical presentations and outcomes for patients with influenza remain stable. Being aware of possible increased mortality for patients with both influenza and bacterial pneumonia is important. Although coinfection with COVID‐19 did not increase mortality in influenza patients, identifying the specific virus responsible for infections has major therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhaghatta Venkatram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anuhya Alapati
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arundhati Dileep
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilda Diaz-Fuentes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Zipfel CM, Colizza V, Bansal S. The missing season: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza. Vaccine 2021; 39:3645-3648. [PMID: 34078554 PMCID: PMC8376231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, many have worried that the additional burden of seasonal influenza would create a devastating scenario, resulting in overwhelmed healthcare capacities and further loss of life. However, many were pleasantly surprised: the 2020 Southern Hemisphere and 2020-2021 Northern Hemisphere influenza seasons were entirely suppressed. The potential causes and impacts of this drastic public health shift are highly uncertain, but provide lessons about future control of respiratory diseases, especially for the upcoming influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
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