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Burki F, Shah KU, Razaque G, Shah SU, Nawaz A, Saeed MD, Rehman MU, Bibi H, Alfatama M, Elsayed TM. Optimization of Chitosan-Decorated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Improved Flurbiprofen Transdermal Delivery. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19302-19310. [PMID: 37305303 PMCID: PMC10249022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery is a potential alternative route to oral administration for drugs associated with stomach discomfort, such as flurbiprofen, a widely nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This study aimed to design solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) transdermal formulations of flurbiprofen. Chitosan-coated SLNs were prepared by the solvent emulsification method, and their properties and permeation profiles across the excised rat skin were characterized. The particle size of uncoated SLNs was at 695 ± 4.65 nm, which increased to 714 ± 6.13, 847 ± 5.38, and 900 ± 8.65 nm upon coating with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20% of chitosan, respectively. The drug association efficiency was improved when a higher concentration of chitosan was employed over SLN droplets that endowed a higher affinity of flurbiprofen with chitosan. The drug release was significantly retarded as compared to the uncoated entities and followed non-Fickian anomalous diffusion that was depicted by "n" values of >0.5 and <1. Also, the total permeation of chitosan-coated SLNs (F7-F9) was significantly higher than that of the noncoated formulation (F5). Overall, this study has successfully designed a suitable carrier system of chitosan-coated SLNs that provide insight into the current conventional therapeutic approaches and suggest new directions for the advancements in transdermal drug delivery systems for improved permeation of flurbiprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdous
Ahmad Burki
- Particle
Design and Drug Deliveryery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Particle
Design and Drug Deliveryery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Razaque
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University
of Balochistan, Quetta 08770, Pakistan
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Particle
Design and Drug Deliveryery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Particle
Design and Drug Deliveryery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Danish Saeed
- Particle
Design and Drug Deliveryery Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Maqsood Ur Rehman
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Malakand, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Bibi
- Department
of Pharmacy, Women Institute of Learning, Abbottabad 22080, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,
Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Malaysia
| | - Tarek M. Elsayed
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,
Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Malaysia
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2
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Sahoo RK, Singh H, Thakur K, Gupta U, Goyal AK. Theranostic Applications of Nanomaterials in the Field of Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:91-103. [PMID: 34218771 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210701154305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of people are being exposed to mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Convention approaches have not provided satisfactory outcomes in the management of these diseases. To overcome the limitations of conventional approaches, nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanotubes, micelles, lipid based nanocarriers, dendrimers, carbon based nano-formulations represent the new aspect of diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The unique inherent properties of the nanomaterials are the major reasons for their rapidly growing demand in the field of medicine. Profound knowledge in the field of nanotechnology and biomedicine is needed for the notable translation of nanomaterials into theranostic cardiovascular applications. In this review, the authors have summarized different nanomaterials which are being extensively used to diagnose and treat the diseases such as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, stroke and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Himani Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Kamlesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Amit K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
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3
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Chandarana M, Curtis A, Hoskins C. The use of nanotechnology in cardiovascular disease. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sobczynski DJ, Eniola‐Adefeso O. IgA and IgM protein primarily drive plasma corona-induced adhesion reduction of PLGA nanoparticles in human blood flow. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:180-190. [PMID: 28932819 PMCID: PMC5579729 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high abundance of immunoglobulins (Igs) in the plasma protein corona on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based vascular-targeted carriers (VTCs) has previously been shown to reduce their adhesion to activated endothelial cells (aECs) in human blood flow. However, the relative role of individual Ig classes (e.g., IgG, IgA, and IgM) in causing adhesion reduction remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the influence of specific Ig classes in prescribing the binding efficiency of PLGA nano-sized VTCs in blood flow. Specifically, we evaluated the flow adhesion to aECs of PLGA VTCs with systematic depletion of various Igs in their corona. Adhesion reduction was largely eliminated for PLGA VTCs when all Igs were removed from the corona. Furthermore, re-addition of IgA or IgM to the Igs-depleted corona reinstated the low adhesion of PLGA VTCs, as evidenced by ∼40-70% reduction relative to particles with an Igs-deficient corona. However, re-addition of a high concentration of IgG to the Igs-depleted corona did not cause significant adhesion reduction. Overall, the presented results reveal that PLGA VTC adhesion reduction in blood flows is primarily driven by high adsorption of IgA and IgM in the particle corona. Pre-coating of albumin on PLGA VTCs mitigated the extent of adhesion reduction in plasma for some donors but was largely ineffective in general. Overall, this work may shed light into effective control of protein corona composition, thereby enhancing VTC functionality in vivo for eventual clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omolola Eniola‐Adefeso
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109
- Dept. of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109
- Dept. of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109
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5
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Ferreira MPA, Ranjan S, Correia AMR, Mäkilä EM, Kinnunen SM, Zhang H, Shahbazi MA, Almeida PV, Salonen JJ, Ruskoaho HJ, Airaksinen AJ, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. In vitro and in vivo assessment of heart-homing porous silicon nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2016; 94:93-104. [PMID: 27107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure, predominantly developed after myocardial infarction, is a leading cause of high mortality worldwide. As existing therapies have still limited success, natural and/or synthetic nanomaterials are emerging alternatives for the therapy of heart diseases. Therefore, we aimed to functionalize undecylenic acid thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles (NPs) with different targeting peptides to improve the NP's accumulation in different cardiac cells (primary cardiomyocytes, non-myocytes, and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts), additionally to investigate the behavior of the heart-targeted NPs in vivo. The toxicity profiles of the NPs evaluated in the three heart-type cells showed low toxicity at concentrations up to 50 μg/mL. Qualitative and quantitative cellular uptake revealed a significant increase in the accumulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-modified NPs in primary cardiomyocytes, non-myocytes and H9c2 cells, and in hypoxic primary cardiomyocytes and non-myocytes. Competitive uptake studies in primary cardiomyocytes showed the internalization of ANP-modified NPs takes place via the guanylate cyclase-A receptor. When a myocardial infarction rat model was induced by isoprenaline and the peptide-modified [(111)In]NPs administered intravenously, the targeting peptides, particularly peptide 2, improved the NPs' accumulation in the heart up to 3.0-fold, at 10 min. This study highlights the potential of these peptide-modified nanosystems for future applications in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica P A Ferreira
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanjeev Ranjan
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra M R Correia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ermei M Mäkilä
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sini M Kinnunen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Applied Science and Engineering, Harvard University, 02138 Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick V Almeida
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno J Salonen
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Thompson AJ, Eniola-Adefeso O. Dense nanoparticles exhibit enhanced vascular wall targeting over neutrally buoyant nanoparticles in human blood flow. Acta Biomater 2015; 21:99-108. [PMID: 25870170 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For vascular-targeting carrier (VTC) systems to be effective, carriers must be able to localize and adhere to the vascular wall at the target site. Research suggests that neutrally buoyant nanoparticles are limited by their inability to localize to the endothelium, making them sub-optimal as carriers. This study examines whether particle density can be exploited to improve the targeting (localization and adhesion) efficiency of nanospheres to the vasculature. Silica spheres with 500 nm diameter, which have a density roughly twice that of blood, exhibit improved adhesion to inflamed endothelium in an in vitro model of human vasculature compared to neutrally buoyant polystyrene spheres of the same size. Silica spheres also display better near-wall localization in the presence of red blood cells than they do in pure buffer, likely resulting in the observed improvement in adhesion. Titania spheres (4 times more dense than blood) adhere at levels higher than polystyrene, but only in conditions when gravity or centrifugal force acts in the direction of adhesion. In light of the wide array of materials proposed for use as carrier systems for drug delivery and diagnostics, particle density may be a useful tool for improving the targeting of diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Su LC, Xu H, Tran RT, Tsai YT, Tang L, Banerjee S, Yang J, Nguyen KT. In situ re-endothelialization via multifunctional nanoscaffolds. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10826-36. [PMID: 25222570 PMCID: PMC4212783 DOI: 10.1021/nn504636n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium monolayer lining in the luminal side of blood vessels provides critical antithrombotic functions. Damage to these cells will expose a highly thrombogenic subendothelium, which leads to pathological vascular changes. Using combined tissue engineering and ligand-receptor targeting strategy, we developed a biodegradable urethane-doped polyester (UPE) multifunctional targeting nanoparticle (MTN) scaffold system with dual ligands: (1) glycoprotein 1b (GP1b) to target the injured arterial endothelium and subendothelium and (2) anti-CD34 antibodies to capture endothelial progenitor cells for endothelium regeneration. The fabricated spherical MTNs of 400 nm were found to be cytocompatible and hemocompatible. Both the in vitro and ex vivo targeting of these nanoscaffolds not only showed binding specificity of MTNs onto the von Willebrand factor -coated surfaces that simulate the injured arterial walls but also competed with platelets for binding onto these injured sites. Further in vivo study has revealed that a single delivery of MTNs upon vascular injury reduced neointimal hyperplasia by 57% while increased endothelium regeneration by ∼ 60% in 21 days. These results support the promise of using MTN nanoscaffolds for treating vascular injury in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Chun Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Richard T. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
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Tölli MA, Ferreira MPA, Kinnunen SM, Rysä J, Mäkilä EM, Szabó Z, Serpi RE, Ohukainen PJ, Välimäki MJ, Correia AMR, Salonen JJ, Hirvonen JT, Ruskoaho HJ, Santos HA. In vivo biocompatibility of porous silicon biomaterials for drug delivery to the heart. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8394-405. [PMID: 24985734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia, which is an increasing problem in terms of morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs worldwide. Along with the idea to develop nanocarriers that efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to target the heart, in this study, we aimed to test the in vivo biocompatibility of different sizes of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon (THCPSi) microparticles and thermally oxidized porous silicon (TOPSi) micro and nanoparticles in the heart tissue. Despite the absence or low cytotoxicity, both particle types showed good in vivo biocompatibility, with no influence on hematological parameters and no considerable changes in cardiac function before and after MI. The local injection of THCPSi microparticles into the myocardium led to significant higher activation of inflammatory cytokine and fibrosis promoting genes compared to TOPSi micro and nanoparticles; however, both particles showed no significant effect on myocardial fibrosis at one week post-injection. Our results suggest that THCPSi and TOPSi micro and nanoparticles could be applied for cardiac delivery of therapeutic agents in the future, and the PSi biomaterials might serve as a promising platform for the specific treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Tölli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mónica P A Ferreira
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini M Kinnunen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ermei M Mäkilä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa E Serpi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pauli J Ohukainen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika J Välimäki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexandra M R Correia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno J Salonen
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Bonnard T, Yang G, Petiet A, Ollivier V, Haddad O, Arnaud D, Louedec L, Bachelet-Violette L, Derkaoui SM, Letourneur D, Chauvierre C, Visage CL. Abdominal aortic aneurysms targeted by functionalized polysaccharide microparticles: a new tool for SPECT imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:592-603. [PMID: 24723981 PMCID: PMC3982130 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysm diagnostic is nowadays limited by the lack of technology that enables early detection and rupture risk prediction. New non invasive tools for molecular imaging are still required. In the present study, we present an innovative SPECT diagnostic tool for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) produced from injectable polysaccharide microparticles radiolabeled with technetium 99m (99mTc) and functionalized with fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with the ability to target P-Selectin. P-Selectin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets which can be found in the thrombus of aneurysms, as well as in other vascular pathologies. Microparticles with a maximum hydrodynamic diameter of 4 µm were obtained by crosslinking the polysaccharides dextran and pullulan. They were functionalized with fucoidan. In vitro interactions with human activated platelets were assessed by flow cytometry that demonstrated a specific affinity of fucoidan functionalized microparticles for P-Selectin expressed by activated platelets. For in vivo AAA imaging, microparticles were radiolabeled with 99mTc and intravenously injected into healthy and AAA rats obtained by elastase perfusion through the aorta wall. Animals were scanned by SPECT imaging. A strong contrast enhancement located in the abdominal aorta of AAA rats was obtained, while no signal was obtained in healthy rats or in AAA rats after injection of non-functionalized control microparticles. Histological studies revealed that functionalized radiolabeled polysaccharide microparticles were localized in the AAA wall, in the same location where P-Selectin was expressed. These microparticles therefore constitute a promising SPECT imaging tool for AAA and potentially for other vascular diseases characterized by P-Selectin expression. Future work will focus on validating the efficiency of the microparticles to diagnose these other pathologies and the different stages of AAA. Incorporation of a therapeutic molecule is also considered.
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