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Su X, Chi Y, Liu T, Xun H, Wu Y, Liu X, Zheng J, Hu F, Han S, Duan H, Chai J. Black Phosphorus Nanosheets-Based Hydrogel for Efficient Bacterial Inhibition and Accelerating Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43892-43906. [PMID: 39046193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
With the swift evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria resulting from the intense and inappropriate use of antibiotics, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions. In this study, a thermosensitive hydrogel was developed for efficient bacterial inhibition and promotion of wound healing. The antibacterial chitosan (CS) thermosensitive hydrogel, cross-linked with two-dimensional photothermal nanomaterial black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets through electrostatic interactions, effectively encapsulates and sustains the release of angiogenic drug deferoxamine mesylate (DFO). This facilitates the acceleration of re-epithelialization and neovascularization by enhancing cell migration and proliferation. Following near-infrared (NIR) treatment, this hydrogel demonstrates rapid eradication of the most common multidrug-resistant bacteria encountered in clinical settings, achieved through physical disruption of bacterial membranes and photothermal therapies. Noteworthy is the significant upregulation of IL-19 expression via STAT3 signaling pathways by the BP/CS-DFO hydrogel in a full-thickness wound model. This results in the polarization of the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype, altering the microenvironment to a pro-healing state and enhancing extracellular matrix deposition and blood vessel formation. In conclusion, the BP/CS-DFO hydrogel shows immense promise as a potential clinical candidate for wound healing and antimicrobial therapy. Its innovative design and multifunctional capabilities position it as a valuable asset in combating antibiotic resistance and enhancing efficiency in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Su
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunfei Chi
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Haoyi Xun
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yushou Wu
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jinguang Zheng
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fangchao Hu
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shaofang Han
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongjie Duan
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center Affiliated to PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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Ashenafi S, Brighenti S. Reinventing the human tuberculosis (TB) granuloma: Learning from the cancer field. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059725. [PMID: 36591229 PMCID: PMC9797505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world and every 20 seconds a person dies from TB. An important attribute of human TB is induction of a granulomatous inflammation that creates a dynamic range of local microenvironments in infected organs, where the immune responses may be considerably different compared to the systemic circulation. New and improved technologies for in situ quantification and multimodal imaging of mRNA transcripts and protein expression at the single-cell level have enabled significantly improved insights into the local TB granuloma microenvironment. Here, we review the most recent data on regulation of immunity in the TB granuloma with an enhanced focus on selected in situ studies that enable spatial mapping of immune cell phenotypes and functions. We take advantage of the conceptual framework of the cancer-immunity cycle to speculate how local T cell responses may be enhanced in the granuloma microenvironment at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This includes an exploratory definition of "hot", immune-inflamed, and "cold", immune-excluded TB granulomas that does not refer to the level of bacterial replication or metabolic activity, but to the relative infiltration of T cells into the infected lesions. Finally, we reflect on the current knowledge and controversy related to reactivation of active TB in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the induction and maintenance or disruption of immunoregulation in the TB granuloma microenvironment may provide new avenues for host-directed therapies that can support standard antibiotic treatment of persistent TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Ashenafi
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Huddinge, Sweden,*Correspondence: Susanna Brighenti,
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Peluzzo AM, Autieri MV. Challenging the Paradigm: Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins and Angiogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030587. [PMID: 35159396 PMCID: PMC8834461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital biological process, and neovascularization is essential for the development, wound repair, and perfusion of ischemic tissue. Neovascularization and inflammation are independent biological processes that are linked in response to injury and ischemia. While clear that pro-inflammatory factors drive angiogenesis, the role of anti-inflammatory interleukins in angiogenesis remains less defined. An interleukin with anti-inflammatory yet pro-angiogenic effects would hold great promise as a therapeutic modality to treat many disease states where inflammation needs to be limited, but revascularization and reperfusion still need to be supported. As immune modulators, interleukins can polarize macrophages to a pro-angiogenic and reparative phenotype, which indirectly influences angiogenesis. Interleukins could also potentially directly induce angiogenesis by binding and activating its receptor on endothelial cells. Although a great deal of attention is given to the negative effects of pro-inflammatory interleukins, less is described concerning the potential protective effects of anti-inflammatory interleukins on various disease processes. To focus this review, we will consider IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-19, and IL-33 to be anti-inflammatory interleukins, all of which have recognized immunomodulatory effects. This review will summarize current research concerning anti-inflammatory interleukins as potential drivers of direct and indirect angiogenesis, emphasizing their role in future therapeutics.
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Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smarz-Widelska I, Grywalska E. Biological Role, Mechanism of Action and the Importance of Interleukins in Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020647. [PMID: 35054831 PMCID: PMC8775480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, the number of patients who are diagnosed with kidney disease too late is increasing, which leads to permanent renal failure. This growing problem affects people of every age, sex and origin, and its full etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, although the involvement of genetic susceptibility, infections, immune disorders or high blood pressure is suggested. Difficulties in making a correct and quick diagnosis are caused by the lack of research on early molecular markers, as well as educational and preventive activities among the public, which leads to the late detection of kidney diseases. An important role in the homeostasis and disease progression, including kidney diseases, is attributed to interleukins, which perform several biological functions and interact with other cells and tissues of the body. The aim of this article was to systematize the knowledge about the biological functions performed by interleukins in humans and their involvement in kidney diseases development. In our work, we took into account the role of interleukins in acute and chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Smarz-Widelska
- Department of Nephrology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Provincial Hospital in Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka Street, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Study from a Developing Country. Int J Vasc Med 2021; 2020:8864056. [PMID: 33414964 PMCID: PMC7769673 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8864056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a worldwide known complication related to the use of contrast media with either imaging or angiography; it carries its own complications and effect on both morbidity and mortality; early identification of patients at risk and addressing modifiable risk factors may help reducing risk for this disease and its complications. Methods This was a prospective observational study, where all patients admitted for cardiac catheterization between June 2015 and January 2016 were evaluated for CI-AKI. There were two study groups: contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) group, and noncontrast-induced acute kidney injury (non-CI-AKI) group. Results Patients (n = 202) were included and followed up for 4 years. Death and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) need for another revascularization were the end points. The incidence of CI-AKI was 14.8%.In univariate analysis, age (P = 0.016) and serum albumin at admission (P = 0.001) were statistically significant predictors of overall death. Age (P = 0.002), HTN (P = 0.002), DM (P = 0.02), and the use of diuretics (P = 0.001) had a statistically significant impact on eGFR. The rate of recatheterization was not statistically significant between the two groups (61 (35.5%) for the non-CI-AKI vs. 12 (40%) for the other group; P = 0.63). Some inflammatory markers (NGAL P = 0.06, IL-19 P = 0.08) and serum albumin at admission P = 0.07 had a trend toward a statistically significant impact on recatheterization. Death (P = 0.66) and need for recatheterization (P = 0.63) were not statistically different between the 2 groups, while the rate of eGFR decline in for the CI-AKI was significant (P = 0.004). Conclusion CI-AKI is a common complication post percutaneous catheterization (PCI), which may increase the risk for CKD, but not death or the need for recatheterization. Preventive measures must be taken early to decrease the morbidity.
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Cao W, Li X, Zuo X, Gao C. Migration of endothelial cells into photo-responsive hydrogels with tunable modulus under the presence of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:259-267. [PMID: 31616563 PMCID: PMC6783701 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in three-dimensional environment is extremely important for tissue regeneration and other biological processes. In this work, a model system was developed to study how endothelial cells (ECs) migrate into photo-responsive hydrogels under the presence of pro-inflammatory macrophages. The hydrogel was synthesized from hyaluronic acid grafted with coumarin and methacrylate moieties by both carbon-carbon covalent linking and coumarin dimerization under UV irradiation at 365 nm. The structure of the hydrogel was conveniently modulated by UV irradiation at 254 nm to decompose the coumarin dimers, leading to the significant decrease of modulus and increase of swelling ratio and mesh size. Under the presence of M1 macrophages, ECs were induced to migrate into the hydrogels with a different degree. A significant larger net displacement of ECs was found in the softer hydrogel obtained by irradiation with UV at 254 nm than in the stiffer original one at day 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guo J, Wang H, Li L, Yuan Y, Shi X, Hou S. Treatment with IL-19 improves locomotor functional recovery after contusion trauma to the spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2611-2621. [PMID: 29500933 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE IL-19 skews the immune response towards a Th2 type and appears to stimulate angiogenesis. In the current study, we tested if IL-19 treatment could reduce secondary injury and improve functional recovery after contusion spinal cord injury (SCI). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Firstly, mice were given a moderate-severe thoracic SCI at the T9-10 level and expression of IL-19 and its receptor was measured in the injured spinal cord. Then SCI mice were treated with mouse recombinant IL-19 and its blocking antibody to investigate the therapeutic effect of IL-19. KEY RESULTS Protein expression of IL-19 and its receptor IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 was up-regulated in the injured spinal cord of mice. IL-19 treatment promoted the recovery of locomotor function dose-dependently and reduced loss of motor neurons and microglial and glial activation following SCI. Treatment of SCI mice with IL-19 attenuated macrophage accumulation, reduced protein levels of TNF-α and CCL2 and promoted Th2 response and M2 macrophage activation in the injured region. Treatment of SCI mice with IL-19 promoted angiogenesis through up-regulating VEGF in the injured region. Treatment of SCI mice with IL-19 up-regulated HO-1 expression and decreased oxidative stress in the injured region. The beneficial effect of IL-19 was abolished by coadministration of the blocking antibody. Additionally, IL-19 deficiency in mice delayed the recovery of locomotor function following SCI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-19 treatment reduced secondary injuries and improved locomotor functional recovery after contusion SCI, through diverse mechanisms including immune cell polarization, angiogenesis and anti-oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Guo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Yuan
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Shi
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxun Hou
- Institute of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of CPLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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The roles of interleukins in perfusion recovery after peripheral arterial disease. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171455. [PMID: 29358309 PMCID: PMC5809615 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients, occlusions in the major arteries that supply the leg makes blood flow dependent on the capacity of neovascularization. There is no current medication that is able to increase neovascularization to the ischemic limb and directly treat the primary problem of PAD. An increasing body of evidence supports the notion that inflammation plays an important role in the vascular remodeling and perfusion recovery after PAD. Interleukins (ILs), a group of proteins produced during inflammation, have been considered to be important for angiogenesis and arteriogenesis after tissue ischemia. This review summarizes the latest clinical and experimental developments of the role of ILs in blood perfusion recovery after PAD.
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Li L, Jiang XG, Hu JY, Yu ZHQ, Xu JY, Liu F, Zhao GC, Zhang L, Gu HM, Zhang SJ, Meng J. The association between interleukin-19 concentration and diabetic nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:65. [PMID: 28201997 PMCID: PMC5311859 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a newly discovered cytokine belonging to the Interleukin-10(IL-10) family. IL-19 have indispensable functions in many inflammatory processes and also can induce the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. The purpose of present study was to investigate the relation of serum interleukin-19 (IL-19) levels with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods Two hundred study groups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (109 males and 91 females) were recruited, included normoalbuminuria(n = 102), microalbuminuria(n = 72) and macroalbuminuria(n = 26) . The 50 healthy blood donors were enrolled for the control group. All subjects were assessed for: IL-19, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), Cystatin C, urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c). Results The serum IL-19 levels in DN patients were found to be significantly higher compared to controls. IL-19 levels were significantly positively correlated with Hs-CRP, Cystatin C, UAE and HbA1c(r = 0.623, 0.611,0.591 and 0.526 respectively, P < 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed IL-19 levels (P = 0.01) were found to be independently associated with patients with DN. Conclusions IL-19 is significantly positive correlated with UAE and Cystatin C. IL-19 may play an important role that contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xu-Gan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan-Yu Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Second Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - ZHeng-Qing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Yong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guang-Chun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Ming Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai County Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu Province, China
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Feng C, Wang L, Ding G, Jiang H, Ding Q, Wu Z. BLCA1 expression is associated with angiogenesis of bladder cancer and is correlated with common pro-angiogenic factors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:16259-16265. [PMID: 26629142 PMCID: PMC4659030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the association between expression of BLCA1 and clinicopathological parameters of bladder cancer. METHOD Seventy-seven bladder cancer tissue samples were collected and primary antibody of BLCA1 was generated via animal inoculation. Immunohistochemical staining of BLCA1 and several pro-angiogenic factors were performed and evaluated semi-quantitatively. Statistical analyses were used to reveal the associations therein. RESULTS Expression of BLCA-1 was not associated with tumor characteristics such as occurrence, size, or onset pattern, but was associated with progression of tumor grade, stage, and with muscle invasion. BLCA1 expression was correlated with expression of VEGF, MMP9, IL1α, IL8, and microvessel density (MVD), but not with TNFα expression. CONCLUSION BLCA1 is associated with progression of bladder cancer and paly a role in angiogenesis in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Feng
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Lujia Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Guanxiong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, PR China
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