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Lopez VA, Lim JL, Seguin RP, Dempsey JL, Kunzman G, Cui JY, Xu L. Oral Exposure to Benzalkonium Chlorides in Male and Female Mice Reveals Sex-Dependent Alteration of the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acid Profile. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593991. [PMID: 38798482 PMCID: PMC11118417 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are commonly used disinfectants in a variety of consumer and food-processing settings, and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased usage of BACs. The prevalence of BACs raises the concern that BAC exposure could disrupt the gastrointestinal microbiota, thus interfering with the beneficial functions of the microbes. We hypothesize that BAC exposure can alter the gut microbiome diversity and composition, which will disrupt bile acid homeostasis along the gut-liver axis. In this study, male and female mice were exposed orally to d 7 -C12- and d 7 -C16-BACs at 120 µg/g/day for one week. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of liver, blood, and fecal samples of BAC-treated mice demonstrated the absorption and metabolism of BACs. Both parent BACs and their metabolites were detected in all exposed samples. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out on the bacterial DNA isolated from the cecum intestinal content. For female mice, and to a lesser extent in males, we found that treatment with either d 7 -C12- or d 7 -C16-BAC led to decreased alpha diversity and differential composition of gut bacteria with notably decreased actinobacteria phylum. Lastly, through a targeted bile acid quantitation analysis, we observed decreases in secondary bile acids in BAC-treated mice, which was more pronounced in the female mice. This finding is supported by decreases in bacteria known to metabolize primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, such as the families of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Together, these data signify the potential impact of BACs on human health through disturbance of the gut microbiome and gut-liver interactions.
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Elford JD, Becht N, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Perez-Pardo P. Buty and the beast: the complex role of butyrate in Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1388401. [PMID: 38694925 PMCID: PMC11061429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease which is often associated with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. The GI tract is home to a wide range of microorganisms, among which bacteria, that can influence the host through various mechanisms. Products produced by these bacteria can act in the gut but can also exert effects in the brain via what is now well established to be the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In those with PD the gut-bacteria composition is often found to be different to that of non-PD individuals. In addition to compositional changes, the metabolic activity of the gut-microbiota is also changed in PD. Specifically, it is often reported that key producers of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as the concentration of SCFAs themselves are altered in the stool and blood of those with PD. These SCFAs, among which butyrate, are essential nutrients for the host and are a major energy source for epithelial cells of the GI tract. Additionally, butyrate plays a key role in regulating various host responses particularly in relation to inflammation. Studies have demonstrated that a reduction in butyrate levels can have a critical role in the onset and progression of PD. Furthermore, it has been shown that restoring butyrate levels in those with PD through methods such as probiotics, prebiotics, sodium butyrate supplementation, and fecal transplantation can have a beneficial effect on both motor and non-motor outcomes of the disease. This review presents an overview of evidence for the altered gut-bacteria composition and corresponding metabolite production in those with PD, with a particular focus on the SCFA butyrate. In addition to presenting current studies regarding SCFA in clinical and preclinical reports, evidence for the possibility to target butyrate production using microbiome based approaches in a therapeutic context is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Elford
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nanette Becht
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Oliveira LF, Noleto FM, Gusmão CTP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Gut-microbiome-brain axis: the crosstalk between the vagus nerve, alpha-synuclein and the brain in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2611-2614. [PMID: 37449597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This critical review of the literature shows that there is a close link between the microbiome, the gut, and the brain in Parkinson's disease. The vagus nerve, the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, is involved in the regulation of immune response, digestion, heart rate, and control of mood. It can detect microbiota metabolites through its afferents, transferring this gut information to the central nervous system. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the important role played by the gut microbiome and gut-related factors in disease development and progression, as well as treatment responses. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome may be a valuable target for new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease. More studies are needed to better understand the underlying biology and how this axis can be modulated for the patient's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza; Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC; Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Fortaleza
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Bai XB, Xu S, Zhou LJ, Meng XQ, Li YL, Chen YL, Jiang YH, Lin WZ, Chen BY, Du LJ, Tian GC, Liu Y, Duan SZ, Zhu YQ. Oral pathogens exacerbate Parkinson's disease by promoting Th1 cell infiltration in mice. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:254. [PMID: 37978405 PMCID: PMC10655362 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic neurological disorder with a high risk of disability and no cure. Periodontitis is an infectious bacterial disease occurring in periodontal supporting tissues. Studies have shown that periodontitis is closely related to PD. However, direct evidence of the effect of periodontitis on PD is lacking. Here, we demonstrated that ligature-induced periodontitis with application of subgingival plaque (LIP-SP) exacerbated motor dysfunction, microglial activation, and dopaminergic neuron loss in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice. RESULTS The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that LIP-SP induced oral and gut dysbiosis. Particularly, Veillonella parvula (V. parvula) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) from oral ligatures were increased in the fecal samples of MPTP + LIP-SP treated mice. We further demonstrated that V. parvula and S. mutans played crucial roles in LIP-SP mediated exacerbation of motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD mice. V. parvula and S. mutans caused microglial activation in the brain, as well as T helper 1 (Th1) cells infiltration in the brain, cervical lymph nodes, ileum and colon in PD mice. Moreover, we observed a protective effect of IFNγ neutralization on dopaminergic neurons in V. parvula- and S. mutans-treated PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that oral pathogens V. parvula and S. mutans necessitate the existence of periodontitis to exacerbate motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in MPTP-induced PD mice. The underlying mechanisms include alterations of oral and gut microbiota, along with immune activation in both brain and peripheral regions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bing Bai
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lu-Jun Zhou
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Meng
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan-Lin Chen
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi-Han Jiang
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Lin
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bo-Yan Chen
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lin-Juan Du
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guo-Cai Tian
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Zhu
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Mitra S, Dash R, Nishan AA, Habiba SU, Moon IS. Brain modulation by the gut microbiota: From disease to therapy. J Adv Res 2023; 53:153-173. [PMID: 36496175 PMCID: PMC10658262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota (GM) and brain are strongly associated, which significantly affects neuronal development and disorders. GM-derived metabolites modulate neuronal function and influence many cascades in age-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Because of the dual role of GM in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, understanding the balance between beneficial and harmful bacteria is crucial for applying this approach to clinical therapies. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review briefly discusses the role of the gut-brain relationship in promoting brain and cognitive function. Although a healthy gut environment is helpful for brain function, gut dysbiosis can disrupt the brain's environment and create a vicious cycle of degenerative cascades. The ways in which the GM population can affect brain function and the development of neurodegeneration are also discussed. In the treatment and management of NDDs, the beneficial effects of methods targeting GM populations and their derivatives, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) are also highlighted. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF THE REVIEW In this review, we aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the gut microbe-brain relationship and their twin roles in neurodegeneration progression and therapeutic applications. Here, we attempted to highlight the different pathways connecting the brain and gut, together with the role of GM in neuroprotection and neuronal development. Furthermore, potential roles of GM metabolites in the pathogenesis of brain disorders and in strategies for its treatment are also investigated. By analyzing existing in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, this review attempts to identify new and promising therapeutic strategies for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. As the connection between the gut microbe-brain relationship and responses to NDD treatments is less studied, this review will provide new insights into the global mechanisms of GM modulation in disease progression, and identify potential future perspectives for developing new therapies to treat NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Amena Al Nishan
- Department of Medicine, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh
| | - Sarmin Ummey Habiba
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Quan Y, Xu J, Xu Q, Guo Z, Ou R, Shang H, Wei Q. Association between the risk and severity of Parkinson's disease and plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1254824. [PMID: 37941998 PMCID: PMC10628521 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1254824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. However, the relationship between PD and plasma homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12, and folate has yielded inconsistent results in previous studies. Hence, in order to address this ambiguity, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the existing evidence. Methods Suitable studies published prior to May 2023 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Ovid, and Web of Science. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis and publication bias were then performed using R version 4.3.1. Results The results of our meta-analysis, consisting of case-control and cross-sectional studies, showed that PD patients had lower folate and vitamin B12 levels (SMD [95%CI]: -0.30[-0.39, -0.22], p < 0.001 for Vitamin B12; SMD [95%CI]: -0.20 [-0.28, -0.13], p < 0.001 for folate), but a significant higher Hcy level (SMD [95%CI]: 0.86 [0.59, 1.14], p < 0.001) than healthy people. Meanwhile, PD was significantly related to hyperhomocysteinemia (SMD [95%]: 2.02 [1.26, 2.78], p < 0.001) rather than plasma Hcy below 15 μmol/L (SMD [95%]: -0.31 [-0.62, 0.00], p = 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed associations between the Hcy level of PD patients and region (p = 0.03), age (p = 0.03), levodopa therapy (p = 0.03), Hoehn and Yahr stage (p < 0.001), and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). However, gender (p = 0.38) and sample size (p = 0.49) were not associated. Conclusion Hcy, vitamin B12, and folic acid potentially predict the onset and development of PD. Additionally, multiple factors were linked to Hcy levels in PD patients. Further studies are needed to comprehend their roles in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Quan
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jisen Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Widjaja F, Rietjens IMCM. From-Toilet-to-Freezer: A Review on Requirements for an Automatic Protocol to Collect and Store Human Fecal Samples for Research Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2658. [PMID: 37893032 PMCID: PMC10603957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition, viability and metabolic functionality of intestinal microbiota play an important role in human health and disease. Studies on intestinal microbiota are often based on fecal samples, because these can be sampled in a non-invasive way, although procedures for sampling, processing and storage vary. This review presents factors to consider when developing an automated protocol for sampling, processing and storing fecal samples: donor inclusion criteria, urine-feces separation in smart toilets, homogenization, aliquoting, usage or type of buffer to dissolve and store fecal material, temperature and time for processing and storage and quality control. The lack of standardization and low-throughput of state-of-the-art fecal collection procedures promote a more automated protocol. Based on this review, an automated protocol is proposed. Fecal samples should be collected and immediately processed under anaerobic conditions at either room temperature (RT) for a maximum of 4 h or at 4 °C for no more than 24 h. Upon homogenization, preferably in the absence of added solvent to allow addition of a buffer of choice at a later stage, aliquots obtained should be stored at either -20 °C for up to a few months or -80 °C for a longer period-up to 2 years. Protocols for quality control should characterize microbial composition and viability as well as metabolic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Wang B, Ma Y, Li S, Yao H, Gu M, Liu Y, Xue Y, Ding J, Ma C, Yang S, Hu G. GSDMD in peripheral myeloid cells regulates microglial immune training and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2663-2679. [PMID: 37425058 PMCID: PMC10326292 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral bacterial infections without impaired blood-brain barrier integrity have been attributed to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Peripheral infection promotes innate immune training in microglia and exacerbates neuroinflammation. However, how changes in the peripheral environment mediate microglial training and exacerbation of infection-related PD is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that GSDMD activation was enhanced in the spleen but not in the CNS of mice primed with low-dose LPS. GSDMD in peripheral myeloid cells promoted microglial immune training, thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during PD in an IL-1R-dependent manner. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of GSDMD alleviated the symptoms of PD in experimental PD models. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GSDMD-induced pyroptosis in myeloid cells initiates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial training during infection-related PD. Based on these findings, GSDMD may serve as a therapeutic target for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mingna Gu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - You Xue
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Gang Hu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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9
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Khatoon S, Kalam N, Rashid S, Bano G. Effects of gut microbiota on neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1145241. [PMID: 37323141 PMCID: PMC10268008 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A progressive degradation of the brain's structure and function, which results in a reduction in cognitive and motor skills, characterizes neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). The morbidity linked to NDs is growing, which poses a severe threat to human being's mental and physical ability to live well. The gut-brain axis (GBA) is now known to have a crucial role in the emergence of NDs. The gut microbiota is a conduit for the GBA, a two-way communication system between the gut and the brain. The myriad microorganisms that make up the gut microbiota can affect brain physiology by transmitting numerous microbial chemicals from the gut to the brain via the GBA or neurological system. The synthesis of neurotransmitters, the immunological response, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose have all been demonstrated to be impacted by alterations in the gut microbiota, such as an imbalance of helpful and harmful bacteria. In order to develop innovative interventions and clinical therapies for NDs, it is crucial to comprehend the participation of the gut microbiota in these conditions. In addition to using antibiotics and other drugs to target particular bacterial species that may be a factor in NDs, this also includes using probiotics and other fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain a healthy gut microbiota. In conclusion, the examination of the GBA can aid in understanding the etiology and development of NDs, which may benefit the improvement of clinical treatments for these disorders and ND interventions. This review indicates existing knowledge about the involvement of microbiota present in the gut in NDs and potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khatoon
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nida Kalam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulnaz Bano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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10
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Montanari M, Imbriani P, Bonsi P, Martella G, Peppe A. Beyond the Microbiota: Understanding the Role of the Enteric Nervous System in Parkinson's Disease from Mice to Human. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1560. [PMID: 37371655 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a nerve network composed of neurons and glial cells that regulates the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is abundant evidence of mutual communication between the brain and the GI tract. Dysfunction of these connections appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in the ENS have been shown to occur very early in PD, even before central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Post-mortem studies of PD patients have shown aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) in specific subtypes of neurons in the ENS. Subsequently, αS spreads retrogradely in the CNS through preganglionic vagal fibers to this nerve's dorsal motor nucleus (DMV) and other central nervous structures. Here, we highlight the role of the ENS in PD pathogenesis based on evidence observed in animal models and using a translational perspective. While acknowledging the putative role of the microbiome in the gut-brain axis (GBA), this review provides a comprehensive view of the ENS not only as a "second brain", but also as a window into the "first brain", a potentially crucial element in the search for new therapeutic approaches that can delay and even cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montanari
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Peppe
- Clinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
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11
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Qi A, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen S, Xu S, Chen Y, Zhang L, Cai C. Plasma Metabolic Analysis Reveals the Dysregulation of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2619-2631. [PMID: 36690885 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by high morbidity, high disability rate, and slow course of disease. The clinical diagnostic method of PD is complex and time-consuming, and there is no clear biomarker for clinical use. We aimed to investigate the plasma metabolites in PD and find out potential biomarkers with diagnostic ability. In the analysis of more than 40 metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, the difference of short-chain fatty acids was observed. Acetic acid concentration was higher in PD than in healthy controls, and propanoic acid and 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid were lower in PD. Compared with the early stage of PD, acetic acid increased significantly in the advanced stage of PD. Propanoic acid increased significantly in medicated PD compared with drug naïve PD. ROC analysis revealed acetic acid discriminated PD from healthy controls with 100% sensitivity, 88.9% specificity, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.981, and propanoic acid discriminated PD from healthy controls with an AUC of 0.981, 100% sensitivity, and 94.4% specificity. Acetic acid and propanoic acid may be a potential biomarker for differentiating PD from health, and the propanoic acid was evaluated as the most potential diagnostic marker because of its extremely high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Qi
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- The First DongGuan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523475, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Simei Chen
- Neurology Department of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Simin Xu
- Neurology Department of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusen Chen
- Neurology Department of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lijiang Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chun Cai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
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12
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DuPont HL, Suescun J, Jiang ZD, Brown EL, Essigmann HT, Alexander AS, DuPont AW, Iqbal T, Utay NS, Newmark M, Schiess MC. Fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson's disease-A randomized repeat-dose, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1104759. [PMID: 36937520 PMCID: PMC10019775 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The intestinal microbiome plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and may provide an opportunity for disease modification. We performed a pilot clinical study looking at the safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), its effect on the microbiome, and improvement of symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study, wherein orally administered lyophilized FMT product or matching placebo was given to 12 subjects with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease with constipation twice weekly for 12 weeks. Subjects were followed for safety and clinical improvement for 9 additional months (total study duration 12 months). Results Fecal microbiota transplantation caused non-severe transient upper gastrointestinal symptoms. One subject receiving FMT was diagnosed with unrelated metastatic cancer and was removed from the trial. Beta diversity (taxa) of the microbiome, was similar comparing placebo and FMT groups at baseline, however, for subjects randomized to FMT, it increased significantly at 6 weeks (p = 0.008) and 13 weeks (p = 0.0008). After treatment with FMT, proportions of selective families within the phylum Firmicutes increased significantly, while proportion of microbiota belonging to Proteobacteria were significantly reduced. Objective motor findings showed only temporary improvement while subjective symptom improvements were reported compared to baseline in the group receiving FMT. Constipation, gut transient times (NS), and gut motility index (p = 0.0374) were improved in the FMT group. Conclusions Subjects with Parkinson's disease tolerated multi-dose-FMT, and experienced increased diversity of the intestinal microbiome that was associated with reduction in constipation and improved gut transit and intestinal motility. Fecal microbiota transplantation administration improved subjective motor and non-motor symptoms. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, identifier: NCT03671785.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L. DuPont
- Microbiome Research Center, Kelsey Research Foundation, Houston, TX, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Medical Services and Specialties, Kelsey Seybold Clinic, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jessika Suescun
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhi-Dong Jiang
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eric L. Brown
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Heather T. Essigmann
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashley S. Alexander
- Microbiome Research Center, Kelsey Research Foundation, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew W. DuPont
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tehseen Iqbal
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Netanya S. Utay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michael Newmark
- Microbiome Research Center, Kelsey Research Foundation, Houston, TX, United States
- Medical Services and Specialties, Kelsey Seybold Clinic, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mya C. Schiess
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Attia MS, Yahya A, Monaem NA, Sabry SA. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Their potential as drug delivery carriers and nanoscavengers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:417-432. [PMID: 37026045 PMCID: PMC10071366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, populations face significant burdens from neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), especially Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Although there are many proposed etiologies for neurodegenerative disorders, including genetic and environmental factors, the exact pathogenesis for these disorders is not fully understood. Most patients with NDDs are given lifelong treatment to improve their quality of life. There are myriad treatments for NDDs; however, these agents are limited by their side effects and difficulty in passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, the central nervous system (CNS) active pharmaceuticals could offer symptomatic relief for the patient's condition without providing a complete cure or prevention by targeting the disease's cause. Recently, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have gained interest in treating NDDs since their physicochemical properties and inherent ability to pass BBB make them possible drug carriers for several drugs for NDDs treatment. This paper provides insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of NDDs, along with the recent advances in applying MSNs as fibril scavengers. Moreover, the application of MSNs-based formulations in enhancing or sustaining drug release rate, and brain targeting via their responsive release properties, besides the neurotoxicity of MSNs, have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmed Yahya
- Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Nada Abdel Monaem
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shereen A. Sabry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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14
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Migliolo L, de A. Boleti A, de O. Cardoso P, Frihling BF, e Silva P, de Moraes LRN. Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:38-46. [PMID: 35799506 PMCID: PMC9241402 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Costa HN, Esteves AR, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Parkinson's Disease: A Multisystem Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:113-124. [PMID: 35994167 PMCID: PMC9849652 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The way sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is perceived has undergone drastic changes in recent decades. For a long time, PD was considered a brain disease characterized by motor disturbances; however, the identification of several risk factors and the hypothesis that PD has a gastrointestinal onset have shed additional light. Today, after recognition of prodromal non-motor symptoms and the pathological processes driving their evolution, there is a greater understanding of the involvement of other organ systems. For this reason, PD is increasingly seen as a multiorgan and multisystemic pathology that arises from the interaction of susceptible genetic factors with a challenging environment during aging-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nunes Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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16
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Abstract
Gut microbiota and fecal bile acids were analyzed in 278 patients with α-synucleinopathies, which were comprised of 28 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 224 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 26 patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). Similarly to PD, short-chain fatty acids-producing genera were decreased in DLB. Additionally, Ruminococcus torques and Collinsella were increased in DLB, which were not changed in PD. Random forest models to differentiate DLB and PD showed that high Ruminococcus torques and high Collinsella, which presumably increase intestinal permeability, as well as low Bifidobacterium, which are also observed in Alzheimer's disease, were predictive of DLB. As Ruminococcus torques and Collinsella are also major secondary bile acids-producing bacteria, we quantified fecal bile acids and found that the production of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was high in DLB. Increased UDCA in DLB may mitigate neuroinflammation at the substantia nigra, whereas neuroinflammation may not be critical at the neocortex. Theraeutic intervention to increase Bifidobacteirum and its metabolites may retard the development and progression of DLB.
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17
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Bonnechère B, Amin N, van Duijn C. What Are the Key Gut Microbiota Involved in Neurological Diseases? A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213665. [PMID: 36430144 PMCID: PMC9696257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence highlighting there are significant changes in the gut microbiota composition and relative abundance in various neurological disorders. We performed a systematic review of the different microbiota altered in a wide range of neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke). Fifty-two studies were included representing 5496 patients. At the genus level, the most frequently involved microbiota are Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella. The overlap between the pathologies was strongest for MS and PD, sharing eight genera (Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides, and Prevotella) and PD and stroke, sharing six genera (Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, and Roseburia). The identification signatures overlapping for AD, PD, and MS raise the question of whether these reflect a common etiology or rather common consequence of these diseases. The interpretation is hampered by the low number and low power for AD, ALS, and stroke with ample opportunity for false positive and false negative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Correspondence:
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18
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Beserra-Filho JIA, Maria-Macêdo A, Silva-Martins S, Custódio-Silva AC, Soares-Silva B, Silva SP, Lambertucci RH, de Souza Araújo AA, Lucchese AM, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Santos JR, Silva RH, Ribeiro AM. Lippia grata essential oil complexed with β-cyclodextrin ameliorates biochemical and behavioral deficits in an animal model of progressive parkinsonism. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2331-2347. [PMID: 35779151 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is identified by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and is correlated to aggregates of proteins such as α-synuclein, Lewy's bodies. Although the PD etiology remains poorly understood, evidence suggests a main role of oxidative stress on this process. Lippia grata Schauer, known as "alecrim-do-mato", "alecrim-de-vaqueiro", "alecrim-da-chapada", is a native bush from tropical areas mainly distributed throughout the Central and South America. This plant species is commonly used in traditional medicine for relief of pain and inflammation conditions, and that has proven antioxidant effects. We evaluated the effects of essential oil of the L. grata after its complexed with β-cyclodextrin (LIP) on PD animal model induced by reserpine (RES). Behavioral assessments were performed across the treatment. Upon completion the treatment, the animals were euthanized, afterwards their brains were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical and oxidative stress analysis. The LIP treatment delayed the onset of the behavior of catalepsy, decreased the number of oral movements and prevented the memory impairment on the novel object recognition task. In addition, the treatment with LIP protected against dopaminergic depletion in the SNpc and dorsal striatum (STRd), and decreased the α-syn immunoreactivity in the SNpc and hippocampus (HIP). Moreover, there was reduction of the oxidative stability index. These findings demonstrated that the LIP treatment has neuroprotective effect in a progressive parkinsonism model, suggesting that LIP could be an important source for novel treatment approaches in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ivo A Beserra-Filho
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria-Macêdo
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suellen Silva-Martins
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Soares-Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Silva
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angélica Maria Lucchese
- Graduate Programm in Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - José Ronaldo Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Regina H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Ribeiro
- Departament of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Therapeutic potential of Short Chain Fatty acid production by gut microbiota in Neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Res 2022; 106:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Soni R, Shah J. Deciphering Intertwined Molecular Pathways Underlying Metabolic Syndrome Leading to Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2240-2251. [PMID: 35856649 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that gradually develops over time in a progressive manner. The main culprit behind the disease pathology is dopaminergic deficiency in Substantia nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) due to neuronal degeneration. However, there are other factors that are not only associated with it but also somehow responsible for inception of pathology. Metabolic syndrome is one such risk factor for PD. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of diseases mainly including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia which pose a risk for developing cardiovascular disorders. All of these disorders have their own pathological pathways that intertwine with PD pathology. This leads to alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress which are facets in initiating PD pathology. Although few reports are available, this area is underexplored and has contradictory views. Hence, further studies are needed in order to establish a definite relationship between PD and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms to confirm the association between them and pave the way for potential repurposing of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
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21
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Oral and gut dysbiosis leads to functional alterations in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:87. [PMID: 35798742 PMCID: PMC9262988 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have identified a distinct gut microbial composition in Parkinson's disease (PD), few studies have investigated the oral microbiome or functional alteration of the microbiome in PD. We aimed to investigate the connection between the oral and gut microbiome and the functional changes in the PD-specific gut microbiome using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The taxonomic composition of the oral and gut microbiome was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Oral Lactobacillus was more abundant in PD patients and was associated with opportunistic pathogens in the gut (FDR-adjusted P < 0.038). Functional analysis revealed that microbial gene markers for glutamate and arginine biosynthesis were downregulated, while antimicrobial resistance gene markers were upregulated in PD patients than healthy controls (all P < 0.001). We identified a connection between the oral and gut microbiota in PD, which might lead to functional alteration of the microbiome in PD.
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22
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Berger AA, Winnick A, Izygon J, Jacob BM, Kaye JS, Kaye RJ, Neuchat EE, Kaye AM, Alpaugh ES, Cornett EM, Han AH, Kaye AD. Opicapone, a Novel Catechol-O-methyl Transferase Inhibitor, for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease "Off" Episodes. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:36074. [PMID: 35774903 DOI: 10.52965/001c.36074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of disability. It causes significant morbidity and disability through a plethora of symptoms, including movement disorders, sleep disturbances, and cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. The traditional pathogenesis theory of PD involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Classically, treatment is pursued with an assortment of medications that are directed at overcoming this deficiency with levodopa being central to most treatment plans. Patients taking levodopa tend to experience "off episodes" with decreasing medication levels, causing large fluctuations in their symptoms. These off episodes are disturbing and a source of morbidity for these patients. Opicapone is a novel, peripherally acting Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor that is used as adjunctive therapy to carbidopa/levodopa for treatment and prevention of "off episodes." It has been approved for use as an adjunct to levodopa since 2016 in Europe and has recently (April 2020) gained FDA approval for use in the USA. By inhibiting COMT, opicapone slows levodopa metabolism and increases its availability. Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in duration of "off episodes." The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50mg. Post-marketing surveillance and analysis are required to further elucidate its safety profile and contribute to patient selection. This paper reviews the seminal and latest evidence in the treatment of PD "off episodes" with the novel drug Opicapone, including efficacy, safety, and clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon A Berger
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Ariel Winnick
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Optometry, University of California
| | - Jonathan Izygon
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Binil M Jacob
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Jessica S Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | | | | | - Adam M Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | - Edward S Alpaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Andrew H Han
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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23
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Ralls F, Cutchen L, Grigg-Damberger MM. What Is the Prognostic Significance of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Without Atonia in a Polysomnogram? J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:346-355. [PMID: 35239559 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Freud said we are lucky to be paralyzed during sleep, so we cannot act out our dreams. Atonia of skeletal muscles normally present during rapid eye movement sleep prevents us from acting out our dreams. Observing rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in a polysomnogram in older adults first and foremost warrants consideration of rapid eye movement behavior disorder. Seventy-five to 90% of older adults with isolated rapid eye movement behavior disorder will develop a neurodegenerative disease within 15 years, most often a synucleinopathy. Rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in those younger than 50 years is commonly found in individuals with narcolepsy and those taking antidepressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ralls
- New Mexico Sleep Labs, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, U.S.A
| | - Lisa Cutchen
- Omni Sleep, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.; and
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24
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Tsafaras G, Baekelandt V. The role of LRRK2 in the periphery: link with Parkinson's disease and inflammatory diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105806. [PMID: 35781002 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently considered a multisystemic disorder rather than a pure brain disease, in line with the multiple hit hypothesis from Braak. However, despite increasing evidence that the pathology might originate in the periphery, multiple unknown aspects and contradictory data on the pathological processes taking place in the periphery jeopardize the interpretation and therapeutic targeting of PD. Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been widely linked with familial and sporadic PD cases. However, the actual role of LRRK2 in PD pathophysiology is far from understood. There is evidence that LRRK2 may be involved in alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) pathology and immune cell regulation, but it has also been associated with inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis, leprosy, and several other bacterial infections. In this review, we focus on the different roles of LRRK2 in the periphery. More specifically, we discuss the involvement of LRRK2 in the propagation of α-synuclein pathology and its regulatory role in peripheral inflammation. A deeper understanding of the multidimensional functions of LRRK2 will pave the way for more accurate characterization of PD pathophysiology and its association with other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tsafaras
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Romo-Vaquero M, Fernández-Villalba E, Gil-Martinez AL, Cuenca-Bermejo L, Espín JC, Herrero MT, Selma MV. Urolithins: potential biomarkers of gut dysbiosis and disease stage in Parkinson's patients. Food Funct 2022; 13:6306-6316. [PMID: 35611932 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota alteration (gut dysbiosis) occurs during the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Gut dysbiosis biomarkers could be relevant to prodromal disease. Urolithins, anti-inflammatory metabolites produced from some dietary polyphenols by specific gut microbial ecologies (urolithin metabotypes), have been proposed as biomarkers of gut microbiota composition and functionality. However, this has not been explored in Parkinson's disease patients. The current study aimed to assess associations between urolithin metabotypes, gut dysbiosis and disease severity in Parkinson's disease patients. Participants (52 patients and 117 healthy controls) provided stool samples for microbiota sequencing and urine samples for urolithin profiling before and after consuming 30 g of walnuts for three days. Data on demographics, medication, disease duration and Hoehn and Yahr disease stage were collected. We observed a significant gradual increase of urolithin non-producers (metabotype-0) as the disease severity increased. The gut microbiome of metabotype-0 patients and patients with the greatest severity was characterized by a more altered bacterial composition, i.e., increased pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae and reduced protective bacteria against autoimmune and inflammatory processes, including butyrate and urolithin-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae members and Gordonibacter). Besides, their microbiome was characterized by predictive functions of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism of glutathione, cysteine and methionine that could indirectly reflect the gut pro-inflammatory status. Urolithin detection in urine is a feasible, non-invasive and fast approach that can reflect gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Parkinson's disease patients. Our current study could provide novel strategies for improving diagnostics, and for preventing and treating disease progression in microbiota-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Romo-Vaquero
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Emiliano Fernández-Villalba
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain.,Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana-Luisa Gil-Martinez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain.,Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lorena Cuenca-Bermejo
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain.,Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain.,Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Nishiwaki H, Ito M, Hamaguchi T, Maeda T, Kashihara K, Tsuboi Y, Ueyama J, Yoshida T, Hanada H, Takeuchi I, Katsuno M, Hirayama M, Ohno K. Short chain fatty acids-producing and mucin-degrading intestinal bacteria predict the progression of early Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:65. [PMID: 35650236 PMCID: PMC9160257 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the relevance of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) in disease progression, we made random forest models to predict the progression of PD in two years by gut microbiota in 165 PD patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of gut microbiota-based models for Hoehn & Yahr (HY) stages 1 and 2 were 0.799 and 0.705, respectively. Similarly, gut microbiota predicted the progression of Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) III scores in an early stage of PD with AUROC = 0.728. Decreases of short-chain fatty acid-producing genera, Fusicatenibacter, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia, as well as an increase of mucin-degrading genus Akkermansia, predicted accelerated disease progression. The four genera remained unchanged in two years in PD, indicating that the taxonomic changes were not the consequences of disease progression. PD patients with marked gut dysbiosis may thus be destined to progress faster than those without gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiwaki
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hamaguchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Maeda
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takumi Yoshida
- Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanada
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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27
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Shan J, Qu Y, Zhang J, Ma L, Hashimoto K. Effects of Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy in the MPTP-induced Neurotoxicity in the Striatum and Colon of Mice. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:389-393. [PMID: 35466109 PMCID: PMC9047999 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gut—microbiota—brain axis plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve serves as a major modulatory pathway between the gut microbiota and the brain. However, the role of subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve in PD pathogenesis are unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) on the neurotoxicity in the mouse striatum and colon after administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Methods Sham or SVD was performed. Subsequently, saline or MPTP (10 mg/kg × 3, 2-hour interval) was administered to mice. Western blot analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum and phosphorylated a-synuclein (p-a-Syn) in the colon was performed. Results Repeated administration of MPTP significantly caused reduction of TH and DAT in the striatum and increase of p-a-Syn in the colon of mice. However, SDV did not affect the reduction of TH and DAT in the striatum and increases in p-a-Syn in the colon after repeated MPTP administration. Conclusion These data suggest that subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve doses not play a role in the MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in the brain and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Shan
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Li Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Just MK, Gram H, Theologidis V, Jensen PH, Nilsson KPR, Lindgren M, Knudsen K, Borghammer P, Van Den Berge N. Alpha-Synuclein Strain Variability in Body-First and Brain-First Synucleinopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:907293. [PMID: 35693346 PMCID: PMC9178288 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.907293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic alpha-synuclein (asyn) aggregates are a defining feature of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, which include Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Early accurate differentiation between these synucleinopathies is challenging due to the highly heterogeneous clinical profile at early prodromal disease stages. Therefore, diagnosis is often made in late disease stages when a patient presents with a broad range of motor and non-motor symptoms easing the differentiation. Increasing data suggest the clinical heterogeneity seen in patients is explained by the presence of distinct asyn strains, which exhibit variable morphologies and pathological functions. Recently, asyn seed amplification assays (PMCA and RT-QuIC) and conformation-specific ligand assays have made promising progress in differentiating between synucleinopathies in prodromal and advanced disease stages. Importantly, the cellular environment is known to impact strain morphology. And, asyn aggregate pathology can propagate trans-synaptically along the brain-body axis, affecting multiple organs and propagating through multiple cell types. Here, we present our hypothesis that the changing cellular environments, an asyn seed may encounter during its brain-to-body or body-to-brain propagation, may influence the structure and thereby the function of the aggregate strains developing within the different cells. Additionally, we aim to review strain characteristics of the different synucleinopathies in clinical and preclinical studies. Future preclinical animal models of synucleinopathies should investigate if asyn strain morphology is altered during brain-to-body and body-to-brain spreading using these seeding amplification and conformation-specific assays. Such findings would greatly deepen our understanding of synucleinopathies and the potential link between strain and phenotypic variability, which may enable specific diagnosis of different synucleinopathies in the prodromal phase, creating a large therapeutic window with potential future applications in clinical trials and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristine Just
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hjalte Gram
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Theologidis
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K. Peter R. Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindgren
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Li YY, Zhou TT, Zhang Y, Chen NH, Yuan YH. Distribution of α-Synuclein Aggregation in the Peripheral Tissues. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3627-3634. [PMID: 35348944 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by movement disorders and other non-motor symptoms, including the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra parts. Abnormal α-synuclein aggregation in the brain is closely associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons. α-synuclein can propagate in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery under pathological conditions. Many researches have focused on its aggregation and distribution in the CNS and explored its relationship with PD. But in recent years, the distribution of α-synuclein in peripheral tissues have been paid much attention. This review summarized the distribution of α-synuclein in the choroid plexus, blood, saliva, gastrointestine and other tissues, and discussed the potential mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation, providing a basis for the early diagnosis and intervention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, I Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, I Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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30
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Ding Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Ge W, Xu X, Wang S, Zhang J. Dietary Succinoglycan Riclin Improves Glycemia Control in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1819-1829. [PMID: 35132858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Riclin is a typical succinoglycan produced by an agrobacterium isolate. Our previous investigation has revealed that oral riclin restores the islet function in type 1 diabetic mice. However, whether dietary riclin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unknown. Here, we found that dietary riclin (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (55 and 67%), improved insulin sensitivity, and decreased insulin resistance in high-fat-diet/streptozocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2D. Riclin reduced the proportion of T helper 1 cell subsets in diabetic mice, alleviated pancreatic inflammation, and protected islet function. Moreover, dietary riclin enriched the diversity of gut microflora and restored the relative abundance of several bacterial genera in diabetes, including the strains of Clostridium, Parasutterella, Klebsiella, and Bacteroides. In db/db diabetic mice, riclin also improves glycemia control as observed in HFD/STZ-induced T2D mice. These data suggest that riclin has potential to be a functional food to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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31
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Hamamah S, Aghazarian A, Nazaryan A, Hajnal A, Covasa M. Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Dopaminergic Signaling. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020436. [PMID: 35203645 PMCID: PMC8962300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and motivation. Optimal dopamine bioavailability is essential for normal brain functioning and protection against the development of neurological diseases. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbiota have significant roles in maintaining adequate concentrations of dopamine via intricate, bidirectional communication known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The vagus nerve, immune system, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and microbial metabolites serve as important mediators of the reciprocal microbiota-gut-brain signaling. Furthermore, gut microbiota contain intrinsic enzymatic activity that is highly involved in dopamine metabolism, facilitating dopamine synthesis as well as its metabolite breakdown. This review examines the relationship between key genera of gut microbiota such as Prevotella, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Ruminococcus and their effects on dopamine. The effects of gut dysbiosis on dopamine bioavailability and the subsequent impact on dopamine-related pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease are also discussed. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in modulating dopamine activity and bioavailability both in the periphery and in the central nervous system can help identify new therapeutic targets as well as optimize available methods to prevent, delay, or restore dopaminergic deficits in neurologic and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Armin Aghazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Anthony Nazaryan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 7200229 Suceava, Romania
- Correspondence:
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32
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Anis E, Xie A, Brundin L, Brundin P. Digesting recent findings: gut alpha-synuclein, microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:147-157. [PMID: 34949514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the widespread deposition of misfolded alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein in the nervous system and loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Recent research has suggested that αSyn aggregates in the enteric nervous system (ENS) lead to prodromal gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as constipation in PD, then propagating to the brain stem and eventually triggering neurodegeneration and motor symptoms. Additionally, whether the microbiome changes in PD contribute to the primary pathogenesis or, alternatively, are consequential to either the disease process or medication is still unclear. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of αSyn and microbiome changes in the GI system in PD and consider if and how the changes interact and contribute to the disease process and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehraz Anis
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Aoji Xie
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Van Den Berge N, Ulusoy A. Animal models of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Passive Immunization in Alpha-Synuclein Preclinical Animal Models. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020168. [PMID: 35204668 PMCID: PMC8961624 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. These are all progressive neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by pathological misfolding and accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein (αsyn) in neurons, axons or glial cells in the brain, but also in other organs. The abnormal accumulation and propagation of pathogenic αsyn across the autonomic connectome is associated with progressive loss of neurons in the brain and peripheral organs, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no cure is available for synucleinopathies, and therapy is limited to symptomatic treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms upon diagnosis. Recent advances using passive immunization that target different αsyn structures show great potential to block disease progression in rodent studies of synucleinopathies. However, passive immunotherapy in clinical trials has been proven safe but less effective than in preclinical conditions. Here we review current achievements of passive immunotherapy in animal models of synucleinopathies. Furthermore, we propose new research strategies to increase translational outcome in patient studies, (1) by using antibodies against immature conformations of pathogenic αsyn (monomers, post-translationally modified monomers, oligomers and protofibrils) and (2) by focusing treatment on body-first synucleinopathies where damage in the brain is still limited and effective immunization could potentially stop disease progression by blocking the spread of pathogenic αsyn from peripheral organs to the brain.
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Microbiome Changes in Humans with Parkinson's Disease after Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Retrospective Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010049. [PMID: 35055364 PMCID: PMC8778696 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on the effect of photobiomodulation therapy on gut microbiome composition. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder with few management options, although the gut microbiome has been suggested as a potential avenue of treatment. We retrospectively analysed the microbiome from human stool samples from a previously published study, which had demonstrated the efficacy of photobiomodulation to treat Parkinson’s patients’ symptoms. Specifically, we have observed changes in the microbiome of Parkinson’s patients after a 12-week treatment regimen with photobiomodulation to the abdomen, neck, head and nose. Noted were positive changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio, which is often interpreted as a proxy for gut health.
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Human gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:281-307. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin CH, Lin HY, Ho EP, Ke YC, Cheng MF, Shiue CY, Wu CH, Liao PH, Hsu AYH, Chu LA, Liu YD, Lin YH, Tai YC, Shun CT, Chiu HM, Wu MS. Mild Chronic Colitis Triggers Parkinsonism in LRRK2 Mutant Mice Through Activating TNF-α Pathway. Mov Disord 2021; 37:745-757. [PMID: 34918781 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common risk gene for Parkinson's disease (PD) and inflammatory bowel disorders. However, the penetrance of the most prevalent LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, is <50%. Factors other than genetic mutations are needed in PD process. OBJECTIVES To examine whether and how gut inflammation may act as an environmental trigger to neurodegeneration in PD. METHODS A mild and chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice model harboring LRRK2 G2019S mutation was established. The colitis severity, immune responses, locomotor function, dopaminergic neuron, and microglia integrity were compared between littermate controls, transgenic LRRK2 wild type (WT), and LRRK2 G2019S mice. RESULTS The LRRK2 G2019S mice are more vulnerable to DSS-induced colitis than littermate controls or LRRK2 WT animals with increased intestinal expressions of pattern-recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Notably, the colonic expression of α-synuclein was significantly increased in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice. We subsequently observed more aggravated locomotor defect, microglia activation, and dopaminergic neuron loss in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice than control animals. Treatment with anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, adalimumab, abrogated both gut and neuroinflammation, mitigated neurodegeneration, and improved locomotor function in LRRK2 G2019S colitis mice. Finally, we validated increased colonic expressions of LRRK2, TLRs, and NF-κB pathway proteins and elevated plasma TNF-α level in PD patients compared to controls, especially in those with LRRK2 risk variants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that chronic colitis promotes parkinsonism in genetically susceptible mice and TNF-α plays a detrimental role in the gut-brain axis of PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Pong Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ci Ke
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Han Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Li-An Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ding Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Tai
- Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Mo Chiu
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim TJ, Lee H. Benefits of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Extragastric Diseases. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication can reduce the risk of gastric diseases such as gastritis, gastric ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Since H. pylori was discovered more than 30 years ago, many studies have reported associations between H. pylori infection and extragastric diseases such as immune thrombocytopenia and iron-deficiency anemia. Thus, recent guidelines recommended H. pylori eradication in patients with those diseases. In contrast, although the role of H. pylori eradication in other extragastric diseases remains controversial, there is growing evidence of its benefit on them, especially cardiovascular (ischemic heart disease and stroke), metabolic (dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease), autoimmune (Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Raynaud’s syndrome, rosacea, and chronic urticaria), and other (cap polyposis, colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, periodontal disease, hyperemesis gravidarum, and osteoporosis) conditions. A recent prospective randomized study reported that H. pylori eradication improved insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. These findings were consistent with the results of a recent meta-analysis. Therefore, well-designed prospective interventional studies are needed to examine the effects of H. pylori eradication on various extragastric diseases.
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Ghyselinck J, Verstrepen L, Moens F, Van Den Abbeele P, Bruggeman A, Said J, Smith B, Barker LA, Jordan C, Leta V, Chaudhuri KR, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and gut wall function in an in-vitro model in patients with Parkinson's disease. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100087. [PMID: 34977556 PMCID: PMC8683682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the potential role of a 4-strain probiotic suspension for use with patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Stool samples from a group of three patients with diagnosed PD were used to create microbiotas in an in-vitro gut model. The effects of dosing with an oral probiotic suspension (Symprove) on bacterial composition and metabolic activity in the microbiotas was evaluated over 48 h and compared with healthy controls. Additionally, the effect of probiotic dosing on epithelial tight-junction integrity, production of inflammatory markers and wound healing were evaluated in cell culture models. In general, the relative proportions of the main bacterial phyla in the microbiotas of PD patients differed from those of healthy subjects, with levels of Firmicutes raised and levels of Bacteroidetes reduced. Dosing with probiotic resulted in a change in bacterial composition in the microbiotas over a 48 h period. Several other indicators of gut health changed upon dosing with the probiotic; production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate was stimulated, levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) increased and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (MCP-1 and IL-8) decreased. Tight junction integrity was seen to improve with probiotic dosing and wound healing was seen to occur faster than a control. The data suggest that if development and/or progression of PD is influenced by gut microbiota dysbiosis then supplementation of the diet with a properly formulated probiotic may be a useful adjunct to standard treatment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arnout Bruggeman
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jawal Said
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Barry Smith
- Symprove Ltd, Sandy Farm, The Sands, Farnham, Surrey GU10 1PX, UK
| | - Lynne Ann Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Cognition and Neuroscience Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield S10 2BQ, UK
| | - Caroline Jordan
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Cognition and Neuroscience Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield S10 2BQ, UK
| | - Valentina Leta
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Kim R, Lee JY, Park S, Han K, Shin CM. Cholecystectomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:100. [PMID: 34785689 PMCID: PMC8595409 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that the gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and that this role is mediated by the interactions between bile acids (BAs) and intestinal microbiota. Given that cholecystectomy can lead to alterations in BAs and gut microbiota, we investigated whether cholecystectomy is linked to a higher risk of PD. We constructed a cohort of patients with an operation code of cholecystectomy from 2010 to 2015 (n = 161,838) and age- and sex-matched control subjects without cholecystectomy (n = 286,135) using the National Health Insurance Service database. Incident PD was traced over a maximum observation period of 7 years. We identified 1404 incident PD cases during 1,631,265 person-years of follow-up. The cholecystectomy group showed an elevated risk of PD compared to the control group, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.27). When the data were split by sex, the risk elevation was significant in men (adjusted HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.41), but not in women (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88-1.22). Our results provide evidence that cholecystectomy is associated with an increased risk of developing PD. This association differed between men and women, suggesting sex-specific effects of cholecystectomy on the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryul Kim
- grid.411605.70000 0004 0648 0025Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sanghyun Park
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- grid.263765.30000 0004 0533 3568Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
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Shan J, Qu Y, Wang S, Wei Y, Chang L, Ma L, Hashimoto K. Regulation of neurotoxicity in the striatum and colon of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice by gut microbiome. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:103-110. [PMID: 34560239 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the role of gut-microbiota-brain axis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to examine whether repeated administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) can influence the neurotoxicity in the striatum and colon, and the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces of adult mice. MPTP caused the reduction of dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum, and increases in phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-α-Syn) in the striatum and colon. There was a negative correlation between the expression of TH in the striatum and the expression of p-α-Syn in the colon, suggesting a role of gut-brain communication. MPTP caused abnormalities in the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota in the mice. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the genus Faecalicatena in the MPTP-treated group was significantly lower than that of control group. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between the genus Faecalicatena and the expression of TH in the striatum. Moreover, MPTP did not alter the levels of SCFAs in feces samples. However, there was a positive correlation between the relative abundance of the genus Faecalicatena and propionic acid. The data suggest that MPTP-induced increases in colonic p-α-Syn expression might be associated with dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum via gut-microbiota-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Shan
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Siming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yan Wei
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Li Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Parkinson's disease and the gut: Models of an emerging relationship. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:325-344. [PMID: 33857691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of fine motor function that impacts 1-2 out of 1,000 people. PD occurs predominately late in life and lacks a definitive biomarker for early detection. Recent cross-disciplinary progress has implicated the gut as a potential origin of PD pathogenesis. The gut-origin hypothesis has motivated research on gut PD pathology and transmission to the brain, especially during the prodromal stage (10-20 years before motor symptom onset). Early findings have revealed several possible triggers for Lewy pathology - the pathological hallmark of PD - in the gut, suggesting that microbiome and epithelial interactions may play a greater than appreciated role. But the mechanisms driving Lewy pathology and gut-brain transmission in PD remain unknown. Development of artificial α-Synuclein aggregates (α-Syn preformed fibrils) and animal disease models have recapitulated features of PD progression, enabling for the first time, controlled investigation of the gut-origin hypothesis. However, the role of specific cells in PD transmission, such as neurons, remains limited and requires in vitro models for controlled evaluation and perturbation. Human cell populations, three-dimensional organoids, and microfluidics as discovery platforms inch us closer to improving existing treatment for patients by providing platforms for discovery and screening. This review includes a discussion of PD pathology, conventional treatments, in vivo and in vitro models, and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Parkinson's Disease remains a common neurodegenerative disease with palliative versus causal treatments. Recently, the gut-origin hypothesis, where Parkinson's disease is thought to originate and spread from the gut to the brain, has gained traction as a field of investigation. However, despite the wealth of studies and innovative approaches to accelerate the field, there remains a need for in vitro tools to enable fundamental biological understanding of disease progression, and compound screening and efficacy. In this review, we present a historical perspective of Parkinson's Disease pathogenesis, detection, and conventional therapy, animal and human models investigating the gut-origin hypothesis, in vitro models to enable controlled discovery, and future outlooks for this blossoming field.
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Van Den Berge N, Ferreira N, Mikkelsen TW, Alstrup AKO, Tamgüney G, Karlsson P, Terkelsen AJ, Nyengaard JR, Jensen PH, Borghammer P. Ageing promotes pathological alpha-synuclein propagation and autonomic dysfunction in wild-type rats. Brain 2021; 144:1853-1868. [PMID: 33880502 PMCID: PMC8320301 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aggregates of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein are found in the brain and periphery of patients with Parkinson's disease. Braak and colleagues have hypothesized that the initial formation of misfolded alpha-synuclein may start in the gut, and then spread to the brain via peripheral autonomic nerves hereby affecting several organs, including the heart and intestine. Age is considered the greatest risk factor for Parkinson's disease, but the effect of age on the formation of pathology and its propagation has not been studied in detail. We aimed to investigate whether propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain is more efficient in old versus young wild-type rats, upon gastrointestinal injection of aggregated alpha-synuclein. Our results demonstrate a robust age-dependent gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut spread of alpha-synuclein pathology along the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, resulting in age-dependent dysfunction of the heart and stomach, as observed in patients with Parkinson's disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein pathology is more densely packed and resistant to enzymatic digestion in old rats, indicating an age-dependent maturation of alpha-synuclein aggregates. Our study is the first to provide a detailed investigation of alpha-synuclein pathology in several organs within one animal model, including the brain, skin, heart, intestine, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia. Taken together, our findings suggest that age is a crucial factor for alpha-synuclein aggregation and complete propagation to heart, stomach and skin, similar to patients. Given that age is the greatest risk factor for human Parkinson's disease, it seems likely that older experimental animals will yield the most relevant and reliable findings. These results have important implications for future research to optimize diagnostics and therapeutics in Parkinson's disease and other age-associated synucleinopathies. Increased emphasis should be placed on using aged animals in preclinical studies and to elucidate the nature of age-dependent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gültekin Tamgüney
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Páll Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Astrid Juhl Terkelsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080732. [PMID: 34440476 PMCID: PMC8400095 DOI: 10.3390/life11080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. The second part of the study provides evidence on how these very same neurons are altered during Parkinson’s disease. In fact, although being defined as a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease features a number of degenerative alterations, which often anticipate motor symptoms. Among these, the GI tract is often involved, and for this reason, it is important to assess its normal and pathological structure. A deeper knowledge of the ENS is expected to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in various disease states through inflammatory, immune and endocrinologic response. Parkinson's Disease is of particular interest as gastrointestinal involvement is one of the earlier features seen in this disease. This paper examines the relationship between gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease, which has a growing body of literature. Inflammation caused by gut dysbiosis is thought to increase a-synuclein aggregation and worsen motor and neurologic symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We discuss potential treatment and supplementation to modify the microbiota. Some of these treatments require further research before recommendations can be made, such as cord blood transplant, antibiotic use, immunomodulation and fecal microbiota transplant. Other interventions, such as increasing dietary fiber, polyphenol and fermented food intake, can be made with few risks and may have some benefit for symptom relief and speed of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gallop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - James Weagley
- Division of Biological Sciences, 7548Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saif-Ur-Rahman Paracha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - George Grossberg
- Samuel W. Fordyce Professor and Director of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Bhat A, Srinivasan A, Pellegrino C, Kannan A, Bolla SR, Chidambaram SB, Sakharkar MK. "Janus-Faced" α-Synuclein: Role in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673395. [PMID: 34124057 PMCID: PMC8194081 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a pathological condition characterized by the aggregation and the resultant presence of intraneuronal inclusions termed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites which are mainly composed of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn) protein. Pathogenic aggregation of α-syn is identified as the major cause of LBs deposition. Several mutations in α-syn showing varied aggregation kinetics in comparison to the wild type (WT) α-syn are reported in PD (A30P, E46K, H 50Q, G51D, A53E, and A53T). Also, the cell-to-cell spread of pathological α-syn plays a significant role in PD development. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that the pathology of PD may begin in the gastrointestinal tract and spread via the vagus nerve (VN) to brain proposing the gut-brain axis of α-syn pathology in PD. Despite multiple efforts, the behavior and functions of this protein in normal and pathological states (specifically in PD) is far from understood. Furthermore, the etiological factors responsible for triggering aggregation of this protein remain elusive. This review is an attempt to collate and present latest information on α-syn in relation to its structure, biochemistry and biophysics of aggregation in PD. Current advances in therapeutic efforts toward clearing the pathogenic α-syn via autophagy/lysosomal flux are also reviewed and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Asha Srinivasan
- Division of Nanoscience & Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute of Mediterranean Neurobiology, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Special Interest Group – Brain, Behaviour, and Cognitive Neurosciences Research, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
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Lerner A. The intestinal luminal sources of α-synuclein: a gastroenterologist perspective. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:282-293. [PMID: 33942062 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by nonmotor/motor dysfunction, midbrain dopaminergic neuronal death, and α-synuclein (aSN) deposits. The current hypothesis is that aSN accumulates in the enteric nervous system to reach the brain. However, invertebrate, vertebrate, and nutritional sources of aSN reach the luminal compartment. Submitted to local amyloidogenic forces, the oligomerized proteins' cargo can be sensed and sampled by a specialized mucosal cell to be transmitted to the adjacent enteric nervous system, starting their upward journey to the brain. The present narrative review extends the current mucosal origin of Parkinson's disease, presenting the possibility that the disease starts in the intestinal lumen. If substantiated, eliminating the nutritional sources of aSN (eg, applying a vegetarian diet) might revolutionize the currently used dopaminergic pharmacologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- A. Lerner is with the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Murros KE, Huynh VA, Takala TM, Saris PEJ. Desulfovibrio Bacteria Are Associated With Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:652617. [PMID: 34012926 PMCID: PMC8126658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.652617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent movement disorder known and predominantly affects the elderly. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease wherein α-synuclein, a neuronal protein, aggregates to form toxic structures in nerve cells. The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. Intestinal dysfunction and changes in the gut microbiota, common symptoms of PD, are evidently linked to the pathogenesis of PD. Although a multitude of studies have investigated microbial etiologies of PD, the microbial role in disease progression remains unclear. Here, we show that Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio may play a potential role in the development of PD. Conventional and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of feces from twenty PD patients and twenty healthy controls revealed that all PD patients harbored Desulfovibrio bacteria in their gut microbiota and these bacteria were present at higher levels in PD patients than in healthy controls. Additionally, the concentration of Desulfovibrio species correlated with the severity of PD. Desulfovibrio bacteria produce hydrogen sulfide and lipopolysaccharide, and several strains synthesize magnetite, all of which likely induce the oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein protein. The substances originating from Desulfovibrio bacteria likely take part in pathogenesis of PD. These findings may open new avenues for the treatment of PD and the identification of people at risk for developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari E. Murros
- Neurological Outpatient Clinic of Terveystalo Healthcare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vy A. Huynh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo M. Takala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per E. J. Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Chen SJ, Chi YC, Ho CH, Yang WS, Lin CH. Plasma Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Reflects Risk and Progression of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1129-1139. [PMID: 33720853 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) presents bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides, to cellular surface pattern receptors for immune responses in the gut-brain axis of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE We investigated whether plasma LBP levels were associated with PD severity and progression. METHODS This study included 397 participants (248 PD patients and 149 controls). We measured participants' plasma levels of LBP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, andIL-17A. PD patients underwent motor and cognition evaluations at baseline and at a mean follow-up interval of 4.7±2.3 years. We assessed the progression of motor and cognition symptoms based on changes in the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III motor score and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, respectively. RESULTS Plasma LBP levels were lower in PD patients than controls (9.08±2.91 vs. 10.10±3.00μg/ml, p < 0.01). A multiple logistic regression model with adjustment for age, sex, and plasma cytokine levels revealed that reduced plasma LBP levels were associated with increased PD risk (odds ratio 0.816, [95% CI 0.717-0.929], p = 0.002). Among PD patients, LBP levels were correlated with MDS-UPDRS part III motor score after adjustment for confounders (coefficient = 0.636, p = 0.017), but not with MMSE score. Adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that higher plasma LBP levels associated with faster motor progression (adjusted hazard ratio 1.084 [95% CI 1.011-1.163], p = 0.024) during follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that plasma LBP levels reflect risk, motor symptom severity and progression in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiao Chi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Han Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cho J, Park YJ, Gonzales-Portillo B, Saft M, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Borlongan CV. Gut dysbiosis in stroke and its implications on Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive dysfunction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:505-514. [PMID: 33464726 PMCID: PMC8025625 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurological disorders, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), involve neuroinflammatory responses. The advent of the gut‐brain axis enhances our understanding of neurological disease progression and secondary cell death. Gut microbiomes, especially those associated with inflammation, may reflect the dysbiosis of both the brain and the gut, opening the possibility to utilize inflammatory microbiomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The gut‐brain axis may serve as a contributing factor to disease pathology and offer innovative approaches in cell‐based regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurological diseases. In reviewing the pathogenesis of stroke and AD, we also discuss the effects of gut microbiota on cognitive decline and brain pathology. Although the underlying mechanism of primary cell death from either disease is clearly distinct, both may be linked to gut‐microbial dysfunction as a consequential aberration that is unique to each disease. Targeting peripheral cell death pathways that exacerbate disease symptoms, such as those arising from the gut, coupled with conventional central therapeutic approach, may improve stroke and AD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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