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Cubeddu F, Masala G, Sotgiu G, Mollica A, Versace S, Careddu GM. Cardiorespiratory Effects and Desflurane Requirement in Dogs Undergoing Ovariectomy after Administration Maropitant or Methadone. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2388. [PMID: 37508165 PMCID: PMC10376119 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia for ovariectomy in dogs is based on a balanced anesthesia protocol such as using analgesics along with an inhalant agent. While opioids such as fentanyl and methadone are commonly used for their analgesic potency, other drugs can also have analgesic effects. Maropitant, an antiemetic for dogs and cats, has also been shown to exert analgesic effects, especially on visceral pain. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory effects and analgesic properties of maropitant and methadone combined with desflurane in dogs undergoing ovariectomy. Two groups of 20 healthy mixed-breeds bitches undergoing elective ovariectomy received intravenous either maropitant at antiemetic dose of 1 mg kg-1 or methadone at the dose of 0.3 mg kg-1. Cardiorespiratory variables were collected before premedication, 10 min after sedation and during surgery. Recovery quality and postoperative pain were evaluated 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min postoperatively. Results showed that maropitant produced analgesia and reduced the requirement of desflurane in amounts similar to those determined by methadone (5.39 ± 0.20% and 4.91 ± 0.26%, respectively) without significant difference, while maintaining heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and carbon dioxide end-tidal partial pressure even at a more satisfactory level. Therefore, maropitant may be recommended as an analgesic drug for abdominal surgery not only in healthy dogs but also in those with reduced cardiorespiratory compensatory capacities or at risk of hypotension, especially when combined with a sedative such as dexmedetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Masala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Surgical and Experimental Medical Sciences Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mollica
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sylvia Versace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mario Careddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Onuh G, Adu JK, Bekoe SO, Johnson R, Adosraku RK, Asare-Nkansah S. Bioequivalence studies of cetirizine tablets using the urine excretion data of healthy Ghanaian male volunteers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12665. [PMID: 36691524 PMCID: PMC9860417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the wake of economic challenges, the role of generic medicines has become crucial in meeting the healthcare needs of people. Their use, however, can only be guaranteed if established to be bioequivalent to their corresponding innovator products. Aim In this study, we assess the suitability of a generic brand of cetirizine hydrochloride tablet to be used in place of the innovator brand on the Ghanaian market through bioequivalence assessment. Method An HPLC bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the detection and quantitation of cetirizine in a urine matrix. This was then used to quantify the amount of cetirizine excreted unchanged in urine samples of 12 healthy male volunteers collected over a 24-h period using a two-way crossover design approach. Results Chromatographic separation was successfully achieved with an isocratic elution on a reverse-phase column. The mean retention time for cetirizine was 2.890 ± 0.243 min. The mean cumulative amounts of cetirizine in the reference and test drugs excreted were 5.69 ± 0.98 mg and 5.82 ± 1.96 mg respectively. Other pharmacokinetic parameters including mean relative Areas Under Curve (AUC0-24) of 13.32 and 13.05 μg/mL, and peak Concentration (Cmax) of 3.378 and 3.043 μg/mL at the times at which Cmax was observed (Tmax) being 7.25 and 7.42 min were established respectively for the reference and test drugs. The relative bioavailability was determined to be 102.28, making the locally manufactured brand bioequivalent to the innovator brand. Conclusion The locally manufactured test Cetirizine drug was found to be bioequivalent with the innovator brand and could serve as a suitable alternative to the latter. Additionally, relevant pharmacokinetic parameters for cetirizine has been established using urinary excretion data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Onuh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Corresponding author.
| | - Joseph K. Adu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel O. Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Raphael Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Reimmel K. Adosraku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Corresponding author.
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Saporin as a Commercial Reagent: Its Uses and Unexpected Impacts in the Biological Sciences—Tools from the Plant Kingdom. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030184. [PMID: 35324681 PMCID: PMC8952126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein that can cause inhibition of protein synthesis and causes cell death when delivered inside a cell. Development of commercial Saporin results in a technology termed ‘molecular surgery’, with Saporin as the scalpel. Its low toxicity (it has no efficient method of cell entry) and sturdy structure make Saporin a safe and simple molecule for many purposes. The most popular applications use experimental molecules that deliver Saporin via an add-on targeting molecule. These add-ons come in several forms: peptides, protein ligands, antibodies, even DNA fragments that mimic cell-binding ligands. Cells that do not express the targeted cell surface marker will not be affected. This review will highlight some newer efforts and discuss significant and unexpected impacts on science that molecular surgery has yielded over the last almost four decades. There are remarkable changes in fields such as the Neurosciences with models for Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy, and game-changing effects in the study of pain and itch. Many other uses are also discussed to record the wide-reaching impact of Saporin in research and drug development.
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Fonteyne P, Chaabane L, Rama P, Ferrari G. A Hypothalamic-Controlled Neural Reflex Promotes Corneal Inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:21. [PMID: 34698773 PMCID: PMC8556564 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test whether an acute corneal injury activates a proinflammatory reflex, involving corneal sensory nerves expressing substance P (SP), the hypothalamus, and the sympathetic nervous system. Methods C57BL6/N (wild-type [WT]) and SP-depleted B6.Cg-Tac1tm1Bbm/J (TAC1-KO) mice underwent bilateral corneal alkali burn. One group of WT mice received oxybuprocaine before alkali burn. One hour later, hypothalamic neuronal activity was assessed in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo by cFOS staining. Some animals were followed up for 14 days to evaluate corneal transparency and inflammation. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression was assessed in brain sections. Sympathetic neuron activation was evaluated in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). CD45+ leukocytes were quantified in whole-mounted corneas. Noradrenaline (NA) was evaluated in the cornea and bone marrow. Results Alkali burn acutely induced neuronal activation in the trigeminal ganglion, paraventricular hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamic area (PVH and LHA), which was significantly lower in TAC1-KO mice (P < 0.05). Oxybuprocaine application similarly reduced neuronal activation (P < 0.05). TAC1-KO mice showed a reduced number of cFOS+/NK1R+/TH+ presympathetic neurons (P < 0.05) paralleled by higher nNOS expression (P < 0.05) in both PVH and LHA. A decrease in activated sympathetic neurons in the SCG and NA levels in both cornea/bone marrow and reduced corneal leukocyte infiltration (P < 0.05) in TAC1-KO mice were found. Finally, 14 days after injury, TAC1-KO mice showed reduced corneal opacity and inflammation (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that stimulation of corneal sensory nerves containing SP activates presympathetic neurons located in the PVH and LHA, leading to sympathetic activation, peripheral release of NA, and corneal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Fonteyne
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Chi TT, Hay Kraus BL. The effect of intravenous maropitant on blood pressure in healthy awake and anesthetized dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229736. [PMID: 32108177 PMCID: PMC7046230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of intravenous maropitant on arterial blood pressure in healthy dogs while awake and under general anesthesia. DESIGN Experimental crossover study. ANIMALS Eight healthy adult Beagle dogs. PROCEDURE All dogs received maropitant (1 mg kg-1) intravenously under the following conditions: 1) awake with non-invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwNIBP), 2) awake with invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwIBP), 3) premedication with acepromazine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaAB), and 4) premedication with dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaDB). Heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean blood pressures (MAP) were recorded before injection of maropitant (baseline), during the first 60 seconds of injection, during the second 60 seconds of injection, at the completion of injection and every 2 minutes post injection for 18 minutes. The data were compared over time using a Generalized Linear Model with mixed effects and then with simple effect comparison with Bonferroni adjustments (p <0.05). RESULTS There were significant decreases from baseline in SAP in the GaAB group (p < 0.01) and in MAP and DAP in the AwIBP and GaAB (p < 0.001) groups during injection. A significant decrease in SAP (p < 0.05), DAP (p < 0.05), and MAP (p < 0.05) occurred at 16 minutes post injection in GaDB group. There was also a significant increase in HR in the AwIBP group (p < 0.01) during injection. Clinically significant hypotension occurred in the GaAB group with a mean MAP at 54 ± 6 mmHg during injection. CONCLUSION Intravenous maropitant administration significantly decreases arterial blood pressure during inhalant anesthesia. Patients premedicated with acepromazine prior to isoflurane anesthesia may develop clinically significant hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bonnie L. Hay Kraus
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Uchida S, Kagitani F. Neural Mechanisms Involved in the Noxious Physical Stress-Induced Inhibition of Ovarian Estradiol Secretion. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:904-911. [PMID: 30730610 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known to change the secretion of ovarian steroid hormones via the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Noxious physical stress can cause reflex responses in visceral function via autonomic nerves. This article reviews our recent animal studies on neural mechanisms involved in ovarian estradiol secretion induced by noxious physical stress stimulation. In anesthetized rats, noxious physical stress (pinching the hindpaw or electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve) decreased ovarian estradiol secretion. These noxious stress-induced ovarian hormonal responses were observed after decerebration but were abolished after spinal transection. Electrical stimulation of the ovarian sympathetic nerves (superior ovarian nerves: SON) decreased ovarian estradiol secretion. The reduced secretion of ovarian estradiol induced by hindpaw pinching was abolished by bilateral severance of the SON. Efferent activity of the SON was increased following hindpaw pinching. Thus, the inhibition of ovarian estradiol secretion during noxious physical stress was mainly integrated in the brainstem, and this inhibitory response was due to reflex activation of sympathetic nerves to the ovary. In rats, the sympathetic inhibitory regulation of ovarian estradiol secretion was pronounced when the HPO axis was inhibited by chronic estradiol treatment. Considering the female life cycle, extensive physical stress may inhibit ovarian function, especially before puberty and during old ages when the HPO axis is inactive. Anat Rec, 302:904-911, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Culman J, Mühlenhoff S, Blume A, Hedderich J, Lützen U, Hunt SP, Rupniak NMJ, Zhao Y. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Serotonin Metabolism in Individual Brain Nuclei of Mice with Genetic Disruption of the NK1 Receptor Exposed to Acute Stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1271-1281. [PMID: 29948553 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the substance P (SP) neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor (NK1R-/-mice) were used to investigate whether SP affects serotonin (5-HT) function in the brain and to assess the effects of acute immobilisation stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and 5-HT turnover in individual brain nuclei. Basal HPA activity and the expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in wild-type (WT)- and NK1R-/- mice were identical. Stress-induced increases in plasma ACTH concentration were considerably higher in NK1R-/- mice than in WT mice while corticosterone concentrations were equally elevated in both mouse lines. Acute stress did not alter the expression of CRH. In the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), basal 5-HT turnover was increased in NK1R-/- mice and a 15 min stress further magnified 5-HT utilisation in this region. In the frontoparietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, central nucleus of amygdala, and the hippocampal CA1 region, stress increased 5-HT and/or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations to a similar extent in WT and NK1R-/- mice. 5-HT turnover in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus was not affected by stress, but stress induced similar increases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei in WT and NK1R-/- mice. Our findings indicate that NK1 receptor activation suppresses ACTH release during acute stress but does not exert sustained inhibition of the HPA axis. Genetic deletion of the NK1 receptor accelerates 5-HT turnover in DRN under basal and stress conditions. No differences between the responses of serotonergic system to acute stress in WT and NK1R-/- mice occur in forebrain nuclei linked to the regulation of anxiety and neuroendocrine stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Culman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stephan Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hedderich
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Lützen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen P Hunt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Antagonism of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor Improves Survival in a Mouse Model of Sepsis by Decreasing Inflammation and Increasing Early Cardiovascular Function. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e213-e221. [PMID: 27632670 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis remains a serious clinical problem despite intensive research efforts and numerous attempts to improve outcome by modifying the inflammatory response. Substance P, the principal ligand for the neurokinin-1 receptor, is a potent proinflammatory mediator that exacerbates inflammatory responses and cardiovascular variables in sepsis. DESIGN The current study examined whether inhibition of the neurokinin-1 receptor with a specific antagonist (CJ-12,255) would improve survival in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis in adult female outbred mice. SETTING University basic science research laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neurokinin-1 receptor treatment at the initiation of sepsis improved survival in cecal ligation and puncture sepsis (neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist survival = 79% vs vehicle = 54%). Delaying therapy for as little as 8 hours postcecal ligation and puncture failed to provide a survival benefit. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist treatment did not prevent the sepsis-induced decrease in circulating WBCs, augment the early (6 hr postcecal ligation and puncture) recruitment of inflammatory cells to the peritoneum, or improve phagocytic cell killing of pathogens. However, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced both circulating and peritoneal cytokine concentrations. In addition, the cardiovascular variable, pulse distension (a surrogate for stroke volume) was improved in the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist group during the first 6 hours of sepsis, and there was a significant reduction in loss of fluid into the intestine. CONCLUSION These data show that early activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor by substance P decreases sepsis survival through multiple mechanisms including depressing stroke volume, increasing fluid loss into the intestine, and increasing inflammatory cytokine production.
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Mistrova E, Kruzliak P, Chottova Dvorakova M. Role of substance P in the cardiovascular system. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:41-51. [PMID: 26706184 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the structure and function of substance P signalling system and its involvement in the cardiovascular regulation. Substance P is an undecapeptide originating from TAC1 gen and belonging to the tachykinin family. The biological actions of substance P are mainly mediated through neurokinin receptor 1 since substance P is the ligand with the highest affinity to neurokinin receptor 1. Substance P is widely distributed within the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in the cardiovascular system. Substance P is involved in the regulation of heart frequency, blood pressure and in the stretching of vessels. Substance P plays an important role in ischemia and reperfusion and cardiovascular response to stress. Additionally, it has been also implicated in angiogenesis, pain transmission and inflammation. The substance P/neurokinin receptor 1 receptor system is involved in the molecular bases of many human pathological processes. Antagonists of neurokinin receptor 1 receptor could provide clinical solutions for a variety of diseases. Neurokinin receptor 1 antagonists are already used in the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Mistrova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Dzenda T, Ayo JO, Sinkalu VO, Yaqub LS. Diurnal, seasonal, and sex patterns of heart rate in grip-restrained African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12581. [PMID: 26471756 PMCID: PMC4632951 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine heart rate (HR) values, including diurnal, seasonal, and sex patterns, in the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). HR was measured using stethoscope in grip-restrained African giant rats of either sex (103 bucks and 98 does), live-trapped from a tropical Savannah, and caged individually in the laboratory during the harmattan (cold-dry), hot-dry, and rainy seasons over a 3-year period. The HR fluctuated between 90 and 210 beats per minute (bpm) throughout the study period. Diurnal changes in HR (mean ± SEM) during the hot-dry and rainy seasons were nonsignificant (P > 0.05), but the morning and afternoon values differed (P < 0.01) during the cold-dry season. The HR varied (P < 0.05) among seasons, with peak, nadir, and moderate values recorded during the cold-dry (165.8 ± 0.51 bpm), hot-dry (153.1 ± 0.74 bpm), and rainy (163.4 ± 0.70 bpm) seasons, respectively. Mean HR of bucks was lower than that of does during the cold-dry (P < 0.0001) and hot-dry (P < 0.01) seasons, but sex difference during the rainy season was insignificant (P > 0.05). Overall, mean HR was lower (P < 0.0001) in bucks (158.8 ± 0.53 bpm) than in does (164.8 ± 0.53 bpm). In conclusion, values of HR in African giant rats are shown for the first time. Season, sex, and daytime influenced the HR, and should be considered during clinical evaluations of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavershima Dzenda
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Victor O Sinkalu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Lukuman S Yaqub
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Feetham CH, Nunn N, Barrett-Jolley R. The depressor response to intracerebroventricular hypotonic saline is sensitive to TRPV4 antagonist RN1734. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:83. [PMID: 25954200 PMCID: PMC4407506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that the periventricular region of the brain, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is critical to sensing and responding to changes in plasma osmolality. Further studies also implicate the transient receptor potential ion channel, type V4 (TRPV4) channel in this homeostatic behavior. In previous work we have shown that TRPV4 ion channels couple to calcium-activated potassium channels in the PVN to decrease action potential firing frequency in response to hypotonicity. In the present study we investigated whether, similarly, intracerebroventricular (ICV) application of hypotonic solutions modulated cardiovascular parameters, and if so whether this was sensitive to a TRPV4 channel inhibitor. We found that ICV injection of 270 mOsmol artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) decreased mean blood pressure, but not heart rate, compared to naïve mice or mice injected with 300 mOsmol ACSF. This effect was abolished by treatment with the TRPV4 inhibitor RN1734. These data suggest that periventricular targets within the brain are capable of generating depressor action in response to TRPV4 ion channel activation. Potentially, in the future, the TRPV4 channel, or the TRPV4–KCa coupling mechanism, may serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Feetham
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicolas Nunn
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
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Feetham CH, Nunn N, Lewis R, Dart C, Barrett-Jolley R. TRPV4 and K(Ca) ion channels functionally couple as osmosensors in the paraventricular nucleus. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1753-68. [PMID: 25421636 PMCID: PMC4376454 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) and calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa ) mediate osmosensing in many tissues. Both TRPV4 and KCa channels are found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, an area critical for sympathetic control of cardiovascular and renal function. Here, we have investigated whether TRPV4 channels functionally couple to KCa channels to mediate osmosensing in PVN parvocellular neurones and have characterized, pharmacologically, the subtype of KCa channel involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated osmosensing roles for TRPV4 and KCa channels in parvocellular PVN neurones using cell-attached and whole-cell electrophysiology in mouse brain slices and rat isolated PVN neurons. Intracellular Ca(2+) was recorded using Fura-2AM. The system was modelled in the NEURON simulation environment. KEY RESULTS Hypotonic saline reduced action current frequency in hypothalamic slices; a response mimicked by TRPV4 channel agonists 4αPDD (1 μM) and GSK1016790A (100 nM), and blocked by inhibitors of either TRPV4 channels (RN1734 (5 μM) and HC067047 (300 nM) or the low-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel (UCL-1684 30 nM); iberiotoxin and TRAM-34 had no effect. Our model was compatible with coupling between TRPV4 and KCa channels, predicting the presence of positive and negative feedback loops. These predictions were verified using isolated PVN neurons. Both hypotonic challenge and 4αPDD increased intracellular Ca(2+) and UCL-1684 reduced the action of hypotonic challenge. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was functional coupling between TRPV4 and SK channels in parvocellular neurones. This mechanism contributes to osmosensing in the PVN and may provide a novel pharmacological target for the cardiovascular or renal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Feetham
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - N Nunn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R Lewis
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - C Dart
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - R Barrett-Jolley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, L69 3GA, UK
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