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Salnikov OG, Chukanov NV, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kovtunov KV, Shchepin RV, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Heterogeneous 1 H and 13 C Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Acetate and Pyruvate Esters. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1389-1396. [PMID: 33929077 PMCID: PMC8249325 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging of [1-13 C]hyperpolarized carboxylates (most notably, [1-13 C]pyruvate) allows one to visualize abnormal metabolism in tumors and other pathologies. Herein, we investigate the efficiency of 1 H and 13 C hyperpolarization of acetate and pyruvate esters with ethyl, propyl and allyl alcoholic moieties using heterogeneous hydrogenation of corresponding vinyl, allyl and propargyl precursors in isotopically unlabeled and 1-13 C-enriched forms with parahydrogen over Rh/TiO2 catalysts in methanol-d4 and in D2 O. The maximum obtained 1 H polarization was 0.6±0.2 % (for propyl acetate in CD3 OD), while the highest 13 C polarization was 0.10±0.03 % (for ethyl acetate in CD3 OD). Hyperpolarization of acetate esters surpassed that of pyruvates, while esters with a triple carbon-carbon bond in unsaturated alcoholic moiety were less efficient as parahydrogen-induced polarization precursors than esters with a double bond. Among the compounds studied, the maximum 1 H and 13 C NMR signal intensities were observed for propyl acetate. Ethyl acetate yielded slightly less intense NMR signals which were dramatically greater than those of other esters under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V Chukanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Larisa M Kovtunova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman V Shchepin
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 57701, Rapid City, South Dakota, United States
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 48202, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH. Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance With Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: Principles and Applications. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Yoshihara HAI, Bastiaansen JAM, Karlsson M, Lerche MH, Comment A, Schwitter J. Detection of myocardial medium-chain fatty acid oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity with hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]octanoate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4243. [PMID: 31904900 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the heart mainly relies on fatty acid oxidation to meet its energy needs. Changes in myocardial fuel preference are noted in the diseased and failing heart. The magnetic resonance signal enhancement provided by spin hyperpolarization allows the metabolism of substrates labeled with carbon-13 to be followed in real time in vivo. Although the low water solubility of long-chain fatty acids abrogates their hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, medium-chain fatty acids have sufficient solubility to be efficiently polarized and dissolved. In this study, we investigated the applicability of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate to measure myocardial medium-chain fatty acid metabolism in vivo. Scanning rats infused with a bolus of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate, the primary metabolite observed in the heart was identified as [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine. Additionally, [5-13 C]glutamate and [5-13 C]citrate could be respectively resolved in seven and five of 31 experiments, demonstrating the incorporation of oxidation products of octanoate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A variable drop in blood pressure was observed immediately following the bolus injection, and this drop correlated with a decrease in normalized acetylcarnitine signal (acetylcarnitine/octanoate). Increasing the delay before infusion moderated the decrease in blood pressure, which was attributed to the presence of residual gas bubbles in the octanoate solution. No significant difference in normalized acetylcarnitine signal was apparent between fed and 12-hour fasted rats. Compared with a solution in buffer, the longitudinal relaxation of [1-13 C]octanoate was accelerated ~3-fold in blood and by the addition of serum albumin. These results demonstrate the potential of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate to probe myocardial medium-chain fatty acid metabolism as well as some of the limitations that may accompany its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari A I Yoshihara
- Division of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica A M Bastiaansen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Albeda Research ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde H Lerche
- Albeda Research ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- General Electric Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Division of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Cardiac MR Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pedersen M, Ursprung S, Jensen JD, Jespersen B, Gallagher F, Laustsen C. Hyperpolarised 13C-MRI metabolic and functional imaging: an emerging renal MR diagnostic modality. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 33:23-32. [PMID: 31782036 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established modality for assessing renal morphology and function, as well as changes that occur during disease. However, the significant metabolic changes associated with renal disease are more challenging to assess with MRI. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI is an emerging technique which provides an opportunity to probe metabolic alterations at high sensitivity by providing an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of 20,000-fold or more. This review will highlight the current status of hyperpolarised 13C-MRI and its translation into the clinic and how it compares to metabolic measurements provided by competing technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Ursprung
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jens Dam Jensen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ferdia Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Mariager CO, Lindhardt J, Nielsen PM, Schulte RF, Ringgaard S, Laustsen C. Fractional Perfusion: A Simple Semi-Parametric Measure for Hyperpolarized 13C MR. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2905724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Steinhauser J, Wespi P, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. Production of highly polarized [1- 13 C]acetate by rapid decarboxylation of [2- 13 C]pyruvate - application to hyperpolarized cardiac spectroscopy and imaging. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:1140-1149. [PMID: 31045272 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present work was to develop and implement an efficient approach to hyperpolarize [1-13 C]acetate and apply it to in vivo cardiac spectroscopy and imaging. METHODS Rapid hydrogen peroxide induced decarboxylation was used to convert hyperpolarized [2-13 C]pyruvate into highly polarized [1-13 C]acetate employing an additional step following rapid dissolution of [2-13 C]pyruvate in a home-built multi-sample dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization system. Phantom dissolution experiments were conducted to determine optimal parameters of the decarboxylation reaction, retaining polarization and T1 of [1-13 C]acetate. In vivo feasibility of detecting [1-13 C]acetate metabolism is demonstrated using slice-selective spectroscopy and multi-echo imaging of [1-13 C]acetate and [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine in the healthy rat heart. RESULTS The first in vivo signal was observed ~23 s after dissolution. At the corresponding time point in the phantom experiments, 97.9 ± 0.4% of [2-13 C]pyruvate were converted into [1-13 C]acetate by the decarboxylation reaction. T1 and polarization of [1-13 C]acetate was determined to be 29.7 ± 1.9% and a 47.7 ± 0.5 s. Polarization levels of [2-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]acetate were not significantly different after transfer to the scanner. In vivo, [1-13 C]acetate and [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine could be detected using spectroscopy and imaging. CONCLUSION Decarboxylation of hyperpolarized [2-13 C]pyruvate enables the efficient production of highly polarized [1-13 C]acetate that is applicable to study short-chain fatty acid metabolism in the in vivo heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Stewart NJ, Kumeta H, Tomohiro M, Hashimoto T, Hatae N, Matsumoto S. Long-range heteronuclear J-coupling constants in esters: Implications for 13C metabolic MRI by side-arm parahydrogen-induced polarization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 296:85-92. [PMID: 30223155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Side-arm parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP-SAH) presents a cost-effective method for hyperpolarization of 13C metabolites (e.g. acetate, pyruvate) for metabolic MRI. The timing and efficiency of typical spin order transfer methods including magnetic field cycling and tailored RF pulse sequences crucially depends on the heteronuclear J coupling network between nascent parahydrogen protons and 13C, post-parahydrogenation of the target compound. In this work, heteronuclear nJHC (1 < n ≤ 5) couplings of acetate and pyruvate esters pertinent for PHIP-SAH were investigated experimentally using selective HSQMBC-based pulse sequences and numerically using DFT simulations. The CLIP-HSQMBC technique was used to quantify 2/3-bond JHC couplings, and 4/5-bond JHC ≲ 0.5 Hz were estimated by the sel-HSQMBC-TOCSY approach. Experimental and numerical (DFT-simulated) nJHC couplings were strongly correlated (P < 0.001). Implications for 13C hyperpolarization by magnetic field cycling, and PH-INEPT and ESOTHERIC type spin order transfer methods for PHIP-SAH were assessed, and the influence of direct nascent parahydrogen proton to 13C coupling when compared with indirect homonuclear TOCSY-type transfer through intermediate (non-nascent parahydrogen) protons was studied by the density matrix approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Stewart
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumeta
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsushi Tomohiro
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hatae
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; JST, PREST, Saitama, Japan.
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8
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Mikkelsen EFR, Mariager CØ, Nørlinger T, Qi H, Schulte RF, Jakobsen S, Frøkiær J, Pedersen M, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Laustsen C. Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]-acetate Renal Metabolic Clearance Rate Mapping. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16002. [PMID: 29167446 PMCID: PMC5700138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
11C-acetate is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer of oxidative metabolism, whereas hyperpolarized 13C-acetate can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for investigating specific metabolic processes. The aims of this study were to examine if the kinetic formalism of 11C-acetate PET in the kidneys is comparable to that of 13C-acetate MRI, and to compare the dynamic metabolic information of hyperpolarized 13C-acetate MRI with that obtained with 11C-acetate PET. Rats were examined with dynamic hyperpolarized 13C-acetate MRI or 11C-acetate PET before and after intravenous injection of furosemide, a loop diuretic known to alter both the hemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the kidney. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) were estimated and compared between the two modalities experimentally in vivo and in simulations. There was a clear dependency on the mean transit time and MCR for both 13C-acetate and 11C-acetate following furosemide administration, while no dependencies on the apparent renal perfusion were observed. This study demonstrated that hyperpolarized 13C-acetate MRI is feasible for measurements of the intrarenal energetic demand via the MCR, and that the quantitative measures are correlated with those measured by 11C-acetate PET, even though the temporal window is more than 30 times longer with 11C-acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeli F R Mikkelsen
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Nørlinger
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Haiyun Qi
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rolf F Schulte
- GE healthcare, Freisinger Landstraße 50, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Pedersen
- Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Salzillo TC, Hu J, Nguyen L, Whiting N, Lee J, Weygand J, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Millward NZ, Gammon ST, Lang FF, Heimberger AB, Bhattacharya PK. Interrogating Metabolism in Brain Cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2017; 24:687-703. [PMID: 27742110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews existing and emerging techniques of interrogating metabolism in brain cancer from well-established proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the promising hyperpolarized metabolic imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer and emerging techniques of imaging inflammation. Some of these techniques are at an early stage of development and clinical trials are in progress in patients to establish the clinical efficacy. It is likely that in vivo metabolomics and metabolic imaging is the next frontier in brain cancer diagnosis and assessing therapeutic efficacy; with the combined knowledge of genomics and proteomics a complete understanding of tumorigenesis in brain might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jingzhe Hu
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Weygand
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Niki Zacharias Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seth T Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Niedbalski P, Parish C, Kiswandhi A, Kovacs Z, Lumata L. Influence of 13C Isotopic Labeling Location on Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Acetate. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3227-3233. [PMID: 28422500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) via the dissolution method has alleviated the insensitivity problem in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy by amplifying the signals by several thousand-fold. This NMR signal amplification process emanates from the microwave-mediated transfer of high electron spin alignment to the nuclear spins at high magnetic field and cryogenic temperature. Since the interplay between the electrons and nuclei is crucial, the chemical composition of a DNP sample such as the type of free radical used, glassing solvents, or the nature of the target nuclei can significantly affect the NMR signal enhancement levels that can be attained with DNP. Herein, we have investigated the influence of 13C isotopic labeling location on the DNP of a model 13C compound, sodium acetate, at 3.35 T and 1.4 K using the narrow electron spin resonance (ESR) line width free radical trityl OX063. Our results show that the carboxyl 13C spins yielded about twice the polarization produced in methyl 13C spins. Deuteration of the methyl 13C group, while proven beneficial in the liquid-state, did not produce an improvement in the 13C polarization level at cryogenic conditions. In fact, a slight reduction of the solid-state 13C polarization was observed when 2H spins are present in the methyl group. Furthermore, our data reveal that there is a close correlation between the solid-state 13C T1 relaxation times of these samples and the relative 13C polarization levels. The overall results suggest the achievable solid-state polarization of 13C acetate is directly affected by the location of the 13C isotopic labeling via the possible interplay of nuclear relaxation leakage factor and cross-talks between nuclear Zeeman reservoirs in DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
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11
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Nielsen PM, Laustsen C, Bertelsen LB, Qi H, Mikkelsen E, Kristensen MLV, Nørregaard R, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. In situ lactate dehydrogenase activity: a novel renal cortical imaging biomarker of tubular injury? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F465-F473. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00561.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is the state of which a tissue experiences injury after a phase of restrictive blood supply and recirculation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R-I) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in several disease states, including kidney transplantation, sepsis, and hypovolemic shock. The most common methods to evaluate AKI are creatinine clearance, plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, or renal histology. However, currently, there are no precise methods to directly assess renal injury state noninvasively. Hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate MRI enables noninvasive accurate quantification of the in vivo conversion of pyruvate to lactate, alanine, and bicarbonate. In the present study, we investigated the in situ alterations of metabolic conversion of pyruvate to lactate, alanine, and bicarbonate in a unilateral I/R-I rat model with 30 min and 60 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The pyruvate conversion was unaltered compared with sham in the 30 min I/R-I group, while a significant reduced metabolic conversion was found in the postischemic kidney after 60 min of ischemia. This indicates that after 30 min of ischemia, the kidney maintains normal metabolic function in spite of decreased kidney function, whereas the postischemic kidney after 60 min of ischemia show a generally reduced metabolic enzyme activity concomitant with a reduced kidney function. We have confidence that these findings can have a high prognostic value in prediction of kidney injury and the outcome of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Mose Nielsen
- MRI Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; and
| | | | | | - Haiyun Qi
- MRI Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; and
| | - Emmeli Mikkelsen
- MRI Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; and
| | | | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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12
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Fumarase activity: an in vivo and in vitro biomarker for acute kidney injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40812. [PMID: 28094329 PMCID: PMC5240145 DOI: 10.1038/srep40812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and at present, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers that can diagnose AKI and measure early progression because the commonly used methods cannot evaluate single-kidney IRI. Hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate conversion to [1,4-13C2]malate by fumarase has been proposed as a measure of necrosis in rat tumor models and in chemically induced AKI rats. Here we show that the degradation of cell membranes in connection with necrosis leads to elevated fumarase activity in plasma and urine and secondly that hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]malate production 24 h after reperfusion correlates with renal necrosis in a 40-min unilateral ischemic rat model. Fumarase activity screening on bio-fluids can detect injury severity, in bilateral as well as unilateral AKI models, differentiating moderate and severe AKI as well as short- and long-term AKI. Furthermore after verification of renal injury by bio-fluid analysis the precise injury location can be monitored by in vivo measurements of the fumarase activity non-invasively by hyperpolarized [1,4-13C]fumarate MR imaging. The combined in vitro and in vivo biomarker of AKI responds to the essential requirements for a new reliable biomarker of AKI.
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Kubala E, Muñoz-Álvarez KA, Topping G, Hundshammer C, Feuerecker B, Gómez PA, Pariani G, Schilling F, Glaser SJ, Schulte RF, Menzel MI, Schwaiger M. Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging. J Vis Exp 2016:54751. [PMID: 28060330 PMCID: PMC5226623 DOI: 10.3791/54751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, new methods for tumor staging, restaging, treatment response monitoring, and recurrence detection of a variety of cancers have emerged in conjunction with the state-of-the-art positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG PET). 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (13CMRSI) is a minimally invasive imaging method that enables the monitoring of metabolism in vivo and in real time. As with any other method based on 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it faces the challenge of low thermal polarization and a subsequent low signal-to-noise ratio due to the relatively low gyromagnetic ratio of 13C and its low natural abundance in biological samples. By overcoming these limitations, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with subsequent sample dissolution has recently enabled commonly used NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to measure, study, and image key metabolic pathways in various biological systems. A particularly interesting and promising molecule used in 13CMRSI is [1-13C]pyruvate, which, in the last ten years, has been widely used for in vitro, preclinical, and, more recently, clinical studies to investigate the cellular energy metabolism in cancer and other diseases. In this article, we outline the technique of dissolution DNP using a 3.35 T preclinical DNP hyperpolarizer and demonstrate its usage in in vitro studies. A similar protocol for hyperpolarization may be applied for the most part in in vivo studies as well. To do so, we used lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalyzed the metabolic reaction of [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate in a prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3, in vitro using 13CMRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Kubala
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München; GE Global Research;
| | - Kim A Muñoz-Álvarez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Geoffrey Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Pedro A Gómez
- GE Global Research; Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik der Technischen Universität München (IMETUM), Technische Universität München
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München; IDG Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | | | | | | | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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14
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Koellisch U, Gringeri CV, Schulte RF, Haase A. Hyperpolarized 13 C-Acetate-to-acetylcarnitine imaging: Correction of acetate transport into mitochondria. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:12. [PMID: 28026116 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Koellisch
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Concetta V Gringeri
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Axel Haase
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Munich, Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zammit
- Translational Medicine; Warwick Medical School; University of Warwick; Coventry UK
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