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Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a unique serine protease that exists in a membrane bound state and in a soluble state in most tissues in the body. DPP-IV has multiple targets including cytokines, neuropeptides, and incretin hormones, and plays an important role in health and disease. Recent work suggests that skeletal muscle releases DPP-IV as a myokine and participates in control of muscle blood flow. However, few of the functions of DPP-IV as a myokine have been investigated to date and there is a poor understanding about what causes DPP-IV to be released from muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Lin SR, Chang CH, Tsai MJ, Cheng H, Chen JC, Leong MK, Weng CF. The perceptions of natural compounds against dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in diabetes: from in silico to in vivo. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319875305. [PMID: 31555430 PMCID: PMC6753520 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319875305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4), an incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
degrading enzyme, contains two forms and it can exert various physiological
functions particular in controlling blood glucose through the action of GLP-1.
In diabetic use, the DPP-4 inhibitor can block the DDP-4 to attenuate GLP-1
degradation and prolong GLP-1 its action and sensitize insulin activity for the
purpose of lowering blood glucose. Nonetheless the adverse effects of DPP-4
inhibitors severely hinder their clinical applications, and notably there is a
clinical demand for novel DPP-4 inhibitors from various sources including
chemical synthesis, herbs, and plants with fewer side effects. In this review,
we highlight various strategies, namely computational biology (in
silico), in vitro enzymatic and cell assays, and
in vivo animal tests, for seeking natural DPP-4 inhibitors
from botanic sources including herbs and plants. The pros and cons of all
approaches for new inhibitor candidates or hits will be under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian-Ren Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien
| | - May-Jwan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Beitou, Taipei
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Beitou, Taipei
| | - Jian-Chyi Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Yungkang, Tainan
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No.1, Sec.2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Center for Transitional Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, China
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Kluess HA, Neidert LE, Sandage MJ, Plexico LW. Neuropeptide Y and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normally cycling and postmenopausal women: A prospective pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14982. [PMID: 30921206 PMCID: PMC6456031 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate changes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) protein and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in the plasma and saliva in normally cycling women and women after menopause. We recruited 7 cycling women and 7 postmenopausal women for a cross-sectional, prospective pilot study. Blood via venipuncture and saliva samples were taken at each point in the menstrual cycle (premenopausal) or once per week (postmenopausal) for 2 months. Blood and saliva were analyzed for estrogen, NPY using ELISA and DPP-IV activity using a fluorometric assay. Plasma β-estradiol was an average of 96.45 ± 57.04 pg/mL over 2 cycles in the premenopausal group and 1.72 ± 0.35 pg/mL over 2 months in the postmenopausal group (P < .05). In the cycling group, there were no significant differences in saliva or plasma NPY or DPP-IV over the cycle. For the postmenopausal group, salivary NPY and DPP-IV did not change over 2 months. Plasma NPY was lowest in the middle 2 weeks (average: 0.52 ± 0.10 ng/mL) compared to the first and fourth weeks (average of week 1 and 4: 0.60 ± 0.14 ng/mL; P < .05). Plasma NPY in postmenopausal women was higher overall (0.56 ± 0.13 ng/mL) compared to cycling women (0.30 ± 0.11 ng/mL; P < .05). Plasma DPP-IV activity was unchanged by time in the postmenopausal group. Saliva DPP-IV and saliva NPY in the cycling group had a significant negative correlation (R = -0.95; P < .05). We found that saliva measures of NPY and DPP-IV activity appear to be poor estimates of plasma concentrations and activities, but a larger sample size is required to conform this. Differences in plasma NPY concentrations between the groups and the relationship between salivary NPY and DPP-IV suggests that there may be some unique differences between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary J. Sandage
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Laura W. Plexico
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Neidert LE, Al-Tarhuni M, Goldman D, Kluess HA, Jackson DN. Endogenous dipeptidyl peptidase IV modulates skeletal muscle arteriolar diameter in rats. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29380955 PMCID: PMC5789721 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) released from skeletal and vascular smooth muscle can increase arteriolar diameter in a skeletal muscle vascular bed by reducing neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐mediated vasoconstriction. We hypothesized that the effect of myokine DPP‐IV would be greatest in the smallest and least in the largest arterioles. Eight male Sprague Dawley rats (age 7–9 weeks; mass, mean ± SD: 258 ± 41 g) were anesthetized and the gluteus maximus dissected in situ for intravital microscopy analysis of arteriolar diameter of the vascular network. Computational modeling was performed on the diameter measurements to evaluate the overall impact of diameter changes on network resistance and flow distribution. In the first set of experiments, whey protein isolate powder was added to physiological saline solution, put in a heated reservoir, and applied to the preparation to induce release of DPP‐IV from the muscle. This resulted in an order‐dependent increase in arteriolar diameter, with the largest change in the 6A arterioles (63% more reactive than 1A arterioles; P < 0.05). This effect was abolished by adding the DPP‐IV inhibitor, Diprotin A. To test if the DPP‐IV released was affecting NPY‐mediated vasoconstriction, we applied NPY and whey protein, which resulted in attenuated vasoconstriction. These findings suggest that DPP‐IV is released from muscle and has a unique effect on blood flow, which appears to act on NPY to attenuate vasoconstriction. The findings suggest that DPP‐IV released from the skeletal or smooth muscle can alter muscle blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Tarhuni
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Dwayne N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Silva Júnior WS, Souza MDGC, Nogueira Neto JF, Bouskela E, Kraemer-Aguiar LG. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Activity Is Related to Body Composition, Measures of Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance in Subjects with Excessive Adiposity and Different Degrees of Glucose Tolerance. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:5238013. [PMID: 30886868 PMCID: PMC6388345 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5238013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) has been recently recognized as an adipo-myokine. However, studies that associate its constitutive activity with body composition, anthropometry, and insulin resistance (IR) are very scarce and included only healthy people. METHODS First, we investigated the relationships of constitutive DPP4 activity, body composition (assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and measures of adiposity and IR in fifty-two subjects of both sexes, 18-50 years, and BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 who comprised three groups according to glucose tolerance. Additionally, we evaluated associations among DPP4 activity and adipokines, gut peptides, and biochemical variables at fasting and 30 and 60 min after a standardized meal intake. RESULTS DPP4 activity was no different among the three groups. At fasting, pooled analysis showed it was positively correlated with measures of central adiposity, such as WC (P = 0.011) and WHR (P = 0.009), and with all measures of IR, but inversely related to indexes of general adiposity, such as fat mass percentage (P = 0.014) and BAI (P = 0.0003). DPP4 activity was also associated with lean mass (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001). After meal intake, DPP4 activity remained significantly associated with insulin, leptin, and resistin. In multiple regression analysis, BAI, WHR, percent lean mass, HOMA-IR, and leptin influenced DPP4 activity and explained approximately 26% of the variance on it. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive DPP4 activity is positively associated with lean mass, central adiposity, and IR and negatively to general adiposity. Furthermore, it seems to be influenced by body composition and IR and could also be viewed as an adipo-myokine in subjects with excessive adiposity and different stages of glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington S. Silva Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Physiopathology (FISCLINEX), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
- Endocrinology Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Pinheiro, MA 65200-000, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças C. Souza
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
| | | | - Eliete Bouskela
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Physiopathology (FISCLINEX), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
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Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA. Exosomes as Mediators of the Systemic Adaptations to Endurance Exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a029827. [PMID: 28490541 PMCID: PMC5830902 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitual endurance exercise training is associated with multisystemic metabolic adaptations that lower the risk of inactivity-associated disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Identification of complex systemic signaling networks responsible for these benefits are of great interest because of their therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases; however, specific signals that modulate the multisystemic benefits of exercise in multiple tissues and organs are only recently being discovered. Accumulated evidence suggests that muscle and other tissues have an endocrine function and release peptides and nucleic acids into the circulation in response to acute endurance exercise to mediate the multisystemic adaptations. Factors released from skeletal muscle have been termed myokines and we propose that the total of all factors released in response to endurance exercise (including peptides, nucleic acids, and metabolites) be termed, "exerkines." We propose that many of the exerkines are released within extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which regulate peripheral organ cross talk. Exosomes (30-140 nm) and larger microvesicles [MVs] (100-1000 nm) are subcategories of extracellular vesicles that are released into the circulation. Exosomes contain peptides and several nucleic acids (microRNA [miRNA], messenger RNA [mRNA], mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) and are involved in intercellular/tissue exchange of their contents. An acute bout of endurance exercise increases circulating exosomes that are hypothesized to mediate organ cross talk to promote systemic adaptation to endurance exercise. Further support for the role of exosomes (and possibly MVs) in mediating the systemic benefits of exercise comes from the fact that the majority of the previously reported myokines/exerkines are found in extracellular vesicles databases (Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta). We propose that exosomes isolated from athletes following exercise or exosomes bioengineered to incorporate one or many of known exerkines will be therapeutically useful in the treatment of obesity, T2DM, and other aging-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090972. [PMID: 28869573 PMCID: PMC5622732 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the effects of L-leucine (LEU) or different protein supplements standardized to LEU (~3.0 g/serving) on changes in body composition, strength, and histological attributes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Seventy-five untrained, college-aged males (mean ± standard error of the mean (SE); age = 21 ± 1 years, body mass = 79.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, lipid-, and organoleptically-matched maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 15), LEU (n = 14), whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH, n = 14), or soy protein concentrate (SPC, n = 15) group. Participants performed whole-body resistance training three days per week for 12 weeks while consuming supplements twice daily. Skeletal muscle and subcutaneous (SQ) fat biopsies were obtained at baseline (T1) and ~72 h following the last day of training (T39). Tissue samples were analyzed for changes in type I and II fiber cross sectional area (CSA), non-fiber specific satellite cell count, and SQ adipocyte CSA. On average, all supplement groups including PLA exhibited similar training volumes and experienced statistically similar increases in total body skeletal muscle mass determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (+2.2 kg; time p = 0.024) and type I and II fiber CSA increases (+394 μm2 and +927 μm2; time p < 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). Notably, all groups reported increasing Calorie intakes ~600–800 kcal/day from T1 to T39 (time p < 0.001), and all groups consumed at least 1.1 g/kg/day of protein at T1 and 1.3 g/kg/day at T39. There was a training, but no supplementation, effect regarding the reduction in SQ adipocyte CSA (−210 μm2; time p = 0.001). Interestingly, satellite cell counts within the WPC (p < 0.05) and WPH (p < 0.05) groups were greater at T39 relative to T1. In summary, LEU or protein supplementation (standardized to LEU content) does not provide added benefit in increasing whole-body skeletal muscle mass or strength above PLA following 3 months of training in previously untrained college-aged males that increase Calorie intakes with resistance training and consume above the recommended daily intake of protein throughout training. However, whey protein supplementation increases skeletal muscle satellite cell number in this population, and this phenomena may promote more favorable training adaptations over more prolonged periods.
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Lee JY, Jang BK, Song MK, Kim HS, Kim MK. Association between Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Concentration and Obesity-related Factors in Health Screen Examinees. J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:188-196. [PMID: 31089516 PMCID: PMC6484912 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an aminopeptidase that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides, neuropeptides, and various chemokines. Recent studies reported that serum DPP-4 concentration is correlated with clinical parameters of obesity. However, research on these correlations has never been conducted in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between serum DPP-4 concentration and various clinical parameters of obesity in the Korean population. Methods Patients who visited the Health Promotion Center at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center for a regular medical examination between January 2013 and March 2013 and consented to participate in this study were included. We measured and analyzed parameters of obesity. In addition, serum DPP-4 concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Serum DPP-4 concentration was positively correlated with lean body mass, total cholesterol level, and creatinine level. Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obese group than in the normal body mass index (BMI) group. No significant difference in serum DPP-4 concentration was found between the metabolically healthy group and metabolically unhealthy group. Conclusion Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obesity group than in the normal BMI group, which was associated with obesity-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Neidert LE, Mobley CB, Kephart WC, Roberts MD, Kluess HA. The serine protease, dipeptidyl peptidase IV as a myokine: dietary protein and exercise mimetics as a stimulus for transcription and release. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/12/e12827. [PMID: 27335432 PMCID: PMC4923230 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is an enzyme with numerous roles within the body, mostly related to regulating energy metabolism. DPP-IV is also a myokine, but the stimulus for its release is poorly understood. We investigated the transcription and release of DPP-IV from skeletal muscle in a three-part study using C2C12 myotube cultures, an acute rat exercise and postexercise feeding model, and human feeding or human exercise models. When myotubes were presented with leucine only, hydrolyzed whey protein, or chemicals that cause exercise-related signaling to occur in cell culture, all caused an increase in the mRNA expression of DPP-IV (1.63 to 18.56 fold change, P < 0.05), but only whey protein caused a significant increase in DPP-IV activity in the cell culture media. When rats were fed whey protein concentrate immediately following stimulated muscle contractions, DPP-IV mRNA in both the exercised and nonexercised gastrocnemius muscles significantly increased 2.5- to 3.7-fold (P < 0.05) 3-6 h following the exercise/feeding bout; of note exercise alone or postexercise leucine-only feeding had no significant effect. In humans, plasma and serum DPP-IV activities were not altered by the ingestion of whey protein up to 1 h post consumption, after a 10 min bout of vigorous running, or during the completion of three repeated lower body resistance exercise bouts. Our cell culture and rodent data suggest that whey protein increases DPP-IV mRNA expression and secretion from muscle cells. However, our human data suggest that DPP-IV is not elevated in the bloodstream following acute whey protein ingestion or exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Neidert
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - Wesley C Kephart
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
| | - Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama, 36849
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