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Iskusnykh IY, Chizhikov VV. Cerebellar development after preterm birth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1068288. [PMID: 36523506 PMCID: PMC9744950 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1068288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth and its complications and the associated adverse factors, including brain hemorrhage, inflammation, and the side effects of medical treatments, are the leading causes of neurodevelopmental disability. Growing evidence suggests that preterm birth affects the cerebellum, which is the brain region involved in motor coordination, cognition, learning, memory, and social communication. The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of preterm birth because key cerebellar developmental processes, including the proliferation of neural progenitors, and differentiation and migration of neurons, occur in the third trimester of a human pregnancy. This review discusses the negative impacts of preterm birth and its associated factors on cerebellar development, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the cerebellar developmental mechanisms affected by preterm birth is necessary for developing novel treatment and neuroprotective strategies to ameliorate the cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits experienced by preterm subjects.
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Nava RC, McKenna Z, Fennel Z, Berkemeier Q, Ducharme J, de Castro Magalhães F, Amorim FT, Mermier C. Repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia stimulates HIF-1-dependent gene expression in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1097-1107. [PMID: 35190865 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to determine the effect of repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia on HIF-1 and HIF-1-regulated genes involved in glycolysis, mitochondrial turnover and oxygen transport. We also determined whether genes upregulated by exercise in hypoxia were dependent on the activation of HIF-1 in an in vitro model of exercise in hypoxia. METHODS Eight endurance athletes performed bouts of repeated sprint exercise in control and hypoxic conditions. Skeletal muscle was sampled pre, post and 3 h post-exercise. HIF-1α protein and HIF1A, PDK1, GLUT4, VEGFA, BNIP3, PINK1 and PGC1A mRNA were measured. C2C12 myotubes were exposed to hypoxia and muscle contraction following treatment with a HIF-1α inhibitor to determine whether hypoxia-sensitive gene expression was dependent on HIF-1α. RESULTS Sprint exercise in hypoxia increased HIF-1α protein expression immediately post-exercise [fold change (FC) = 3.5 ± 2.0]. Gene expression of PDK1 (FC = 2.1 ± 1.2), BNIP3 (FC = 2.4 ± 1.4) and VEGFA (FC = 2.7 ± 1.7) increased 3 h post-exercise in hypoxia but not control. PGC1A mRNA increased 3 h post-exercise in control (FC = 5.16) and hypoxia (FC = 5.7 ± 4.1) but there was no difference between the trials. Results from the in vitro experiment showed that hypoxia plus contraction also increased PDK1, BNIP3, and VEGFA gene expression. These responses were inhibited when HIF-1 protein activity was suppressed. CONCLUSION Repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia upregulates some genes involved in glycolytic metabolism, mitochondrial turnover, and oxygen transport. HIF-1α is necessary for the expression of these genes in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Nava
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zachary McKenna
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary Fennel
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Quint Berkemeier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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3
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Muk T, Stensballe A, Dmytriyeva O, Brunse A, Jiang PP, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Differential Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomic Responses to Acute Prenatal Endotoxin Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2204-2218. [PMID: 35064541 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis (CA) is a risk factor for preterm birth and is associated with neurodevelopmental delay and cognitive disorders. Prenatal inflammation-induced brain injury may resolve during the immediate postnatal period when rapid brain remodeling occurs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at birth may be a critical source of predictive biomarkers. Using pigs as a model of preterm infants exposed to CA, we hypothesized that prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induces proteome changes in the CSF and brain at birth and postnatally. Fetal piglets (103 days gestation of full-term at 117 days) were administered intra-amniotic (IA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 days before preterm delivery by caesarian section. CSF and brain tissue were collected on postnatal Days 1 and 5 (P1 and P5). CSF and hippocampal proteins were profiled by LC-MS-based quantitative proteomics. Neuroinflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex, periventricular white matter and hippocampus were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression was evaluated by qPCR. Pigs exposed to LPS in utero showed changes in CSF protein levels at birth but not at P5. Complement protein C3, hemopexin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, carboxypeptidase N subunit 2, ITIH1, and plasminogen expression were upregulated in the CSF, while proteins associated with axon growth and synaptic functions (FGFR1, BASP1, HSPD1, UBER2N, and RCN2), adhesion (talin1), and neuronal survival (Atox1) were downregulated. Microglia, but not astrocytes, were activated by LPS at P5 in the hippocampus but not in other brain regions. At this time, marginal increases in complement protein C3, LBP, HIF1a, Basp1, Minpp1, and FGFR1 transcription indicated hippocampal proinflammatory responses. In conclusion, few days exposure to endotoxin prenatally induce proteome changes in the CSF and brain at birth, but most changes resolve a few days later. The developing hippocampus has high neuronal plasticity in response to perinatal inflammation. Changes in CSF protein expression at birth may predict later structural brain damage in preterm infants exposed to variable types and durations of CA-related inflammation in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Muk
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Sangild PT, Vonderohe C, Melendez Hebib V, Burrin DG. Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082551. [PMID: 34444709 PMCID: PMC8402036 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk produced from cows after parturition, is increasingly used as a nutritional supplement to promote gut function and health in other species, including humans. The high levels of whey and casein proteins, immunoglobulins (Igs), and other milk bioactives in BC are adapted to meet the needs of newborn calves. However, BC supplementation may improve health outcomes across other species, especially when immune and gut functions are immature in early life. We provide a review of BC composition and its effects in infants and children in health and selected diseases (diarrhea, infection, growth-failure, preterm birth, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), short-bowel syndrome, and mucositis). Human trials and animal studies (mainly in piglets) are reviewed to assess the scientific evidence of whether BC is a safe and effective antimicrobial and immunomodulatory nutritional supplement that reduces clinical complications related to preterm birth, infections, and gut disorders. Studies in infants and animals suggest that BC should be supplemented at an optimal age, time, and level to be both safe and effective. Exclusive BC feeding is not recommended for infants because of nutritional imbalances relative to human milk. On the other hand, adverse effects, including allergies and intolerance, appear unlikely when BC is provided as a supplement within normal nutrition guidelines for infants and children. Larger clinical trials in infant populations are needed to provide more evidence of health benefits when patients are supplemented with BC in addition to human milk or formula. Igs and other bioactive factors in BC may work in synergy, making it critical to preserve bioactivity with gentle processing and pasteurization methods. BC has the potential to become a safe and effective nutritional supplement for several pediatric subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Valeria Melendez Hebib
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-7049
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Vanden Hole C, Ayuso M, Aerts P, Van Cruchten S, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Van Ginneken C. Preterm Birth Affects Early Motor Development in Pigs. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:731877. [PMID: 34692609 PMCID: PMC8529956 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.731877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preterm infants frequently show neuromotor dysfunctions, but it is not clear how reduced gestational age at birth may induce developmental coordination disorders. Advancing postnatal age, not only post-conceptional age, may determine neuromuscular development, and early interventions in preterm newborns may improve their later motor skills. An animal model of preterm birth that allows early postnatal detection of movement patterns may help to investigate this hypothesis. Methods: Using pigs as a model for moderately preterm infants, preterm (106-day gestation, equivalent to 90% of normal gestation time; n = 38) and term (115-day gestation, equivalent to 99% of normal gestation time; n = 20) individuals were delivered by cesarean section and artificially reared until postnatal day 19 (preweaning period). The neuromotor skills of piglets were documented using spatiotemporal gait analyses on video recordings of locomotion at self-selected speed at postnatal age 3, 4, 5, 8, and 18 days. Results were controlled for effects of body weight and sex. Results: Both preterm and term piglets reached mature neuromotor skills and performance between postnatal days 3-5. However, preterm pigs took shorter steps at a higher frequency, than term piglets, irrespective of their body size. Within preterm pigs, males and low birth weight individuals took the shortest steps, and with the highest frequency. Conclusion: Postnatal development of motor skills and gait characteristics in pigs delivered in late gestation may show similarity to the compromised development of gait pattern in preterm infants. Relative to term pigs, the postnatal delay in gait development in preterm pigs was only few days, that is, much shorter than the 10-day reduction in gestation length. This indicates rapid postnatal adaptation of gait pattern after reduced gestational age at birth. Early-life physical training and medical interventions may support both short- and long-term gait development after preterm birth in both pigs and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Bæk O, Cilieborg MS, Nguyen DN, Bering SB, Thymann T, Sangild PT. Sex-Specific Survival, Growth, Immunity and Organ Development in Preterm Pigs as Models for Immature Newborns. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:626101. [PMID: 33643975 PMCID: PMC7905020 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.626101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After very preterm birth, male infants show higher mortality than females, with higher incidence of lung immaturity, neurological deficits, infections, and growth failure. In modern pig production, piglets dying in the perinatal period (up to 20%) often show signs of immature organs, but sex-specific effects are not clear. Using preterm pigs as model for immature infants and piglets, we hypothesized that neonatal survival and initial growth and immune development depend on sex. Methods: Using data from a series of previous intervention trials with similar delivery and rearing procedures, we established three cohorts of preterm pigs (90% gestation), reared for 5, 9, or 19 days before sample collection (total n = 1,938 piglets from 109 litters). Partly overlapping endpoints among experiments allowed for multiple comparisons between males and females for data on mortality, body and organ growth, gut, immunity, and brain function. Results: Within the first 2 days, males showed higher mortality than females (18 vs. 8%, P < 0.001), but less severe immune response to gram-positive infection. No effect of sex was observed for thermoregulation or plasma cortisol. Later, infection resistance did not differ between sexes, but growth rate was reduced for body (up to -40%) and kidneys (-6%) in males, with higher leucocyte counts (+15%) and lower CD4 T cell fraction (-5%) on day 9 and lower monocyte counts (-18%, day 19, all P < 0.05). Gut structure, function and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) incidence were similar between groups, but intestinal weight (-3%) and brush-border enzyme activities were reduced at day 5 (lactase, DPP IV, -8%) in males. Remaining values for blood biochemistry, hematology, bone density, regional brain weights, and visual memory (tested in a T maze) were similar. Conclusion: Following preterm birth, male pigs show higher mortality and slower growth than females, despite limited differences in organ growth, gut, immune, and brain functions. Neonatal intensive care procedures may be particularly important for compromised newborns of the male sex. Preterm pigs can serve as good models to study the interactions of sex- and maturation-specific survival and physiological adaptation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bæk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Malene Skovsted Cilieborg
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Ross-Munro E, Kwa F, Kreiner J, Khore M, Miller SL, Tolcos M, Fleiss B, Walker DW. Midkine: The Who, What, Where, and When of a Promising Neurotrophic Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:568814. [PMID: 33193008 PMCID: PMC7642484 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.568814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a small secreted heparin-binding protein highly expressed during embryonic/fetal development which, through interactions with multiple cell surface receptors promotes growth through effects on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. MK is upregulated in the adult central nervous system (CNS) after multiple types of experimental injury and has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. The potential for MK as a therapy for developmental brain injury is largely unknown. This review discusses what is known of MK's expression and actions in the developing brain, areas for future research, and the potential for using MK as a therapeutic agent to ameliorate the effects of brain damage caused by insults such as birth-related hypoxia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ross-Munro
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faith Kwa
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Kreiner
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhavi Khore
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Neurodiderot, Inserm U1141, Universita de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David W Walker
- Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Obelitz-Ryom K, Bering SB, Overgaard SH, Eskildsen SF, Ringgaard S, Olesen JL, Skovgaard K, Pankratova S, Wang B, Brunse A, Heckmann AB, Rydal MP, Sangild PT, Thymann T. Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides with Sialyllactose Improves Cognition in Preterm Pigs. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061335. [PMID: 31207876 PMCID: PMC6628371 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal nutrition is important after preterm birth to facilitate normal brain development. Human milk is rich in sialic acid and preterm infants may benefit from supplementing formula with sialyllactose to support neurodevelopment. Using pigs as models, we hypothesized that sialyllactose supplementation improves brain development after preterm birth. Pigs (of either sex) were delivered by cesarean section at 90% gestation and fed a milk diet supplemented with either an oligosaccharide-enriched whey with sialyllactose (n = 20) or lactose (n = 20) for 19 days. Cognitive performance was tested in a spatial T-maze. Brains were collected for ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gene expression, and sialic acid measurements. For reference, term piglets (n = 14) were artificially reared under identical conditions and compared with vaginally born piglets naturally reared by the sow (n = 12). A higher proportion of sialyllactose supplemented preterm pigs reached the T-maze learning criteria relative to control preterm pigs (p < 0.05), and approximated the cognition level of term reference pigs (p < 0.01). Furthermore, supplemented pigs had upregulated genes related to sialic acid metabolism, myelination, and ganglioside biosynthesis in hippocampus. Sialyllactose supplementation did not lead to higher levels of sialic acid in the hippocampus or change MRI endpoints. Contrary, these parameters were strongly influenced by postconceptional age and postnatal rearing conditions. In conclusion, oligosaccharide-enriched whey with sialyllactose improved spatial cognition, with effects on hippocampal genes related to sialic acid metabolism, myelination, and ganglioside biosynthesis in preterm pigs. Dietary sialic acid enrichment may improve brain development in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Silja Hvid Overgaard
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Simon Fristed Eskildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Steffen Ringgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Lynge Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga 2678, Australia.
| | - Anders Brunse
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | | | - Martin Peter Rydal
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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9
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Holme Nielsen C, Bladt Brandt A, Thymann T, Obelitz-Ryom K, Jiang P, Vanden Hole C, van Ginneken C, Pankratova S, Sangild PT. Rapid Postnatal Adaptation of Neurodevelopment in Pigs Born Late Preterm. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:586-600. [PMID: 31141813 DOI: 10.1159/000499127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth interrupts intrauterine brain growth and maturation and may induce a delay in postnatal neurodevelopment. Such developmental delays can result from the reduced fetal age at birth, together with the clinical compli-cations of preterm birth (e.g., hypoxia, ischemia, and inflammation). We hypothesized that late preterm birth, inducing only mild clinical complications, has minimal effects on brain-related outcomes such as motor function and behavior. Using the pig as a model for late preterm infants, piglets were cesarean delivered preterm (90%, 106 days gestation) or at full term, reared by identical procedures, and euthanized for tissue collection at birth or after 11 days (e.g., term-corrected age for preterm pigs). Clinical variables and both structural and functional brain endpoints were assessed. The preterm pigs were slow to get on their feet, gained less weight (-30%), and had a higher cerebral hydration level and blood-to-cerebrospinal fluid permeability than the term pigs. At term-corrected age (11 days), the absolute weight of the brain and the weights of its regions were similar between 11-day-old preterm and newborn term pigs, and both were lower than in 11-day-old term pigs. Postnatally, physical activity and movements in an open field were similar, except that preterm pigs showed a reduced normalized stride length and increased normalized maximum stride height. Perinatal brain growth is closely associated with advancing postconceptional age in pigs, and late preterm birth is initially associated with impaired brain growth and physical activity. Postnatally, neuromuscular functions mature rapidly and become similar to those in term pigs, even before term-corrected age. Neuromuscular functions and behavior may show rapid postnatal adaptation to late preterm birth in both pigs and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Holme Nielsen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Bladt Brandt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chris van Ginneken
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Plomgaard AM, Andersen AD, Petersen TH, van de Looij Y, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Thomsen C, Sizonenko SV, Greisen G. Structural brain maturation differs between preterm and term piglets, whereas brain activity does not. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:637-644. [PMID: 30144173 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate whether amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preterm piglets would provide measures of cerebral functional, microstructural and anatomical maturation, which might reflect the signs of functional brain immaturity, documented in preterm piglets. METHODS During July-October 2013 at the NEOMUNE Centre, Copenhagen University, Denmark, 31 preterm (90% gestation) and 10 term piglets underwent aEEG on days 1, 2, 4 and 11, and MRI on day 25. Physical activity levels were recorded. RESULTS Preterm showed delayed neonatal arousal and physical activity, relative to term piglets. Preterm piglets had lower growth rates and brain volume than term piglets, but aEEG patterns were similar. MRI mean diffusivity was also similar, but fractional anisotropy (FA) was lower in preterm piglets (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Functional brain maturation, as assessed by aEEG, was relatively advanced in preterm piglets. Conversely, the low FA in the preterm piglets suggests that the white matter microstructure remains less mature in preterm compared to term piglets at postnatal day 25. The results might be utilised to define whether and how preterm piglets may contribute to preclinical models for brain development in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Plomgaard
- Department of Neonatology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A D Andersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - T H Petersen
- Research Unit on Brain Injury Neurorehabilitation Copenhagen; Department of Neurorehabilitation; TBI Unit; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Hvidovre Denmark
| | - Y van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth; University Children's Hospital Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Functional and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory; EPFL-SB-IPSB-LIFMET CH; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - T Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - P T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - C Thomsen
- Department of Radiology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S V Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth; University Children's Hospital Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - G Greisen
- Department of Neonatology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
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11
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Iskusnykh IY, Buddington RK, Chizhikov VV. Preterm birth disrupts cerebellar development by affecting granule cell proliferation program and Bergmann glia. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:209-221. [PMID: 29772246 PMCID: PMC6291230 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a leading cause of long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Clinical studies suggest that some of these deficits result from disruption of cerebellar development, but the mechanisms that mediate cerebellar abnormalities in preterm infants are largely unknown. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether preterm birth and precocious exposure to the ex-utero environment directly disrupt cerebellar development or indirectly by increasing the probability of cerebellar injury, including that resulting from clinical interventions and protocols associated with the care of preterm infants. In this study, we analyzed the cerebellum of preterm pigs delivered via c-section at 91% term and raised for 10 days, until term-equivalent age. The pigs did not receive any treatments known or suspected to affect cerebellar development and had no evidence of brain damage. Term pigs sacrificed at birth were used as controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that preterm birth did not affect either size or numbers of Purkinje cells or molecular layer interneurons at term-equivalent age. The number of granule cell precursors and Bergmann glial fibers, however, were reduced in preterm pigs. Preterm pigs had reduced proliferation but not differentiation of granule cells. qRT-PCR analysis of laser capture microdissected external granule cell layer showed that preterm pigs had a reduced expression of Ccnd1 (Cyclin D1), Ccnb1 (Cyclin B1), granule cell master regulatory transcription factor Atoh1, and signaling molecule Jag1. In vitro rescue experiments identified Jag1 as a central granule cell gene affected by preterm birth. Thus, preterm birth and precocious exposure to the ex-utero environment disrupt cerebellum by modulating expression of key cerebellar developmental genes, predominantly affecting development of granule precursors and Bergmann glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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12
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Sun J, Pan X, Christiansen LI, Yuan XL, Skovgaard K, Chatterton DEW, Kaalund SS, Gao F, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with acute brain responses in preterm pigs. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:180. [PMID: 29885660 PMCID: PMC5994241 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gut inflammatory disorder that occurs in preterm infants in the first weeks after birth. Infants surviving NEC often show impaired neurodevelopment. The mechanisms linking NEC lesions with later neurodevelopment are poorly understood but may include proinflammatory signaling in the immature brain. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that severe intestinal NEC lesions are associated with acute effects on the developing hippocampus. Methods Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 117) were reared for 8 days and spontaneously developed variable severity of NEC lesions. Neonatal arousal, physical activity, and in vitro neuritogenic effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in pigs showing NEC lesions in the colon (Co-NEC) or in the small intestine (Si-NEC). Hippocampal transcriptome analysis and qPCR were used to assess gene expressions and their relation to biological processes, including neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity. Microglia activation was quantified by stereology. The neuritogenic response to selected proteins was investigated in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Results NEC development rapidly reduced the physical activity of pigs, especially when lesions occurred in the small intestine. Si-NEC and Co-NEC were associated with 27 and 12 hippocampal differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These included genes related to neuroinflammation (i.e., S100A8, S100A9, IL8, IL6, MMP8, SAA, TAGLN2) and hypoxia (i.e., PDK4, IER3, TXNIP, AGER), and they were all upregulated in Si-NEC pigs. Genes related to protection against oxidative stress (HBB, ALAS2) and oligodendrocytes (OPALIN) were downregulated in Si-NEC pigs. CSF collected from NEC pigs promoted neurite outgrowth in vitro, and the S100A9 and S100A8/S100A9 proteins may mediate the neuritogenic effects of NEC-related CSF on hippocampal neurons. NEC lesions did not affect total microglial cell number but markedly increased the proportion of Iba1-positive amoeboid microglial cells. Conclusions NEC lesions, especially when present in the small intestine, are associated with changes to hippocampal gene expression that potentially mediate neuroinflammation and disturbed neural circuit formation via enhanced neuronal differentiation. Early brain-protective interventions may be critical for preterm infants affected by intestinal NEC lesions to reduce their later neurological dysfunctions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line I Christiansen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Bergström A, Kaalund SS, Skovgaard K, Andersen AD, Pakkenberg B, Rosenørn A, van Elburg RM, Thymann T, Greisen GO, Sangild PT. Limited effects of preterm birth and the first enteral nutrition on cerebellum morphology and gene expression in piglets. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/14/e12871. [PMID: 27462071 PMCID: PMC4962075 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm pigs show many signs of immaturity that are characteristic of preterm infants. In preterm infants, the cerebellum grows particularly rapid and hypoplasia and cellular lesions are associated with motor dysfunction and cognitive deficits. We hypothesized that functional brain delays observed in preterm pigs would be paralleled by both structural and molecular differences in the cerebellum relative to term born piglets. Cerebella were collected from term (n = 56) and preterm (90% gestation, n = 112) pigs at 0, 5, and 26 days after birth for stereological volume estimations, large‐scale qPCR gene expression analyses (selected neurodevelopmental genes) and western blot protein expression analysis (Sonic Hedgehog pathway). Memory and learning was tested using a T‐maze, documenting that preterm pigs showed delayed learning. Preterm pigs also showed reduced volume of both white and gray matter at all three ages but the proportion of white matter increased postnatally, relative to term pigs. Early initiation of enteral nutrition had limited structural or molecular effects. The Sonic Hedgehog pathway was unaffected by preterm birth. Few differences in expression of the selected genes were found, except consistently higher mRNA levels of Midkine, p75, and Neurotrophic factor 3 in the preterm cerebellum postnatally, probably reflecting an adaptive response to preterm birth. Pig cerebellar development appears more affected by postconceptional age than by environmental factors at birth or postnatally. Compensatory mechanisms following preterm birth may include faster white matter growth and increased expression of selected genes for neurotrophic factors and regulation of angiogenesis. While the pig cerebellum is immature in 90% gestation preterm pigs, it appears relatively mature and resilient toward environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bergström
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anders D Andersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Rosenørn
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Gorm O Greisen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Erratum. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/16/e12954. [PMID: 27561912 PMCID: PMC5002917 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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