1
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Guérineau NC. Adaptive remodeling of the stimulus-secretion coupling: Lessons from the 'stressed' adrenal medulla. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:221-295. [PMID: 38408800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress is part of our daily lives and good health in the modern world is offset by unhealthy lifestyle factors, including the deleterious consequences of stress and associated pathologies. Repeated and/or prolonged stress may disrupt the body homeostasis and thus threatens our lives. Adaptive processes that allow the organism to adapt to new environmental conditions and maintain its homeostasis are therefore crucial. The adrenal glands are major endocrine/neuroendocrine organs involved in the adaptive response of the body facing stressful situations. Upon stress episodes and in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the first adrenal cells to be activated are the neuroendocrine chromaffin cells located in the medullary tissue of the adrenal gland. By releasing catecholamines (mainly epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine), adrenal chromaffin cells actively contribute to the development of adaptive mechanisms, in particular targeting the cardiovascular system and leading to appropriate adjustments of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as energy metabolism. Specifically, this chapter covers the current knowledge as to how the adrenal medullary tissue remodels in response to stress episodes, with special attention paid to chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Adrenal stimulus-secretion coupling encompasses various elements taking place at both the molecular/cellular and tissular levels. Here, I focus on stress-driven changes in catecholamine biosynthesis, chromaffin cell excitability, synaptic neurotransmission and gap junctional communication. These signaling pathways undergo a collective and finely-tuned remodeling, contributing to appropriate catecholamine secretion and maintenance of body homeostasis in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Caballero-Florán RN, Bendahmane M, Gupta JP, Chen X, Wu X, Morales A, Anantharam A, Jenkins PM. Synaptotagmin-7 facilitates acetylcholine release in splanchnic nerve-chromaffin cell synapses during nerve activity. Neurosci Lett 2023; 800:137129. [PMID: 36796621 PMCID: PMC10145958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances that threaten homeostasis elicit activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the adrenal medulla. The effectors discharge as a unit to drive global and immediate changes in whole-body physiology. Descending sympathetic information is conveyed to the adrenal medulla via preganglionic splanchnic fibers. These fibers pass into the gland and synapse onto chromaffin cells, which synthesize, store, and secrete catecholamines and vasoactive peptides. While the importance of the sympatho-adrenal branch of the autonomic nervous system has been appreciated for many decades, the mechanisms underlying transmission between presynaptic splanchnic neurons and postsynaptic chromaffin cells have remained obscure. In contrast to chromaffin cells, which have enjoyed sustained attention as a model system for exocytosis, even the Ca2+ sensors that are expressed within splanchnic terminals have not yet been identified. This study shows that a ubiquitous Ca2+-binding protein, synaptotagmin-7 (Syt7), is expressed within the fibers that innervate the adrenal medulla, and that its absence can alter synaptic transmission in the preganglionic terminals of chromaffin cells. The prevailing impact in synapses that lack Syt7 is a decrease in synaptic strength and neuronal short-term plasticity. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in Syt7 KO preganglionic terminals are smaller in amplitude than in wild-type synapses stimulated in an identical manner. Splanchnic inputs also display robust short-term presynaptic facilitation, which is compromised in the absence of Syt7. These data reveal, for the first time, a role for any synaptotagmin at the splanchnic-chromaffin cell synapse. They also suggest that Syt7 has actions at synaptic terminals that are conserved across central and peripheral branches of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- René N Caballero-Florán
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mounir Bendahmane
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Julie P Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Xiaohuan Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Alina Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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3
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Morales A, Mohan R, Chen X, Coffman BL, Bendahmane M, Watch L, West JL, Bakshi S, Traynor JR, Giovannucci DR, Kammermeier PJ, Axelrod D, Currie KP, Smrcka AV, Anantharam A. PACAP and acetylcholine cause distinct Ca2+ signals and secretory responses in chromaffin cells. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202213180. [PMID: 36538657 PMCID: PMC9770323 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenomedullary chromaffin cell transduces chemical messages into outputs that regulate end organ function throughout the periphery. At least two important neurotransmitters are released by innervating preganglionic neurons to stimulate exocytosis in the chromaffin cell-acetylcholine (ACh) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). Although PACAP is widely acknowledged as an important secretagogue in this system, the pathway coupling PACAP stimulation to chromaffin cell secretion is poorly understood. The goal of this study is to address this knowledge gap. Here, it is shown that PACAP activates a Gαs-coupled pathway that must signal through phospholipase C ε (PLCε) to drive Ca2+ entry and exocytosis. PACAP stimulation causes a complex pattern of Ca2+ signals in chromaffin cells, leading to a sustained secretory response that is kinetically distinct from the form stimulated by ACh. Exocytosis caused by PACAP is associated with slower release of peptide cargo than exocytosis stimulated by ACh. Importantly, only the secretory response to PACAP, not ACh, is eliminated in cells lacking PLCε expression. The data show that ACh and PACAP, acting through distinct signaling pathways, enable nuanced and variable secretory outputs from chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Morales
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Lester Watch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua L. West
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shreeya Bakshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Kammermeier
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Axelrod
- Department of Physics and LSA Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin P.M. Currie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arun Anantharam
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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4
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Guérineau NC, Campos P, Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Mollard P. Cell Networks in Endocrine/Neuroendocrine Gland Function. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3371-3415. [PMID: 35578964 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction, growth, stress, and metabolism are determined by endocrine/neuroendocrine systems that regulate circulating hormone concentrations. All these systems generate rhythms and changes in hormone pulsatility observed in a variety of pathophysiological states. Thus, the output of endocrine/neuroendocrine systems must be regulated within a narrow window of effective hormone concentrations but must also maintain a capacity for plasticity to respond to changing physiological demands. Remarkably most endocrinologists still have a "textbook" view of endocrine gland organization which has emanated from 20th century histological studies on thin 2D tissue sections. However, 21st -century technological advances, including in-depth 3D imaging of specific cell types have vastly changed our knowledge. We now know that various levels of multicellular organization can be found across different glands, that organizational motifs can vary between species and can be modified to enhance or decrease hormonal release. This article focuses on how the organization of cells regulates hormone output using three endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that present different levels of organization and complexity: the adrenal medulla, with a single neuroendocrine cell type; the anterior pituitary, with multiple intermingled cell types; and the pancreas with multiple intermingled cell types organized into distinct functional units. We give an overview of recent methodologies that allow the study of the different components within endocrine systems, particularly their temporal and spatial relationships. We believe the emerging findings about network organization, and its impact on hormone secretion, are crucial to understanding how homeostatic regulation of endocrine axes is carried out within endocrine organs themselves. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3371-3415, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Campos
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul R Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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5
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Seo D, Won S, Kim JT, Chung TD. Adopting Back Reduction Current as an Additional Output Signal for Achieving Photoelectrochemical Differentiated Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2063-2071. [PMID: 35029970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors are usually based on a single output signal, that is, the photocurrent change caused by the (photoelectro)chemical reaction between target analytes and photoelectrodes. However, the photocurrent may be influenced by redox species other than the target analyte; therefore, modifying the surface of photoelectrodes with probes that selectively bind to the analyte is essential. Moreover, even though various surface modification methods have been developed, distinguishing molecularly similar chemicals using PEC sensing systems remains a significant challenge. To address these selectivity issues, we proposed a photoanode-based PEC sensor that utilizes a cathodic transient current as a second output signal in addition to the photocurrent, which arises from the back reduction of photo-oxidized species. Factors influencing the back reduction were investigated by observing the transient photocurrent of hematite photoanodes in the presence of model redox probes. The chemical environment around the electrode-electrolyte interface was manipulated by altering the electrolyte composition or modifying the electrode surface. The favorable interaction between the electrode surface and redox species led to an increase in the extent of back reduction and the cathodic transient current. In addition, the extent of back reduction also depends on the chemical identity of the redox species, such as the kinetics of subsequent chemical reactions. Therefore, the synergistic combination of the photocurrent and the cathodic transient current enabled the differentiated detection of various catecholamine neurotransmitters with a single pristine photoelectrode, which has never been achieved using traditional PEC methods. Revisiting the transient photocurrent can complement conventional PEC applications and offers possibilities for more effective semiconductor-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunghwan Won
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Korea
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6
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Wang C, Lin J, Niu Y, Wang W, Wen J, Lv L, Liu C, Du X, Zhang Q, Chen B, Cai J, Zhao Z, Liang D, Ji JS, Chen H, Chen R, Kan H. Impact of ozone exposure on heart rate variability and stress hormones: A randomized-crossover study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126750. [PMID: 34339988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying the associations between atmospheric ozone exposure and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes are yet to be identified. Imbalanced autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as activations of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes are among possible early biological responses triggered by ozone, and may eventually lead to cardiometabolic abnormalities. To determine whether acute ozone exposure causes ANS imbalance and increases the secretion of neuroendocrine stress hormones, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial, under controlled 2-hour exposure to either ozone (200 ppb) or clean air with intermittent exercise among 22 healthy young adults. Here we found that, compared to clean air exposure, acute ozone exposure significantly decreased the high-frequency band of heart rate variability, even after adjusting for heart rate and pre-exposure to ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors. Ozone exposure also significantly increased the serum levels of stress hormones, including corticotrophin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. Metabolomics analysis showed that acute ozone exposure led to alterations in stress hormones, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Our results suggest that acute ozone exposure may trigger ANS imbalance and activate the HPA and SAM axes, offering potential biological explanations for the adverse cardiometabolic effects following acute ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianfen Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Lv
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xihao Du
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Donghai Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John S Ji
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Renjie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, P.O. Box 249,130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Lopez Ruiz JR, Ernst SA, Holz RW, Stuenkel EL. Basal and Stress-Induced Network Activity in the Adrenal Medulla In Vivo. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:875865. [PMID: 35795145 PMCID: PMC9250985 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.875865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal medulla plays a critical role in mammalian homeostasis and the stress response. It is populated by clustered chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine along with peptides into the bloodstream affecting distant target organs. Despite been heavily studied, the central control of adrenal medulla and in-situ spatiotemporal responsiveness remains poorly understood. For this work, we continuously monitored the electrical activity of individual adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in the living anesthetized rat using multielectrode arrays. We measured the chromaffin cell activity under basal and physiological stress conditions and characterized the functional micro-architecture of the adrenal medulla. Under basal conditions, chromaffin cells fired action potentials with frequencies between ~0.2 and 4 Hz. Activity was almost completely driven by sympathetic inputs coming through the splanchnic nerve. Chromaffin cells were organized into independent local networks in which cells fired in a specific order, with latencies from hundreds of microseconds to a few milliseconds. Electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve evoked almost exactly the same spatiotemporal firing patterns that occurred spontaneously. Hypoglycemic stress, induced by insulin administration resulted in increased activity of a subset of the chromaffin cells. In contrast, respiratory arrest induced by lethal anesthesia resulted in an increase in the activity of virtually all chromaffin cells before cessation of all activity. These results suggest a stressor-specific activation of adrenomedullary chromaffin cell networks and revealed a surprisingly complex electrical organization that likely reflects the dynamic nature of the adrenal medulla's neuroendocrine output during basal conditions and during different types of physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Lopez Ruiz
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen A Ernst
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ronald W Holz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Edward L Stuenkel
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Chan SA, Vaseghi M, Kluge N, Shivkumar K, Ardell JL, Smith C. Fast in vivo detection of myocardial norepinephrine levels in the beating porcine heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1091-H1099. [PMID: 32216617 PMCID: PMC7346543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00574.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system modulates cardiac function by controlling key parameters such as chronotropy and inotropy. Sympathetic control of ventricular function occurs through extrinsic innervation arising from the stellate ganglia and thoracic sympathetic chain. In the healthy heart, sympathetic release of norepinephrine (NE) results in positive modulation of chronotropy, inotropy, and dromotropy, significantly increasing cardiac output. However, in the setting of myocardial infarction or injury, sympathetic activation persists, contributing to heart failure and increasing the risk of arrhythmias, including sudden cardiac death. Methodologies for detection of norepinephrine in cardiac tissue are limited. Present techniques rely on microdialysis for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED), radioimmunoassay, or other immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although significant information about the release and action of norepinephrine has been obtained with these methodologies, they are limited in temporal resolution, require large sample volumes, and provide results with a significant delay after sample collection (hours to weeks). In this study, we report a novel approach for measurement of interstitial cardiac norepinephrine, using minimally invasive, electrode-based, fast-scanning cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) applied in a beating porcine heart. The first multispatial and high temporal resolution, multichannel measurements of NE release in vivo are provided. Our data demonstrate rapid changes in interstitial NE profiles with regional differences in response to coronary ischemia, sympathetic nerve stimulation, and alterations in preload/afterload. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pharmacological, electrical, or surgical regulation of sympathetic neuronal control can be used to modulate cardiac function and treat arrhythmias. However, present methods for monitoring sympathetic release of norepinephrine in the heart are limited in spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we provide for the first time a methodology and demonstration of practice and rapid measures of individualized regional autonomic neurotransmitter levels in a beating heart. We show dynamic, spatially resolved release profiles under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyue-An Chan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas Kluge
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Health System, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Corey Smith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Roberts JG, Mitchell EC, Dunaway LE, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes for Real-Time Discrimination of Vesicle Cargo in the Native Cellular Environment. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2917-2926. [PMID: 32058693 PMCID: PMC7336535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes have proven to be an indispensable tool for monitoring exocytosis events using amperometry. When positioned adjacent to a cell, a traditional microdisc electrode is well suited for quantification of discrete exocytotic release events. However, the size of the electrode does not allow for intracellular electrochemical measurements, and the amperometric approach cannot distinguish between the catecholamines that are released. In this work, carbon nanoelectrodes were developed to permit selective electrochemical sampling of nanoscale vesicles in the cell cytosol. Classical voltammetric techniques and electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoelectrodes, which were ∼5 μm long and sharpened to a nanometer-scale tip that could be wholly inserted into individual neuroendocrine cells. The nanoelectrodes were coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to distinguish secretory granules containing epinephrine from other catecholamine-containing granules encountered in the native cellular environment. Both vesicle subtypes were encountered in most cells, despite prior demonstration of populations of chromaffin cells that preferentially release one of these catecholamines. There was substantial cell-to-cell variability in relative epinephrine content, and vesicles containing epinephrine generally stored more catecholamine than the other vesicles. The carbon nanoelectrode technology thus enabled analysis of picoliter-scale biological volumes, revealing key differences between chromaffin cells at the level of the dense-core granule.
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10
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Soucy JR, Bindas AJ, Koppes AN, Koppes RA. Instrumented Microphysiological Systems for Real-Time Measurement and Manipulation of Cellular Electrochemical Processes. iScience 2019; 21:521-548. [PMID: 31715497 PMCID: PMC6849363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in electronic materials and subsequent surface modifications have facilitated real-time measurements of cellular processes far beyond traditional passive recordings of neurons and muscle cells. Specifically, the functionalization of conductive materials with ligand-binding aptamers has permitted the utilization of traditional electronic materials for bioelectronic sensing. Further, microfabrication techniques have better allowed microfluidic devices to recapitulate the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs in vitro or microphysiological systems (MPS). The convergence of these models with advances in biological/biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) instrumentation has rapidly bolstered a wide array of bioelectronic platforms for real-time cellular analytics. In this review, we provide an overview of the sensing techniques that are relevant to MPS development and highlight the different organ systems to integrate instrumentation for measurement and manipulation of cellular function. Special attention is given to how instrumented MPS can disrupt the drug development and fundamental mechanistic discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam J Bindas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Carbone E, Borges R, Eiden LE, García AG, Hernández‐Cruz A. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1443-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Guérineau NC. Cholinergic and peptidergic neurotransmission in the adrenal medulla: A dynamic control of stimulus‐secretion coupling. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:553-567. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie C. Guérineau
- IGFUniv. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM Montpellier France
- LabEx “Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics” Montpellier France
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13
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Relationships Between Catecholamine Levels and Stress or Intelligence. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1192-1200. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Wolf K, Zarkua G, Chan SA, Sridhar A, Smith C. Spatial and activity-dependent catecholamine release in rat adrenal medulla under native neuronal stimulation. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12898. [PMID: 27597763 PMCID: PMC5027341 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla in rat receive excitatory synaptic input through anterior and posterior divisions of the sympathetic splanchnic nerve. Upon synaptic stimulation, the adrenal medulla releases the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the suprarenal vein for circulation throughout the body. Under sympathetic tone, catecholamine release is modest. However, upon activation of the sympathoadrenal stress reflex, and increased splanchnic firing, adrenal catecholamine output increases dramatically. Moreover, specific stressors can preferentially increase release of either epinephrine (i.e., hypoglycemia) or norepinephrine (i.e., cold stress). The mechanism for this stressor-dependent segregated release of catecholamine species is not yet fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of either division of the splanchnic selects for epinephrine over norepinephrine release. We introduce an ex vivo rat preparation that maintains native splanchnic innervation of the adrenal gland and we document experimental advantages and limitations of this preparation. We utilize fast scanning cyclic voltammetry to detect release of both epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, and report that epinephrine and norepinephrine release are regulated spatially and in a frequency-dependent manner. We provide data to show that epinephrine is secreted preferentially from the periphery of the medulla and exhibits a higher threshold and steeper stimulus-secretion function than norepinephrine. Elevated stimulation of the whole nerve specifically enhances epinephrine release from the peripheral medulla. Our data further show that elimination of either division from stimulation greatly attenuated epinephrine release under elevated stimulation, while either division alone can largely support norepinephrine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Wolf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Georgy Zarkua
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shyue-An Chan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Bioelectronics Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Smith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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15
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Brindley RL, Bauer MB, Blakely RD, Currie KP. Serotonin and Serotonin Transporters in the Adrenal Medulla: A Potential Hub for Modulation of the Sympathetic Stress Response. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:943-954. [PMID: 28406285 PMCID: PMC5541362 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it modulates circuits involved in mood, cognition, movement, arousal, and autonomic function. The 5-HT transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) is a key regulator of 5-HT signaling, and genetic variations in SERT are associated with various disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. This review focuses on the role of SERT in the sympathetic nervous system. Autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction is evident in patients with depression, anxiety, and other diseases linked to serotonergic signaling. Experimentally, loss of SERT function (SERT knockout mice or chronic pharmacological block) has been reported to augment the sympathetic stress response. Alterations to serotonergic signaling in the CNS and thus central drive to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system are presumed to underlie this augmentation. Although less widely recognized, SERT is robustly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal chromaffin cells do not synthesize 5-HT but accumulate small amounts by SERT-mediated uptake. Recent evidence demonstrated that 5-HT1A receptors inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells via an atypical mechanism that does not involve modulation of cellular excitability or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This raises the possibility that the adrenal medulla is a previously unrecognized peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathetic stress response. As a framework for future investigation, a model is proposed in which stress-evoked adrenal catecholamine secretion is fine-tuned by SERT-modulated autocrine 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brindley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, and Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kevin P.M. Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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16
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De Nardi F, Lefort C, Bréard D, Richomme P, Legros C, Guérineau NC. Monitoring the Secretory Behavior of the Rat Adrenal Medulla by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Catecholamine Assay from Slice Supernatants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:248. [PMID: 28993760 PMCID: PMC5622411 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine (CA) secretion from the adrenal medullary tissue is a key step of the adaptive response triggered by an organism to cope with stress. Whereas molecular and cellular secretory processes have been extensively studied at the single chromaffin cell level, data available for the whole gland level are much scarcer. We tackled this issue in rat by developing an easy to implement experimental strategy combining the adrenal acute slice supernatant collection with a high-performance liquid chromatography-based epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) assay. This technique affords a convenient method for measuring basal and stimulated CA release from single acute slices, allowing thus to individually address the secretory function of the left and right glands. Our data point that the two glands are equally competent to secrete epinephrine and NE, exhibiting an equivalent epinephrine:NE ratio, both at rest and in response to a cholinergic stimulation. Nicotine is, however, more efficient than acetylcholine to evoke NE release. A pharmacological challenge with hexamethonium, an α3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, disclosed that epinephrine- and NE-secreting chromaffin cells distinctly expressed α3 nicotinic receptors, with a dominant contribution in NE cells. As such, beyond the novelty of CA assays from acute slice supernatants, our study contributes at refining the secretory behavior of the rat adrenal medullary tissue, and opens new perspectives for monitoring the release of other hormones and transmitters, especially those involved in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Nardi
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Claudie Lefort
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Dimitri Bréard
- EA921, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- EA921, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Christian Legros
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Christian Legros, ; Nathalie C. Guérineau,
| | - Nathalie C. Guérineau
- Mitochondrial and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – MITOVASC, CNRS UMR6015, INSERM U1083, UBL/Angers University, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Christian Legros, ; Nathalie C. Guérineau,
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