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Mengzhen Z, Xinwei H, Zeheng T, Nan L, Yang Y, Huirong Y, Kaisi F, Xiaoting D, Liucheng Y, Kai W. Integrated machine learning-driven disulfidptosis profiling: CYFIP1 and EMILIN1 as therapeutic nodes in neuroblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:109. [PMID: 38427078 PMCID: PMC10907485 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB), a prevalent pediatric solid tumor, presents formidable challenges due to its high malignancy and intricate pathogenesis. The role of disulfidptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, remains poorly understood in the context of NB. METHODS Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-identified disulfidptosis-related molecular subtypes in NB, differential gene analysis, survival analysis, and gene set variation analysis were conducted subsequently. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) selected modular genes most relevant to the disulfidptosis core pathways. Integration of machine learning approaches revealed the combination of the Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Random Survival Forest (RSF) provided optimal dimensionality reduction of the modular genes. The resulting model was validated, and a nomogram assessed disulfidptosis characteristics in NB. Core genes were filtered and subjected to tumor phenotype and disulfidptosis-related experiments. RESULTS GMM clustering revealed three distinct subtypes with diverse prognoses, showing significant variations in glucose metabolism, cytoskeletal structure, and tumor-related pathways. WGCNA highlighted the red module of genes highly correlated with disulfide isomerase activity, cytoskeleton formation, and glucose metabolism. The LASSO and RSF combination yielded the most accurate and stable prognostic model, with a significantly worse prognosis for high-scoring patients. Cytological experiments targeting core genes (CYFIP1, EMILIN1) revealed decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion abilities, and evident cytoskeletal deformation upon core gene knockdown. CONCLUSIONS This study showcases the utility of disulfidptosis-related gene scores for predicting prognosis and molecular subtypes of NB. The identified core genes, CYFIP1 and EMILIN1, hold promise as potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Mengzhen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Hou Xinwei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Tan Zeheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Nan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Huirong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Kaisi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiaoting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liucheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wu Kai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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McNair AJ, Markby GR, Tang Q, MacRae VE, Corcoran BM. TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1202001. [PMID: 37908840 PMCID: PMC10613673 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1202001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TGFβ signaling appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in both dogs and humans. However, little is known about the extent of the downstream signaling changes that will then affect cell phenotype and function in both species. Objective Identify changes in downstream signals in the TGFβ pathway in canine MMVD and examine the effects of antagonism of one significant signal (SMAD2 was selected). Materials and methods Canine cultures of normal quiescent valve interstitial cells (qVICs) and disease-derived activated myofibroblasts (aVICs) (n = 6) were examined for TGFβ signaling protein expression using a commercial antibody array. Significant changes were confirmed, and additional proteins of interest downstream in the TGFβ signaling pathway and markers of cell phenotype were examined (PRAS40, S6K, elF4E IRS-1, αSMA, and VIM), using protein immunoblotting. RT-PCR examined expression of gene markers of VIC activation (ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10; encoding the proteins αSMA, SM22, and Smemb, respectively). Attenuation of pSMAD2 in aVICs was examined using a combination of RNA interference technology (siRNA) and the SMAD7 (antagonizes SMAD2) agonist asiaticoside. Results The antibody array identified significant changes (P < 0.05) in 19 proteins, of which six were phosphorylated (p). There was increased expression of pSMAD2 and pRAC1 and decreased expression of pmTOR, pERK1/2, and pAKT1. Expression of pPRAS40 and pIRS-1 was increased, as was the mTOR downstream transcription factor pS6K, with increased expression of peIF4E in aVICs, indicating negative feedback control of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. SMAD2 antagonism by siRNA and the SMAD7 agonist asiaticoside decreased detection of pSMAD by at least 50%, significantly decreased expression of the aVIC gene markers ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10, and pαSMA, pAKT2, and pERK1, but had no effect on pS6K, pERK2, or pVIM expression in aVICs. SMAD2 antagonism transitioned diseased aVICs to normal qVICs, while maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype (VIM+) while concurrently affecting non-canonical TGFβ signaling. Conclusion MMVD is associated with changes in both the canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathway. Antagonism of SMAD2 transitions diseased-activated myofibroblasts back to a normal phenotype, providing data that will inform studies on developing novel therapeutics to treat MMVD in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. McNair
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Greg R. Markby
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Qiyu Tang
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Corcoran
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Dayal S, Broekelmann T, Mecham RP, Ramamurthi A. Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor to Stimulate Elastic Matrix Regenerative Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:187-199. [PMID: 36641641 PMCID: PMC10122231 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a multifactorial, proteolytic disorder involving disintegration of the matrix structure within the AAA wall. Intrinsic deficiency of adult vascular cells to regenerate and repair the wall elastic matrix, which contributes to vessel stretch and recoil, is a major clinical challenge to therapeutic reversal of AAA growth. In this study, we investigate the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor-mitogen activated protein kinase (EGFR-MAPK) pathway in the activation of aneurysmal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by neutrophil elastase, and how EGFR can be targeted for elastic matrix regeneration. We have demonstrated that neutrophil elastase activates EGFR and downregulates expression level of key elastin homeostasis genes (elastin, crosslinking enzyme-lysyl oxidase, and fibulin4) between a dose range of 1-10 μg/mL (p < 0.05). It also incites downstream proteolytic outcomes by upregulating p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 (p < 0.0001) and matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) at a protein level, which is significantly downregulated upon EGFR-specific inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 (p-ERK1/2 and MMP2 [p < 0.05]). Moreover, we have shown that EGFR inhibition suppresses collagen amounts in aneurysmal SMCs (p < 0.05) and promotes robust formation of elastic fibers by enhancing its deposition in the extracellular space. Hence, the EGFR-MAPK pathway in aneurysmal cells can be targeted to provide therapeutic effects toward stimulating vascular matrix regeneration. Impact statement Proteolytic disorders such as aortal expansions, called abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), are characterized by naturally irreversible enzymatic breakdown and loss of elastic fibers, a problem that has not yet been surmounted by existing tissue engineering approaches. In this work, we show, for the first time, how epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition provides downstream benefits in elastic fiber assembly and deposition in aneurysmal smooth muscle cell cultures. This work can open future possibilities for development of EGFR-targeted drug-based therapies not only for vessel wall repair in AAAs but also other proteolytically compromised elastic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Dayal
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
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Stevens TW, Khalaf FK, Soehnlen S, Hegde P, Storm K, Meenakshisundaram C, Dworkin LD, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ, Dube P. Dirty Jobs: Macrophages at the Heart of Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1579. [PMID: 35884884 PMCID: PMC9312498 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the greatest public health concerns and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. CVD is a broad yet complex term referring to numerous heart and vascular conditions, all with varying pathologies. Macrophages are one of the key factors in the development of these conditions. Macrophages play diverse roles in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and an imbalance of these mechanisms contributes to the development of CVD. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the diversity of macrophages, their roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis within the heart and vasculature, and the mechanisms through which imbalances in homeostasis may lead to CVD. Through this review, we aim to highlight the potential importance of macrophages in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W. Stevens
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Fatimah K. Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Sophia Soehnlen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Prajwal Hegde
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Kyle Storm
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Chandramohan Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Lance D. Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (T.W.S.); (F.K.K.); (S.S.); (P.H.); (K.S.); (C.M.); (L.D.D.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
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EMILIN-1 deficiency promotes chronic inflammatory disease through TGFβ signaling alteration and impairment of the gC1q/α4β1 integrin interaction. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:133-152. [PMID: 35764213 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) components that modulate inflammatory cell behavior have been shown to serve as early starters for multifactorial diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. Here, we demonstrated that loss of the ECM glycoprotein EMILIN-1 alters the inflammatory context in skin during IMQ-induced psoriasis, a disease characterized by a prominent inflammatory infiltrate and alteration of vessels that appear dilated and tortuous. Abrogation of EMILIN-1 expression or expression of the EMILIN-1 mutant E933A impairs macrophage polarization and leads to imbalanced tissue homeostasis. We found that EMILIN-1 deficiency is associated with dilated lymphatic vessels, increased macrophage recruitment and psoriasis severity. Importantly, the null or mutant EMILIN-1 background was characterized by the induction of a myofibroblast phenotype, which in turn drove macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. By using the transgenic mouse model carrying the E933A mutation in the gC1q domain of EMILIN-1, which abolishes the interaction with α4- and α9-integrins, we demonstrated that the observed changes in TGFβ signaling were due to both the EMI and gC1q domains of EMILIN-1. gC1q may exert multiple functions in psoriasis, in the context of a final, more consistent inflammatory condition by controlling skin homeostasis via interaction with both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, influencing non-canonical TGFβ signaling, and likely acting on lymphatic vessel structure and function. The analyses of human psoriatic lesions, in which lower levels of EMILIN-1 were present with a very rare association with lymphatic vessels, support the multifaceted role of this ECM component in the skin inflammatory scenario.
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Liu Y, Feng X, Liu H, McComb DW, Breuer CK, Sacks MS. On the shape and structure of the murine pulmonary heart valve. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14078. [PMID: 34234231 PMCID: PMC8263753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine animal models are an established standard in translational research and provides a potential platform for studying heart valve disease. To date, studies on heart valve disease using murine models have been hindered by a lack of appropriate methodologies due to their small scale. In the present study, we developed a multi-scale, imaging-based approach to extract the functional structure and geometry for the murine heart valve. We chose the pulmonary valve (PV) to study, due to its importance in congenital heart valve disease. Excised pulmonary outflow tracts from eleven 1-year old C57BL/6J mice were fixed at 10, 20, and 30 mmHg to simulate physiological loading. Micro-computed tomography was used to reconstruct the 3D organ-level PV geometry, which was then spatially correlated with serial en-face scanning electron microscopy imaging to quantify local collagen fiber distributions. From the acquired volume renderings, we obtained the geometric descriptors of the murine PV under increasing transvalvular pressures, which demonstrated remarkable consistency. Results to date suggest that the preferred collagen orientation was predominantly in the circumferential direction, as in larger mammalian valves. The present study represents a first step in establishing organ-level murine models for the study of heart valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xinzeng Feng
- Willerson Center, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Willerson Center, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Willerson Center, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Biology and Biomechanics of the Heart Valve Extracellular Matrix. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040057. [PMID: 33339213 PMCID: PMC7765611 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valves are dynamic structures that, in the average human, open and close over 100,000 times per day, and 3 × 109 times per lifetime to maintain unidirectional blood flow. Efficient, coordinated movement of the valve structures during the cardiac cycle is mediated by the intricate and sophisticated network of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that provide the necessary biomechanical properties to meet these mechanical demands. Organized in layers that accommodate passive functional movements of the valve leaflets, heart valve ECM is synthesized during embryonic development, and remodeled and maintained by resident cells throughout life. The failure of ECM organization compromises biomechanical function, and may lead to obstruction or leaking, which if left untreated can lead to heart failure. At present, effective treatment for heart valve dysfunction is limited and frequently ends with surgical repair or replacement, which comes with insuperable complications for many high-risk patients including aged and pediatric populations. Therefore, there is a critical need to fully appreciate the pathobiology of biomechanical valve failure in order to develop better, alternative therapies. To date, the majority of studies have focused on delineating valve disease mechanisms at the cellular level, namely the interstitial and endothelial lineages. However, less focus has been on the ECM, shown previously in other systems, to be a promising mechanism-inspired therapeutic target. Here, we highlight and review the biology and biomechanical contributions of key components of the heart valve ECM. Furthermore, we discuss how human diseases, including connective tissue disorders lead to aberrations in the abundance, organization and quality of these matrix proteins, resulting in instability of the valve infrastructure and gross functional impairment.
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Chen Z, Gordillo-Martinez F, Jiang L, He P, Hong W, Wei X, Staines KA, Macrae VE, Zhang C, Yu D, Fu X, Zhu D. Zinc ameliorates human aortic valve calcification through GPR39 mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:820-835. [PMID: 32259211 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in the Western world. It has been reported that zinc is accumulated in calcified human aortic valves. However, whether zinc directly regulates CAVD is yet to be elucidated. The present study sought to determine the potential role of zinc in the pathogenesis of CAVD. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a combination of a human valve interstitial cell (hVIC) calcification model, human aortic valve tissues, and blood samples, we report that 20 μM zinc supplementation attenuates hVIC in vitro calcification, and that this is mediated through inhibition of apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation via the zinc-sensing receptor GPR39-dependent ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Furthermore, we report that GPR39 protein expression is dramatically reduced in calcified human aortic valves, and there is a significant reduction in zinc serum levels in patients with CAVD. Moreover, we reveal that 20 μM zinc treatment prevents the reduction of GPR39 observed in calcified hVICs. We also show that the zinc transporter ZIP13 and ZIP14 are significantly increased in hVICs in response to zinc treatment. Knockdown of ZIP13 or ZIP14 significantly inhibited hVIC in vitro calcification and osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that zinc is a novel inhibitor of CAVD, and report that zinc transporter ZIP13 and ZIP14 are important regulators of hVIC in vitro calcification and osteogenic differentiation. Zinc supplementation may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Flora Gordillo-Martinez
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Wanzi Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Xuebiao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Katherine A Staines
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Vicky E Macrae
- The Roslin Institute, RDSVS, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Danqing Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
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Schlotter F, Halu A, Goto S, Blaser MC, Body SC, Lee LH, Higashi H, DeLaughter DM, Hutcheson JD, Vyas P, Pham T, Rogers MA, Sharma A, Seidman CE, Loscalzo J, Seidman JG, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. Spatiotemporal Multi-Omics Mapping Generates a Molecular Atlas of the Aortic Valve and Reveals Networks Driving Disease. Circulation 2019; 138:377-393. [PMID: 29588317 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No pharmacological therapy exists for calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), which confers a dismal prognosis without invasive valve replacement. The search for therapeutics and early diagnostics is challenging because CAVD presents in multiple pathological stages. Moreover, it occurs in the context of a complex, multi-layered tissue architecture; a rich and abundant extracellular matrix phenotype; and a unique, highly plastic, and multipotent resident cell population. METHODS A total of 25 human stenotic aortic valves obtained from valve replacement surgeries were analyzed by multiple modalities, including transcriptomics and global unlabeled and label-based tandem-mass-tagged proteomics. Segmentation of valves into disease stage-specific samples was guided by near-infrared molecular imaging, and anatomic layer-specificity was facilitated by laser capture microdissection. Side-specific cell cultures were subjected to multiple calcifying stimuli, and their calcification potential and basal/stimulated proteomes were evaluated. Molecular (protein-protein) interaction networks were built, and their central proteins and disease associations were identified. RESULTS Global transcriptional and protein expression signatures differed between the nondiseased, fibrotic, and calcific stages of CAVD. Anatomic aortic valve microlayers exhibited unique proteome profiles that were maintained throughout disease progression and identified glial fibrillary acidic protein as a specific marker of valvular interstitial cells from the spongiosa layer. CAVD disease progression was marked by an emergence of smooth muscle cell activation, inflammation, and calcification-related pathways. Proteins overrepresented in the disease-prone fibrosa are functionally annotated to fibrosis and calcification pathways, and we found that in vitro, fibrosa-derived valvular interstitial cells demonstrated greater calcification potential than those from the ventricularis. These studies confirmed that the microlayer-specific proteome was preserved in cultured valvular interstitial cells, and that valvular interstitial cells exposed to alkaline phosphatase-dependent and alkaline phosphatase-independent calcifying stimuli had distinct proteome profiles, both of which overlapped with that of the whole tissue. Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks found a significant closeness to multiple inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS A spatially and temporally resolved multi-omics, and network and systems biology strategy identifies the first molecular regulatory networks in CAVD, a cardiac condition without a pharmacological cure, and describes a novel means of systematic disease ontology that is broadly applicable to comprehensive omics studies of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Shinji Goto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Simon C Body
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Center for Perioperative Genomics and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.C.B.)
| | - Lang H Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami (J.D.H.)
| | - Payal Vyas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Tan Pham
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.)
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.).,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.).,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (C.E.S.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.E.S., J.L.)
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.M.D., C.E.S., J.G.S.)
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.S., M.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (F.S., A.H., S.G., M.C.B., L.H.L., H.H., J.D.H., P.V., T.P., M.A.R., M.A., S.A.S., E.A.).,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A., E.A.)
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10
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Fulmer D, Toomer K, Guo L, Moore K, Glover J, Moore R, Stairley R, Lobo G, Zuo X, Dang Y, Su Y, Fogelgren B, Gerard P, Chung D, Heydarpour M, Mukherjee R, Body SC, Norris RA, Lipschutz JH. Defects in the Exocyst-Cilia Machinery Cause Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease and Aortic Stenosis. Circulation 2019; 140:1331-1341. [PMID: 31387361 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.038376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is a congenital defect that affects 0.5% to 1.2% of the population and is associated with comorbidities including ascending aortic dilation and calcific aortic valve stenosis. To date, although a few causal genes have been identified, the genetic basis for the vast majority of BAV cases remains unknown, likely pointing to complex genetic heterogeneity underlying this phenotype. Identifying genetic pathways versus individual gene variants may provide an avenue for uncovering additional BAV causes and consequent comorbidities. METHODS We performed genome-wide association Discovery and Replication Studies using cohorts of 2131 patients with BAV and 2728 control patients, respectively, which identified primary cilia genes as associated with the BAV phenotype. Genome-wide association study hits were prioritized based on P value and validated through in vivo loss of function and rescue experiments, 3-dimensional immunohistochemistry, histology, and morphometric analyses during aortic valve morphogenesis and in aged animals in multiple species. Consequences of these genetic perturbations on cilia-dependent pathways were analyzed by Western and immunohistochemistry analyses, and assessment of aortic valve and cardiac function were determined by echocardiography. RESULTS Genome-wide association study hits revealed an association between BAV and genetic variation in human primary cilia. The most associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in or near genes that are important in regulating ciliogenesis through the exocyst, a shuttling complex that chaperones cilia cargo to the membrane. Genetic dismantling of the exocyst resulted in impaired ciliogenesis, disrupted ciliogenic signaling and a spectrum of cardiac defects in zebrafish, and aortic valve defects including BAV, valvular stenosis, and valvular calcification in murine models. CONCLUSIONS These data support the exocyst as required for normal ciliogenesis during aortic valve morphogenesis and implicate disruption of ciliogenesis and its downstream pathways as contributory to BAV and associated comorbidities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fulmer
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Katelynn Toomer
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Lilong Guo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Janiece Glover
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Reece Moore
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Glenn Lobo
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Ophthalmology (G.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Yujing Dang
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Yanhui Su
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu (B.F.)
| | - Patrick Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, SC (P.G.)
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Public Health Sciences (D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Mahyar Heydarpour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (M.H.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Surgery (R. Mukherjee), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Departments of Research (R. Mukherjee), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.C.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Medicine (J.H.L.), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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11
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Effect of Total Flavones from Cuscuta Chinensis on Anti-Abortion via the MAPK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6356190. [PMID: 30369955 PMCID: PMC6189658 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6356190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, the Chinese herb Cuscuta chinensis has been applied clinically for abortion prevention in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Total flavones extracted from Cuscuta chinensis (TFCC) are one of the active components in the herb and also display anti-abortion effect similar to the unprocessed material. However, how TFCC exerts the anti-abortion effect remains largely unknown. In this study, we aim at characterizing the anti-abortion effects of TFCC and its underlying molecular mechanism in vitro and in vivo using human primary decidua cells and a mifepristone-induced abortion model in rat, respectively. The damage to the decidua caused by mifepristone in vivo was reversed by TFCC treatment in a dosage-dependent manner. High dosage of TFCC significantly upregulated the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and prolactin receptor (PRLR) in decidua tissue but downregulated the expression of p-ERK. Furthermore, we detected higher level of p-ERK and p-p38 in primary decidua cells from spontaneous abortion while treatment by TFCC downregulated their expression. Our results suggest TFCC mediates its anti-abortion effect by interfering with MAPK signaling pathway.
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12
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Munjal C, Jegga AG, Opoka AM, Stoilov I, Norris RA, Thomas CJ, Smith JM, Mecham RP, Bressan GM, Hinton RB. Inhibition of MAPK-Erk pathway in vivo attenuates aortic valve disease processes in Emilin1-deficient mouse model. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13152. [PMID: 28270590 PMCID: PMC5350168 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease (AVD) is a common condition with a progressive natural history, and presently, there are no pharmacologic treatment strategies. Elastic fiber fragmentation (EFF) is a hallmark of AVD, and increasing evidence implicates developmental elastic fiber assembly defects. Emilin1 is a glycoprotein necessary for elastic fiber assembly that is present in both developing and mature human and mouse aortic valves. The Emilin1‐deficient mouse (Emilin1−/−) is a model of latent AVD, characterized by activated TGFβ/MEK/p‐Erk signaling and upregulated elastase activity. Emilin1−/− aortic valves demonstrate early EFF and aberrant angiogenesis followed by late neovascularization and fibrosis. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of three different targeted therapies. Aged (12–14 months) Emilin1−/− mice were treated with refametinib (RDEA‐119, MEK1/2 inhibitor), doxycycline (elastase inhibitor), or G6‐31 (anti‐VEGF‐A mouse antibody) for 4 weeks. Refametinib‐ and doxycycline‐treated Emilin1−/− mice markedly reduced MEK/p‐Erk activation in valve tissue. Furthermore, both refametinib and doxycycline attenuated elastolytic cathepsin K, L, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 activation, and abrogated macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in Emilin1−/− aortic valves. RNAseq analysis was performed in aortic valve tissue from adult (4 months) and aged (14 months) Emilin1−/− and age‐matched wild‐type control mice, and demonstrated upregulation of genes associated with MAPK/MEK/p‐Erk signaling and elastases at the adult stage and inflammatory pathways at the aged stage controlling for age. These results suggest that Erk1/2 signaling is an important modulator of early elastase activation, and pharmacological inhibition using refametinib may be a promising treatment to halt AVD progression
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Munjal
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amy M Opoka
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ivan Stoilov
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Ohio
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Michael Smith
- TriHealth Heart Institute, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Ohio
| | - Giorgio M Bressan
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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13
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Angel PM, Narmoneva DA, Sewell-Loftin MK, Munjal C, Dupuis L, Landis BJ, Jegga A, Kern CB, Merryman WD, Baldwin HS, Bressan GM, Hinton RB. Proteomic Alterations Associated with Biomechanical Dysfunction are Early Processes in the Emilin1 Deficient Mouse Model of Aortic Valve Disease. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2548-2562. [PMID: 28812215 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve (AV) disease involves stiffening of the AV cusp with progression characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. Here, we examine the relationship between biomechanical valve function and proteomic changes before and after the development of AV pathology in the Emilin1-/- mouse model of latent AV disease. Biomechanical studies were performed to quantify tissue stiffness at the macro (micropipette) and micro (atomic force microscopy (AFM)) levels. Micropipette studies showed that the Emilin1-/- AV annulus and cusp regions demonstrated increased stiffness only after the onset of AV disease. AFM studies showed that the Emilin1-/- cusp stiffens before the onset of AV disease and worsens with the onset of disease. Proteomes from AV cusps were investigated to identify protein functions, pathways, and interaction network alterations that occur with age- and genotype-related valve stiffening. Protein alterations due to Emilin1 deficiency, including changes in pathways and functions, preceded biomechanical aberrations, resulting in marked depletion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins interacting with TGFB1, including latent transforming growth factor beta 3 (LTBP3), fibulin 5 (FBLN5), and cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 (CILP1). This study identifies proteomic dysregulation is associated with biomechanical dysfunction as early pathogenic processes in the Emilin1-/- model of AV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - D A Narmoneva
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M K Sewell-Loftin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Munjal
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, MLC 7020, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - L Dupuis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B J Landis
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C B Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - W D Merryman
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - H S Baldwin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - G M Bressan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, MLC 7020, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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